Review of UK Transnational Education in United Arab Emirates: Overview. June 2014

Transcription

1 Review of UK Transnational Education in United Arab Emirates: Overview June 2014

2 Umm al-qaiwain Ajman Sharjah Ras Al Khaimah Dubai Fujairah Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates This overview report considers UK Transnational Education in the United Arab Emirates. Review visits were made in the Emirates of Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah.

3 Contents Introduction 2 UK TNE review: United Arab Emirates About QAA 2 TNE review process 2 Higher education in UAE 4 Overview of the higher education system 4 The higher education landscape in Dubai 7 Statistical analysis of UK TNE in UAE 8 UK TNE provision in Dubai free zones 10 Findings of the review 14 Introduction 14 Branch and other campuses 14 Going global 16 Staffing 18 Setting and maintaining standards 20 Careers 22 The UK brand in the UAE 23 Conclusion 25 Annex 1: UK institutions' links with the British University in Dubai 27 Annex 2: UK institutions with TNE provision not reviewed during the visit 28 Annex 3: Review reports executive summaries 29 City University London, Cass Business School 29 Coventry University and Emirates Aviation College, Dubai 30 Heriot-Watt University, Dubai 31 London Business School 32 Middlesex University, Dubai 33 Middlesex University and SAE Institute, Dubai 34 University of Bolton and Western International College, Ras Al Khaimah 35 University of Bradford 36 University of Exeter 37 University of Manchester 38 University of Strathclyde 39

4 Introduction UK TNE review: United Arab Emirates During , the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) carried out a review of UK Transnational Education (TNE) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). TNE is defined as the provision of education by one country in another country, and in the present context it refers to the provision of higher education programmes in the UAE that lead to the awards of UK universities or colleges. Data published by the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) shows that in there were more than 15,000 students studying through UK TNE in the UAE. About QAA 2 QAA has a remit to safeguard standards and to improve the quality of UK higher education, which it carries out within an increasingly diverse UK and international context. It aims to protect the interests of everyone working towards a UK higher education award, regardless of how or where they study, within the UK or overseas. One of QAA's core activities is to conduct institutional reviews of universities and colleges, and to publish the related reports. QAA has also conducted overseas reviews for a number of years, with each one focusing on a particular country. 3 QAA recognises the primary role of UK universities and colleges in maintaining academic standards and quality, and respects their autonomy. It relies on their cooperation in carrying out its work, and in return provides advice and support. The UK Quality Code for Higher Education (Quality Code), published by QAA, contains definitive national reference points and practical guidance for higher education providers on maintaining academic standards and improving quality. Of relevance to this review is Chapter B10: Managing higher education provision with others. 4 In May 2013 QAA signed a memorandum of agreement with Dubai's Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA), pledging to work together for the benefit of university students in the UK and Dubai. QAA and KHDA liaised closely in the preparations for and the conduct of the TNE review visit. KHDA was involved in the briefing of the review team and observed a number of review visits. KHDA's remit is described in paragraphs TNE review process 5 QAA started this review by analysing the data on UK provision in the UAE. This was followed by desk-based analysis of those institutions with significant TNE in UAE, based on standard information sets provided by each institution. These studies focused on the operation of institutional procedures for managing TNE provision, and the aim was to uncover any issues concerned with academic standards and quality in the context of TNE. The studies were supplemented by visits to institutions in UAE, giving an opportunity to follow up on identified issues and also to look more directly at the student experience. Visits were undertaken by a team of senior staff from UK universities (that is, by peer review) and by staff from QAA. The visits in UAE involved meetings with staff based in the UK, in the UAE and with students. The institutions to be visited were chosen so as to reflect the variety of UK TNE in UAE. 2

5 6 To summarise, the TNE UAE review comprised four key stages: analysis of TNE in UAE, based on data from HESA desk-based analyses, utilising information sets provided by universities UAE visit between 1 February to 12 February 2014 review findings published as individual reports, together with an overview report. 7 The following institutions were visited in UAE, and a separate review report has been published on each one. These are available at: Emirates-2014.aspx City University London, Cass Business School Coventry University and Emirates Aviation College, Dubai Heriot-Watt University, Dubai London Business School Middlesex University, Dubai Middlesex University and SAE Institute, Dubai University of Bolton and Western International College, Ras Al Khaimah University of Bradford University of Exeter University of Manchester University of Strathclyde. 8 UK institutions links with the British University in Dubai (BUiD) were also looked at by QAA, through desk-based analysis only. BUiD is licensed by the UAE Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and it is not itself a UK university nor does it deliver programmes leading to a UK award. Annex 1 provides an overview of UK universities' arrangements with BUiD. 3

