Urbanization: immigrant-led urban growth, residential segregation and social (dis)integration

Transcription

1 Urbanization: immigrant-led urban growth, residential segregation and social (dis)integration Prof. Roger Andersson Head of department Institute for Housing and Urban Research Uppsala University Presentation at the Academy of Finland s seminar Future of Housing, Helsinki

2 My background My PhD in Human Geography (1987) dealt with the Urbanization of Sweden. Since then: (1) Residential segregation and neighbourhood effects, (2) Intra-urban migration, (3) urban policy, especially area-based approaches, (4) economic and social integration of immigrants. Some of the ongoing research projects are conducted in cooperation with geographers, sociologists and political scientists and have a European dimension. The Swedish studies deal primarily with processes taking place in the larger metropolitan regions of Sweden: Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö.

3 Content of the presentation Some general features of contemporary urban change Focus on Sweden (Stockholm and Gothenburg): Immigration Segregation/Integration Immigration, segregation and countersegregation policies: are there lessons to be learned?

4 Common to most Western countries are tendencies towards Ageing societies and (also highly relevant) a more uneven geographical distribution of different age groups Stagnating or declining total population numbers but (with some exceptions) still increasing urban populations. Most of this urban growth now relates to immigration Increasing ethnic and cultural diversity in urban regions due to increasing volumes of international migration Increasing socioeconomic polarization, which also translates into increasing socio-spatial differences Urban sprawl and political fragmentation in urban regions

5 Immigration to Sweden by regions in relation to each region's share of the country's population 1875 to (1=immigration corresponds to the pop. share) Immigrants tend to concentrate in metropolitan regions. This is not a new phenomenon.

6 12 Immigration to Sweden per 1000 inhabitants

7 Increasing diversity: No of foreignborn residents in Sweden by country regions Non-European Non-Nordic European Nordic The entire growth of the Swedish population since 1970 relates to immigration.

8 Population development in Stockholm county and Stockholm city an example of urban sprawl Stoc kholm county Stoc kholm Since the 1970s the region s population expands mostly due to net immigration, since 1990 due to net immigration of Non-Europeans.

9 Population in Stockholm county in 2006 according to country of birth Country/country region Total population % Sverige ,9 Finland ,2 Övriga Norden ,7 Övriga EU15 plus Schweiz, Nordamerika & Oceanien ,4 Övriga Europa inkl Ryssland ,3 Afrika ,8 Västra Asien inkl Turkiet, Afganistan och Pakistan ,6 Övriga Asien ,6 Syd- och Centralamerika ,6 Totalt ,0 Total Foreign-born ,1

10 Income polarisation at the neighbourhood level in the Gothenburg and Malmö Labour Market regions in 1990 and 2006/2004. Gothenburg Malmö Quota Percentile 90/percentile Percentile 80/percentile Percentile 70/percentile Percentile 60/percentile *All neighbourhoods (about 1200 in Gothenburg and 1000 in Malmö) have been ranked according to average work income (förvärvsersättning). Quotas are then calculated for different combinations of ranking positions (percentiles). Source: Andersson, Bråmå, Hogdal (2009).

11 Poor (red) and rich (blue) neighbourhoods in Göteborg (average income from work, 2004) Quintile breakpoints: (1) red, less than SEK 124,900 (13,430 Euro) (5) Blue, more than SEK 195,760 (21,050 Euro) he colouring of class atterns

12 Relative participation rate Why so much focus on immigration? Relative labour market participation rates for immigrants in Sweden Values are standardized by age and gender Year Swedish citizens Foreign citizens/foreignborn Research debates: Economy-related change vs cultural change?

13 The role of ethnic residential segregation alternative propositions Lack of labour market integration housing segregation Housing segregation lack of labour market integration Segregation / Integration

14 The distribution of work incomes and relative presence of people with foreign background in Gothenburg neighbourhoods, (Neighbourhoods are ranked from Average income 100 SEK Perc. foreign background left to right according to decreasing average incomes) w ork income % for. backgr. Poly. (% for. backgr.) Pearson correlation: -.64 (significant at.01 level).

15 Causalities? The ethnic hierarchy in Göteborgs Labour Market Region in 2006 illustrated by employment rates and residential segregation (ID) Sverige Norge Tyskland Danmark Finland Polen Andel sysselsatta Geografiskt olikhetsindex Iran Kina & Taiwan Jugoslavien Chile Turkiet Bosnien-Hercegovina Libanon Etiopien Vietnam Irak Somalia

16 Segregation and integration Level of residential segregation Level of integration Low High Low 1 2 High 3 4 Most researchers and politicians in Sweden would state that the present situation in the country s major cities is (3) and that it is important to strive for (2).