6 Higher education in UAE Overview of the higher education system 9 The higher education landscape in the UAE has developed along with the fast economic growth that the country has witnessed over the past 20 years. Its key features reflect the diverse efforts of the federal government and individual emirates to diversify their economy from oil production to other sectors such as finance, retail, tourism and services. They also reflect the necessity to cater for the education needs of a fast growing population which has doubled over the past 10 years reaching over eight million, and which includes a large expatriate community accounting for about 85 per cent of the whole population. 1 This growing higher education demand, driven both by population growth and a shift towards a diversified and knowledge-based economy, has been largely met by increasing the number of non-federal institutions, including branch campuses of foreign institutions. 10 The UAE higher education sector currently comprises just over 100 institutions 2 enrolling over 120,000 students. 3 Three of these institutions (Higher Colleges of Technology, the UAE University and Zayed University) are sponsored by the federal government, and operate at the national-level through branches in different emirates. They account for about 34 per cent of total student enrolment (about 40,000 students) and provide access to higher education primarily to Emirati citizens, which make up more than 90 per cent of the federal student body. The other higher education institutions are non-federal institutions, also referred to as private institutions although some may benefit from emirate funding, and include branch campuses of foreign providers. There are 37 international branch campuses from 11 different countries, which cater primarily to the expatriate community, and increasingly to international students from the neighbouring regions, contributing to making the UAE a successful higher education hub and the country hosting the largest number of international branch campuses in the world. The UK is the highest sending country with nine branch campuses, followed by India with eight, and the USA with six International branch campuses are mainly concentrated in the two free zones established by the emirate of Dubai to attract foreign education providers. These are the Dubai Knowledge Village, a purpose-built zone dedicated to human resources management which hosts nine international branch campuses, and Dubai International Academic City, designated exclusively for higher education institutions, hosting 11 international branch campuses. Other free zones in Dubai, such as the Dubai International Finance Centre and the Dubai Healthcare City, also host international branch campuses, but fewer in numbers and providing education only in the focus area of that particular industry zone. The emirate of Ras Al Khaimah has created free zones to promote business and local growth too. 1 UAE National Bureau of Statistics (2011) Population Estimates , available at: 2 Center for Higher Education Data and Statistics (2012) 2012 Overview of UAE Higher Education Institutions, available at updated with latest numbers for CAA licensed institutions ( and non-caa accredited institutions in Dubai ( 3 UAE National Bureau of Statistics (2013) Higher Education , available at: Home/ReportDetailsEnglish/tabid/121/Default.aspx?ItemId=2230&PTID=104&MenuId=1. 4 The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education (2012) International branch campuses: data and developments, available at: and Knowledge and Human Development Authority for Dubai ( 4

7 6000 Review of UK Transnational Education in United Arab Emirates: Overview 4000 Its main free zone, the Ras Al Khaimah Free Trade Zone, comprises a number of thematic business parks, including one exclusively dedicated to education, and hosts five international branch Fig 9.Student numbe 0campuses. The emirate of Abu Dhabi also hosts five branch campuses, although it has adopted Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 a different route to branch-campus development from Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah, inviting and supporting the establishment of branch campuses of foreign institutions without creating free trade zones. 5 Figure 1 provides an overview of the geographical distribution of international 2500 branch campuses in the UAE. Fig 1. distribution of branch campuses in the UAE Figure 1: distribution of branch campuses in the UAE Abu Dhabi (no free zones) RAK Free Trade Zone Dubai outside free zones Jumeirah Lakes Towers Dubai Silicon Oasis Dubai Internet City Dubai Healthcare City Dubai International Finance Centre Dubai International Academic City Dubai Knowledge Village Free zones are typically designed around one business industry category, and offer a number of incentives to attract international investment and prompt commercial activity, such as purpose-built facilities; 100 per cent ownership; tax exemption; no restriction on profit or capital repatriation; and a friendlier regulatory environment. Significantly foreign education providers operating within free 6000 zones are exempt from the federal regulations that the UAE government has put in place to regulate and oversee the quality of the fast growing non-federal higher education sector In the federal government established, within the Ministry of Higher 2011 Education and Scientific Research (MOHESR), the Commission for Academic Accreditation (CAA) as the federal quality assurance agency charged 4000 with licensing non-federal institutions and accrediting their programmes. All non-federal institutions providing a higher education programme of one academic year or longer must be licensed 3000 and have its programmes accredited by CAA in order to be legally recognised by the MOHESR. CAA currently oversees 75 licensed non-federal institutions enrolling over 75,000 students, 55 per cent of which are non-emiratis. The three federal institutions have traditionally been regarded as self-regulating and subject to their own quality assurance mechanisms. However, starting from the academic year, in the attempt 1000 to bring consistency across the sector, the MOHESR has mandated that they also be regulated by CAA. 6 The only providers currently exempt from federal licensure and accreditation requirements 0 are foreign institutions operating within free zones. These institutions are subject exclusively to Large branch campuses Other provision the local emirate authority, although they can voluntarily apply to be reviewed and accredited by CAA as some have chosen to do. Currently there are 23 non-caa accredited institutions in Dubai's free zones, and five in Ras Al Khaimah. Figure 2 provides an overview of the number and types of higher education institutions in the UAE. 5 Fox, W.H and Al Shamisi, S (2014) United Arab Emirates' Education Hub: A Decade of Development, International Education Hubs: Student, Talent, Knowledge-Innovation Models, edited by J. Knight (Springer 2014). 6 The National (2013) Federal universities in UAE to get same regulator as private universities, available at: Figure 11: s

8 Figure 2: percentage Fig of 2. institutions percentage by of type institutions by type 3% Fig 10. S 26% Federal institutions (CAA accredited from 2013) 71% CAA accredited non-federal institutions non-caa accredited institutions (mainly international branch campuses) 14 Each emirate is responsible for developing its own quality assurance system for universities operating in free zones. While there currently is no emirate-based restriction or requirement for international branch campuses to operate in Ras Al Khaimah, Dubai has developed its own quality assurance system Fig 5. Breakdown to regulate of foreign student providers numbers in establishing UAE ( ) a presence within its free zones. In 2011 the Dubai Executive Council issued a resolution establishing that all higher education institutions wishing to operate in the free zones of Dubai must receive an Academic Authorisation from the Knowledge and Human Development Authority (KHDA). KHDA is the Dubai government's authority established in 2006 to ensure that the emirate develop the required human resources to meet 24% its economic and social needs, Provision including reviewed through by QAA monitoring the quality of programmes provided in the free zones. All higher education programs offered in the Dubai free zones must also be approved and 58% registered by KHDA. Other UK provision in UAE 18% (excluding Oxford Brookes) 15 KHDA grants and annually renews institutional permits and academic programme registration either on approval by its internal quality Oxford assurance Brookes body, provision the University and Quality Assurance International Board (UQAIB), or on institutional licensure and programme accreditation by CAA. UQAIB is an independent advisory board composed of international experts. It was established in 2008 to assist KHDA with oversight of the quality of higher education offered by foreign providers operating in the Dubai free zones. To assure the quality of international branch campuses, UQAIB devised what it refers to as an 'Equivalency Validation Model' aimed at assessing the demonstrated quality equivalence of provision in Dubai in relation to the home higher education provider. This model places particular reliance on the quality assurance and accreditation from the home country, with UQAIB taking account of existing reports on the quality of provision of foreign providers produced by their home country's quality assurance or accreditation bodies. 16 This is regarded by UQAIB as the most efficient way to ensure that the intended learning outcomes and quality of a programme offered at a provider's branch are 'approximately the same' as those of that same programme offered at the provider's home campus, while avoiding burdening providers unduly through the duplication of quality assurance processes to which they have already been subjected at home. UQAIB reserves the right to undertake quality assurance reviews of its own in cases where existing external quality assurance reports do not provide clear or current indication of quality provision, or in special circumstances warranting an extraordinary audit. 7 Fig 7. st 7 KHDA (2013) UQAIB Quality Assurance Manual Version 2.0, available at: 6

9 17 The 2011 Dubai Council Resolution further establishes that qualifications granted by KHDA approved institutions and certified by KHDA will be recognised by the public and private sector in Dubai for all purposes, such as employment and further study. However, lack of CAA accreditation means that there is no federal recognition of free zones degrees, with implications for graduates of non CAA-licensed free zones universities seeking to work in federal public organisations in the rest of the UAE or to enrol into CAA-licensed institutions for further study. This has motivated a number of foreign institutions operating in Dubai's free zones to voluntarily seek CAA licensure and accreditation. However, for institutions catering primarily to expatriate or international students, this lack of federal recognition does not currently seem to represent a pressing concern. The higher education landscape in Dubai 18 With over 70 per cent of all foreign branch campuses in the UAE, Dubai is the emirate that has contributed the most to the significant changes in the country's higher education sector over the past decade. According to KHDA's latest overview of the higher education landscape in Dubai, the emirate has 54 higher education institutions, with an estimated total of about 48,000 students, registered in 468 academic programmes. In addition to three federal institutions, enrolling just over 8,500, there are 24 non-federal local institutions and 27 international branch campuses from 10 different countries (Australia, UK, USA, India, Russia, Iran, Pakistan, Ireland, France and Lebanon) which have been attracted by the favourable conditions offered by the purpose-built free zones in the emirate and the potential of Dubai. The free zones host a total of 33 institutions (including CAA-accredited institutions) collectively enrolling about 22,000 students. 19 The majority of all students (69 per cent) are enrolled in bachelor's programmes (accounting for 52 per cent of all programmes), 19 per cent of students are enrolled in master's degree (33 per cent of all programmes), and eight per cent in foundation programmes (representing eight per cent of all programmes). International branch campuses offer 237 programmes, many of which (43 per cent) are at the master's degree level. The majority of programmes (37 per cent) are within the field of business. Indeed, with more than 160 business programmes on offer, Dubai has become a niche destination for international business students. However, in the recent years the emirate has been able to diversify the range of programmes available, extending to areas such as media, humanities, law and natural and physical sciences, due, in particular, to international branch campuses offering a wider range of programmes than the local non-federal institutions. Students studying in Dubai are from a wide range of nationalities. Emirati students make up the largest group (43 per cent), followed by Asian students (21 per cent), and other Arab students (13 per cent), with a recent substantial increase in the number of African students. 8 8 KHDA (2013) The Higher Education Landscape in Dubai 2012, available at: 7

10 Statistical analysis of UK TNE in UAE 20 The number of students studying for a UK TNE award in the UAE has seen an increase over recent years. This includes a 37 per cent increase in student numbers during the past two years. The numbers of students studying for a UK award in UAE is now over 15, Figure 3: student Fig numbers 3. Student in UAE numbers by year in UAE by year Fig 4. Student numb Fig 3. Student numbers in UAE by year Fig 4. Student 8000 numbers in This increase is most noticeable in the number of students in the UAE studying in an overseas branch 4000campus Fig of 4. a Student UK institution, numbers as UAE defined by type of by provision HESA aggregate offshore record. This number has almost doubled in the past two years. In the proportion of students studying in a branch campus 8000 was 44 per cent of all UK TNE delivered in UAE, up from 32 per cent in Note that 0 the majority of provision in Type 4 (see classification in figure 4) is made up of provision delivered by Oxford Brookes University to students studying for an Association of Chartered Certified Accountants 6000 (ACCA) award. Fig 4. Student 5000 numbers in UAE by type of provision Figure 4: student numbers in UAE by type of provision Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Fig 6. Student numbers in Dubai free zones by year Type of provision Type 1 - Overseas branch campus of UK institution Type 2 - Delivered in partnership, registered at UK institution Type 3 - Distance, flexible and distributed learning Type 4 - Delivered in partnership, registered at a non-uk institution 4000 Du D Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type Data Fig 6. of Student figures numbers 3-6 taken in from Dubai HESA free zones Aggregate by year Offshore Record

11 22 UK TNE provision in the UAE focuses almost entirely on taught master's and bachelor's degrees, making up 95 per cent of the provision. This reflects the continued demand for these Fig qualifications 4. Student numbers from in students UAE by programme studying in level UAE. ( ) Figure 5: student numbers in UAE by programme level ( ) Fig 2. percentage of institutions by type 26% 3% Student numbers in Programme level classification Level 5 - foundation degree Level 6 - bachelor's degree Level 7 - master's degree Level 8 - doctoral degree Federal institutions Level 5 Level 6 Level (CAA 7 accredited Level 8from 2013) Fig 10 Fig 9.Student non-caa accredited institutions 23 The review team looked at the provision of 10 Fig UK 1. institutions during their visit to the UAE. (mainly distribution international of branch branch campuses campuses) in the UAE Figure 6 breaks down the student numbers between those receiving a UK award at institutions that were reviewed by QAA and those at other UK institutions in UAE. It shows that the QAA review covered the majority of TNE students studying for UK awards in the UAE. A brief overview of UK Abu Dhabi (no free zones) provision in UAE not included in the TNE review is provided in Annex 2. RAK Free Trade Zone Dubai outside free zones Figure 6: breakdown of student numbers Jumeirah in Lakes UAE ( ) Towers Fig 5. Breakdown of student numbers in UAE ( ) Dubai Silicon Oasis Dubai Internet City Dubai Healthcare City Dubai International Finance Centre 24% Dubai International Academic City 18% 71% Dubai Knowledge Village 58% CAA accredited non-federal institutions Provision reviewed by QAA Other UK provision in UAE 0 (excluding 2 4 Oxford Brookes) Oxford Brookes provision Figu Fig Data from figures 7-13 taken from KHDA: October

12 4000 Review of UK Transnational Education in United Arab Emirates: Overview Level 5 Level Fig 4. Student numbers in UAE by type of provision UK 8000 TNE provision in Dubai free zones All higher education programmes offered in the Dubai free zones are approved and registered by KHDA's higher education department UK institutions providing TNE provision 6000 in these free zones are required to submit data at programme level to KHDA. Through the information sharing agreement between QAA and KHDA, we have analysed the information from Heriot-Watt 4000 University; Middlesex University; Manchester University Business School (MBS); City Fig 10. Student numbers in Dubai free zones by subject area University London, Cass Business School; University of Bradford; London Business School (LBS); 3000 Middlesex University and SAE Institute; and University of Exeter. These institutions provided the majority of the provision that was reviewed by QAA, and provide almost all the UK provision in the Dubai free zones. The following analysis reports on the Business key trends - 60% 1000 and findings. 10 Engineering - 15% 25 0 The Dubai free zones have seen a large increase in the provision of UK TNE over the past three years. Between Type Type and Type there 3 was a Type 584 Maths and Computing - 6% 13) per cent increase in the number of students in the Dubai free zones studying for a UK award. Student Biology numbers and Psychology in 2013 have - 6% remained broadly ral institutions similar to Architecture - 4% Fig 6. Student numbers in Dubai free zones by year Arts and Design - 4% tutions Figure 7: student numbers in Dubai free zones by year Communications - 3% nch campuses) Other - 2% Abu Dhabi (no f RAK Free Tr Dubai outside Jumeirah Lak Dubai Sil Dubai Int Dubai Healt Fig 12 Dubai International Finan Dubai International Acad Dubai Knowled AA E es) 26 UK provision in the Dubai free zones is dominated in terms of student numbers by the two 'large branch campuses' of Heriot-Watt University and Middlesex University. The two 'large branch campuses' account for 78 per cent of the students working towards a UK award in the Dubai free zones. Figure 8: student numbers Fig in 7. Dubai student free numbers zones by UK in Dubai institution free ( ) zones by UK institution Heriot-Watt Middlesex MBS Cass Bradford LBS Middlesex/SAE Exeter 10

13 Dubai Silicon Oasis ubai Internet City bai Healthcare City Review of UK Transnational Education in United Arab Emirates: Overview 500 nal Finance Centre nal Academic City Knowledge Village Heriot-Watt and Middlesex University have seen the main increase in student numbers since 2010 in the Dubai free zones, with a combined increase in student Figure numbers 11: student of numbers 74 per in cent Dubai over free zones by subjec the past three years Figure 9: student numbers in Dubai free zones at 'large branch campuses' Large branch campuses Other provision 0 Business Engineering 28 The growth in provision at these campuses has been through the number of students taking bachelor's level programmes. It is noticeable that the number of students taking master's level programmes at these institutions is now less than it was in Fig 9.Student numbers at large branch campuses in Dubai free zones by programme level Figure 10: student numbers at large branch campuses in Dubai free zones by programme level 2500 E Level 5 Level 6 Level Figure 11: student numbers in Dubai free zones by subject area (b) 29 This is reflected in UK provision across the Dubai free zones, which has seen an increase of over per cent in bachelor's award level programmes leading to a UK award. While in 2010 over 50 per cent of students were studying towards a master's award, in 2013 bachelor's awards made up over half the provision The Joint Academic Coding System (JACS) used by HESA for subject coding of provision across higher education in the UK is here adopted when referring to subject areas. Business programmes 2013 refer to those programmes categorised N under 3000 the JACS. 11

14 Dubai has become a niche destination for business students, many of them international. This is reflected by the fact that business programmes continue to be the most popular with students in the Dubai free zones studying for a UK award. 11 In 2013 over 50 per cent of students studying for a UK award were taking a business programme. Fig 9.Student numbers at large branch campuses in Dubai free zones by programme level Fig 10. Student numbers in Dubai free zones by subject area Figure 11: percentage of students in Dubai free zones by subject area ( ) Fig 12. Stu Business - 60% Engineering - 15% tions Maths and Computing - 6% ed from 2013) 1500 Biology and Psychology - 6% Level 5 d non-federal institutions Architecture - 4% Level 6 Arts and Design - 4% edited institutions 1000 Level 7 Communications - 3% ational branch campuses) Other - 2% Since 2010, it is the only programme area that has seen a significant increase in student numbers with 67 per cent over the past three years; although engineering has seen a comparable per cent increase over that same period, albeit with a much smaller number of students. 0 Figure Figure 11: student 12: student numbers numbers in Dubai free in zones Dubai by free subject zones area (b) by subject area ( ) 2-13) 5000 ewed by QAA vision in UAE xford Brookes) es provision Fig 7. student numbers in Dubai free zones by UK institution 0 Business Engineering Maths and Biology and Heriot-Watt Other Computing Psychology Middlesex MBS 32 Like all institutions in Dubai, UK institutions providing TNE are serving students from a wide Cass range of nationalities. The largest group come from Asia (as defined by KHDA), making up over 50 Bradford per cent of the student population studying for a UK award in the Dubai free zones, followed by LBS by subject area those from Arab countries outside of UAE and then Africa. Middlesex/SAE Fig 12. Student numbers in Dubai free Figure 13: student numbers in Dubai free zones by nationality ( ) Exeter zones by ethnicity ( ) ss - 60% ering - 15% and Computing - 6% Asian y and Psychology - 6% Arab (Not UAE) cture - 4% African d Design - 4% UK unications - 3% Other - 2% 12

15 Findings of the review Introduction 33 This section provides a thematic analysis of the findings from the 11 individual review reports. Executive summaries of those reviews are included in Annex The most recent overview report of a QAA review of UK TNE was for mainland China in The TNE review was of UK provision in the UAE, and particularly in Dubai, where the bulk of UK TNE in the UAE is based. Of the TNE links directly under review, only one had no base in Dubai: the University of Bolton and Western International College (WINC) in Ras Al Khaimah. Strathclyde University's operations in Dubai and Abu Dhabi were reviewed, but only the Dubai campus was subject to a visit. 35 China sees TNE primarily as a way to build academic capacity, and so favours the collaborative partnership model. By contrast the UAE perceives TNE as a way to develop the skilled workforce required for developing a service and knowledge-based economy, to increase international student recruitment and eventually national revenues. 13 Since the UAE's focus is on importing quality, non-mediated foreign education, TNE in the UAE is subject to few of the key problems identified in the China overview report. UAE provision is, on first sight, more uniform and differences of perception between collaborating partners are therefore less likely. The UAE regulating authorities, of which KHDA is the most developed as far as foreign-sourced education is concerned, wish to see academic offerings as close as possible to UK originals. Partners are typically commercial rather than academic, so 'double degrees' 14 rarely arise. The UAE, with its relatively small native population (less than 15 per cent of the eight million residents are UAE nationals) and large immigrant population, does not try to 'retain essential characteristics of its own educational culture and system', 15 as in China, and except for some mild constraints on behaviour in public places, does not impose cultural demands on higher education curricula, staffing or students. In a comprehensively multi-racial and multi-cultural environment, especially one where there is such a focus on business and trade, the common spoken language is English, and UK providers can typically assume a high level of English language ability in both students and local staff. 36 However, the UK TNE under review was by no means uniform, though some instances share key characteristics. The UK universities considered perform the implementation of global missions with different degrees of success in different aspects. Important problems of staffing, setting and maintaining standards, and meeting student needs, though they differ from those most prominent in the review of China, are by no means eliminated by the UAE educational environment. 12 QAA (2013) Review of UK transnational education in China 2012: Overview, available at: InformationAndGuidance/Pages/TNE-China-Overview.aspx. 13 British Council (2013) The shape of things to come: The evolution of transnational education: data, definitions, opportunities and impacts analysis, p 26, available at: 14 The term used in the China overview. 15 QAA (2013) p

16 Branch and other campuses 37 The best-known model of partnership in the UAE is the 'international branch campus', defined by the Observatory on Borderless Higher Education (OBHE) as: A higher education institution that is located in another country from the institution which either originated it or operates it, with some physical presence in the host country, and which awards at least one degree in the host country that is accredited in the country of the originating institution UAE hosts the greatest number of such campuses at 37; the nearest rival is Singapore with less than half this number. The latest OBHE report on international branch campuses (2012) lists 6 of the 11 institutions in the present review (Heriot-Watt University, London Business School, Manchester Business School, Middlesex University, Bolton University and Cass Business School). The report mentions a seventh, Exeter University, which had been listed in the previous OBHE report (2009) but was ruled out of this one due to a revision in the definition: Though the University maintains office space and a small library, it rents teaching rooms, and limited 'physical infrastructure' means that 'it is not a campus by any definition' It may be that Bradford was not included in OBHE's list of branch campuses for similar reasons, though in practice, its Middle Eastern Regional Office (MERO) resembles other business school operations which are in the list. Strathclyde has no physical facilities of its own and uses the physical facilities of another higher education institution (HEI), and is also omitted from the OBHE list. At an operational level, however, the OBHE definition and the list it reflects somewhat simplify the kinds of TNE reviewed by QAA in Only two providers, Heriot-Watt and Middlesex, are readily recognisable as branch campuses in including the range of facilities a student would expect of a campus in the UK, even if, in some areas, such facilities are provided at a lower level. Both maintain significant physical infrastructures, in Dubai International Academic City and Dubai Knowledge Village respectively, and they offer the biggest provision under review; Heriot-Watt with some 3,500 students and Middlesex with about 2,600. Both are multi-disciplinary. All kinds of provision have been promoted by the free zones, where governance and regulatory arrangements that apply in the UAE at large are reduced, and a commercial partner takes much of the initial financial risk: the free zone model pioneered by Dubai has proved very effective in creating an environment in which foreign higher education operations, large to small and specialised to generalist, have been able to flourish. However, the long-term strategic demands of the branch campus in Dubai free zones are more demanding and more complex than in the other kinds of TNE arrangements. The solutions implemented by institutions to address these complex quality problems differ in their effectiveness. 41 A second clearly recognisable group are what might be called administrative campuses. Most of the other HEIs in the OBHE table are in this group: Cass Business School, London Business School, and Manchester Business School. This group also includes Exeter, Bradford and Strathclyde, which are not in the OBHE list. All maintain some level of physical presence, in the form of an administrative office and establishment, though there are no permanent local academic staff (as opposed to local adjunct tutors, who often feature in this kind of TNE). In the case of Strathclyde, physical resources are provided by the Higher Colleges of Technology (HCT), the largest federal higher education institute in the UAE. This is the only link where the partner is another HEI, rather than a commercial organisation. Most administrative campuses are relatively small with an average of about 200 students registered. Exeter is the smallest, with 69 students; 16 The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education (2012) International Branch Campuses: Data and Developments, available at: 17 The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education (2012) p 8. 14

17 Manchester is the largest with 860. All but Bradford, which has health as well as business and management, are focused on single disciplines. There are few full-time students: the great majority are pursuing studies directly related to their employment, and some are directly supported by their employers. The core teaching in all cases is by flying faculty. The programmes on offer are explicitly multi-national: in some cases, the programmes could be pursued in other parts of the world; in some, the programmes themselves are peripatetic and deliberately bring students into contact with others pursuing the same programmes in other national contexts. Except for the requirements of local regulators, there is, in principle and in practice, little difference between the provision of this group in the UAE and in the several other locations around the world where the constituent HEIs operate, including in the UK itself. Administrative campus TNE carries fewer risks than other kinds, though it is important to note that its simplicity is fundamental: the introduction of greater complexity changes the quality and standards demands. 42 The third group: University of Bolton and Western International College, Coventry University and Emirates Aviation College, and Middlesex and SAE Institute (Bolton/WINC, Coventry/EAC, and Middlesex/SAE) is more varied, but more recognisable as collaborative provision. This is not to say that the offerings of the two other groups do not involve working with others, but provision in the third group is dependent on academic input by the partners in a way that it is not in the other two. Though the Bolton presence in Ras Al Khaimah is listed by OBHE as a branch campus, the fact that, excluding material available electronically, all academic resources, critically including academic staffing, are provided by the partner organisation makes this structurally more of a partnership than a branch of the home campus. The Middlesex/SAE and Coventry/ EAC partnerships are immediately recognisable as collaborative: UK university awards attaching to programmes of another organisation, delivered in another location, by another organisation's staff, using the other organisation's resources. Quality and standards in TNE of this kind are much more liable than the others to be affected by changes in the circumstances of a partner which is essentially independent of the relationship with the UK institution, such as a new owner or the acquisition of degree awarding powers. 43 This is taxonomy, not a hierarchy. However, the reviewers considered that awareness of the parameters of the provider was critical to the extent to which the aims and strategies for provision of UK higher education in the UAE could be articulated and effectively implemented. Bradford, for instance, is planning to increase numbers and add awards: essentially changing from an administrative to a branch campus. The Bolton provision in Ras Al Khaimah started as a branch campus, and in giving greater autonomy to the partner has become collaborative. Where the Cass operation has had limited offerings in one subject only, plans to expand numbers and awards, and thus to become a branch campus rather than an administrative one, introduce new institutional and strategic dimensions, which are matters for the University as well as the Business School. It appeared to the review team that in all cases, such changes required careful consideration of structure and staffing levels, and also of student study and support facilities. The most effective branch campuses realise that if the UAE centre is a campus in the full sense, then it must run like one with the full range of supports including pastoral, careers and social facilities. Going global 44 All the institutions considered in the TNE review of UAE had global aspirations. In many cases, the word global appears in their mission statements or the strap-lines on their websites. Heriot-Watt's is the most concise expression: the phrase 'Distinctly Global' appears above the University's website address on the cover of the latest strategic plan, which is entitled 'Global thinking, worldwide influence'. However, the word global appears in the titles of units, policies or strategies in most of the universities included in the review. Bradford has a Global Business Strategy and a Global Campus Department; Manchester has a Global MBA Programme; London Business 15

18 School (LBS) prominently promises 'Global perspectives' on its website, and has an EMBA-Global programme. The global aims of the others are less explicit but clearly related: Middlesex wishes to 'produce a global community of staff, students and partners'; Coventry calls itself a 'Business facing university in a globalised world'; and Cass commits itself to 'recruit and support the most able students from around the world' and to provide 'international mobility opportunities'. However similar their vocabularies, different universities implement their intentions in different and more or less comprehensive ways. 45 Minimally, global means that the university offers programmes at widely spaced locations around the world. More meaningfully, all the administrative campuses offer global programmes with some common characteristics. The most basic is that the same programme, with same learning outcomes, credit value and volume, is available in centres in a number of locations, and it is possible and practical for students registered in Dubai to take modules in Singapore, Hong Kong, Manila, and Perugia (in the case of Bradford), or USA, South Africa, China (in the case of Cass), to take two instances. The reviewers found that the Bradford programme was explicitly redesigned to facilitate study of the same programme at any of its centres. More comprehensive still, the Manchester Global Executive MBA has been explicitly designed not merely to facilitate the opportunity to study elsewhere, but to build in such study as an integral part of the programme. The new programme will involve groups travelling every semester to attend workshops at one of the worldwide centres, and will provide what the University calls 'a truly global learning and networking experience for students'. The LBS programme has been working on a similar principle for some time. The LBS programme starts with a London-based residential orientation week with a London and a Dubai stream, and concludes again with two London-based residential core modules. The reviewers found that LBS understood 'global reach as a differentiator' and aims to equip students with the ability to 'lead global teams'. 46 In all these instances, globalism is a feature of the programmes on offer, rather than the organisation itself (though the 86 per cent of non-uk faculty at LBS makes it global in another sense). Heriot-Watt has almost twice as many students studying at off-campus locations compared to those at its home campus in Scotland. The University has understood globalism to be a structural feature of organisation as a whole, and has devised a common academic structure for governance and management of all its schools in all locations. The impact for the Dubai campus is that the head of campus is a member of the Heriot-Watt executive, and the University has developed a strategy for the integration of policies, structures and staff responsibilities across the whole organisation. The University, in short, had reflected not just on what home arrangements meant for remote locations, but what global scope meant for management of the whole organisation, of which the home campus is merely the largest and longest established, and made changes accordingly. The change is not complete. For instance, more academic leadership at programme level from the non-uk campuses is planned, but the University has recognised the need. 47 The various individual reports show that the universities under review have had differential levels of success in making organisation fit aspiration. The reviewers saw some good examples of ways in which management was organised. Manchester was noticeably successful in maintaining contacts and coordination between its various centres and the home campus, and LBS at laying a solid foundation of a strategic approach to internationalisation on which to base its programme planning. Strathclyde's standard templates for all written agreements with partners appeared both economical and effective. 48 On the other hand, there was some evidence that institutions had not fully considered the organisational consequences of the global offering. In some cases heads of the UAE centres were physically located at the UK campus, even where the UAE operation was developing beyond the scale of an administrative campus. One of the branch campuses, otherwise highly successful in organisational terms, had only an indirect line into the governance and management of the university at large. 16

19 49 Perhaps more importantly, it appeared that no institution had matched all aspects of the relationship between the global orientations of programmes with UK expectations, whether in the specific Quality Code sense, or the simple dictionary sense. Only one of the institutions reviewed followed the Quality Code in relation to making external examiner reports available in full to students. Though Heriot-Watt has thought through the structural implications of global operation, the principle implies at least equivalence in the students' experience wherever they may be geographically, and the University acknowledges that some aspects, such as student services and staffing on branch campuses, do not yet fulfil the logic of its position. The LBS approach to assessment is strongly influenced by higher education practice in the USA, such as the use of class participation in assessment and grading relative to others on the programme. Though these practices are not contrary to the Quality Code, they do not sit entirely easily with typical UK practice, unless complemented by quality assurance mechanisms further to those typically used in the USA. 50 The availability of effective virtual learning environments (VLEs) has the potential to play a major part in the realisation of global intentions on the part of universities. In some cases, the reviewers found this potential realised. Manchester's use of e-tutors, who moderate discussion forums, was very effective. Exeter made very good use of its VLE for postgraduate students, MyPGR, to record supervisory meetings and monitor research student activity, including tracking annual progress reports by students and staff. The Middlesex 'MyLearning' system was used not just as an information source, but as a means of interaction between students and staff, and other students; Dubai staff and students were able to communicate with peers in Hendon; Hendon staff and students contributed to discussion sessions and even facilitated joint working on projects. 51 On the other hand, the potential was not being fulfilled in all cases. There appeared to be lack of awareness of the opportunities offered by electronic delivery in making electives available in multi-campus programmes. In some cases IT support was based in the UK only, and not enough account was taken of the different working week and time zone for the UAE. In one case, inadequate local infrastructure led to insufficient internet speed and connectivity for effective use. In some cases the VLE was only a repository for information, with limited interactive use; students and counsellors did not make use of the facilities consistently; and lack of functionality in one instance led a local tutor-counsellor to establish his own arrangements on a third party platform. Staffing 52 With the exception of making external examiner reports available to students, the most common topic for recommendations in the UAE reviews relates to staffing. 53 Seemingly, staffing seems straightforward for the administrative campuses, where core teaching (and in some cases all teaching) is by flying faculty. The problem of finding difficulty in consistently staffing such programmes, which has been observed in China, 18 is less evident in the UAE. Most use only faculty who are full members, as core staff, of the home organisation (though in some cases they are not in fact located in the UK). Most administrative campuses, however, also use local staff in some capacity. The evidence from several campuses is that the contribution of staff from the UK at any level is highly valued and regarded. Student experience of the adjunct staff is less consistent. 18 Gow, I 'Removing the Rose-Tinted Spectacles' in Fazakerley, A and Worthington, P (2007) British Universities in China: The Reality Beyond the Rhetoric: an Agora Discussion Paper, p 7, available at: academiccouncil.duke.edu/duke-in-china. 17

20 54 Both Strathclyde and Manchester, for instance, use UK staff for workshops and staff appointed locally to support learning and run tutorial sessions. Strathclyde clearly takes caution to recruit effective counsellors; there are well defined policies for selection and development, and performance monitoring. Counsellors are required to attend intensive seminars to become familiar with the style and content of UK teaching. Nonetheless, students reported significant variability in quality of counsellors: they had no complaints about subject knowledge, but in some cases teaching skills were less evident and/or they perceived a lack of coordination between the counsellors' tutorial sessions and staff workshops. Students of the Manchester programme, on the other hand, had a very positive experience of their e-tutors. The reviewers noted that the e-tutors were approved by a school appointments committee before being permitted to teach, and new members of staff were required to shadow permanent staff. The reviewers took the view that this kind of active management of locally appointed staff paid dividends in student satisfaction. 55 In the branch campuses all teaching is by staff resident in the UAE, with the exception of one or two programmes of a highly specialised nature, where local expertise is not available and flying faculty are once more employed. Here too, both permanent and part-time, fixed-term staff are used. Students reported different levels of satisfaction with permanent and fixed-term staff, and in relation to the latter, staffing management practices appeared to have a material effect on whether their contribution was valued or not. 56 At Heriot-Watt permanent staff are appointed by procedure equivalent to the one used in the UK, and interviews include panel members from the UK campus. For all such staff, the full range of staff support is available: staff are encouraged to take a teaching qualification, and induction, mentoring and development review are all practiced. Students value the contribution of full-time staff. The University also uses fixed-term, part-time staff, who are not as highly rated by students. The reviewers noted that these staff are recruited less formally, and are not supported by the standard measures typical of full-time staff listed above. In one school of the campus, however, the students' distinction between the abilities for full-time and part-time staff was not evident, but the reviewers noted that the school management in this case had introduced informally a range of support comparable to the standard, formal ones; for example, there was peer observation and team teaching, and the encouragement to undertake teaching qualifications extended to these part-time staff had been successful. 57 It was notable that students at the Middlesex branch campus put high value on the teaching of full-time permanent and part-time, fixed-term staff alike. There appeared to be no distinction between recruitment processes: both categories had been recruited through formal procedures. All staff were required to do a Post Graduate Certificate of Higher Education qualification, and all staff met by the review team had done so. There was encouragement for the improvement of teaching skills, with a dedicated teaching and learning coordinator and a formal staff development programme, including a programme of research seminars. There was a reward scheme for teaching, and peer observation was universal. Middlesex had published standards for such matters as tutor availability, and established systems such as online booking for meetings. 58 The collaborative links had features that would be evident in any such links. There were arrangements in all cases for university approval of new partner staff, though they are not always effective, either because they were not understood, or were retrospective only. Inevitably, the UK partner had limited control over such matters as staff development, or indeed any matter related to conditions of employment. Inevitably, differences of jurisdiction and culture, and remote location, make these difficulties more problematic than when both partners are located in the UK, but they are not UAE-specific. 59 In the cases of the branch campuses and the collaborative partnerships, there were fundamental differences in the extent to which efforts had been made to introduce a UK academic culture to the remote campuses. One aspect of this culture has been outlined above: the support 18