17 Dominating discources: Explaining ethnic residential patterns Immigrants reside in and are concentrated to particular areas because they choose to live there ( cultural discourse ) Immigrants reside in particular areas because they are poor ( structural discourse ) Immigrants reside in particular areas because the majority population wants them to live there ( post-colonial discourse )

18 Socioeconomic and ethnic categorization of neighbourhoods in Stockholm county Affluent areas Poor and Immigrant-dense Socioekonomiska basområdestyper Okänd (32) Välbeställda... (402) Svensktäta... (472) Rel svenskglesa... (167) Utsatta (45) Låg syss, hög utb (89) Omr m få invandrare (91)

19 1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv Finland Well dispersed over the region. 10km Total % of Total Finland ,2 Percentage 0,2 0,9 0,3 70,9 27,6 100,0 Sweden-born ,9 Percentage 9,3 14,9 3,9 57,8 14,1 100,0

20 1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv Iran (20,400 in Stockholm in 2006) Dispersed but with some distinct clusters 10km

21 Iraq 1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv (27,400 in Stockholm in 2006, rapidly increasing) Highly concentrated to poor and immigrant dense neighbourhoods Södertälje received more Iraqi refugees in 2007 than did the US and Canada combined. 10km

22 Somalia (6,600 in 2006) 1 punkt = 10 förutvarande inv 25km 1 punkt = 10 nyanlända inv Extreme level of geographical concentration Husby Tensta Rinkeby 10km

23 A large housing estate in Stockholm: Husby, with Rinkeby and Tensta in the background.

24 Tensta, Stockholm city (10 km NW city center) A well planned housing estate from the early years of the Million Programme. Currently 17,000 inh. Few with Swedish background left.

25 The Tensta housing estate: the main commercial centre on a rainy autumn day

26 Entrance to a typical multifamily house in Tensta

27 Interior: no signs of physical detoriation

28 So, for Tensta and similar housing estates Physical detoriation is not the big problem (but huge re-investments needed in the years to come) But almost no Swedes left (about 95 percent of the adult population have a foreign background) Low employment rates, welfare dependency, low incomes Insufficient supply of commercial services High turnover/selective migration (half the population leave within 5 years; a big challenge in particular for the schools) Stigmatization ( white avoidance ) Social unrest among the young

29 Will time solve the problem? Percentage of residents in the Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö labour market regions with origin in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria and Iraq living in the poorest neighbourhoods (1st quintile). 90,0 80,0 70,0 60,0 50,0 40,0 Stockholm Gothenburg Malmö 30,0 20,0 10,0 0,0 immigrated before after 1999 Second generation Time spent in Sweden does not indicate much less spatial concentration to poor neighbourhoods

30 Percentage of residents of different age living in poor neighbourhoods (SAMS Income quintile 1). Somali background (entire country) Perc in Quintile Above age Younger are the most concentrated to poor neighbourhoods.

31 Finland is becoming a country of immigration like most of the EU: Are there lessons to be learned from Sweden (and the other way around) in terms of segregation and integration? Rational for comparisons: the two countries are similar in terms of welfare state ambitions, the role of the State and the importance of rather strong and independant municipalities But differences exist concerning the housing market, timing and origin of immigration.

32 Segregation and integration Level of residential segregation Level of integration Low High Low 1 2 High 3 4 Is (2) a goal also in Finland or do people think that (4) is possible?

33 Counter-segregation policies Housing and social mix policies (initiated in the 1970s), Refugee dispersal policies (initiated in the 1980s), Area-based urban interventions (initiated in the 1990s), Anti-discrimination policy (more recently developed). Of these four, the three last ones have a clear ethnic focus while mix policies primarily aim for socioeconomic and demographic mix. None of these policies has solved the problem. What next? Demolition? Converting rental to cooperative or ownership housing? And where do people go then? Compulsory schemes to disperse people? How the other half lives is a documentary book by the Danish immigrant to New York, Jakob Riis, from the 1890s. His focus was on all new immigrants and their poor living conditions. I think it is time to focus on the first half : will the Swedish-dense middle-class municipalities and districts continue to escape their responsibility for producing and sustaining the divided city?

34 Thank you for paying attention.

35 A research programme on ethnic segregation a dynamic migration oriented model. A research programme on neighbourhood mix and neighbourhood effects. The Micro Structure of the Housing Stock (neighbourhoods composition in terms of tenure and housing types) (1) Social and Ethnic composition of neighbourhoods (2) (3) Social interaction Effects on attitudes and behaviour (4) Social opportunities

36 List of references Andersson, R. (2006) Breaking Segregation Rhetorical Construct or Effective Policy? The Case of the Metropolitan Development Initiative in Sweden. Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 4, Andersson, R., 2007, Ethnic Residential Segregation and Integration Processes in Sweden. In: Karen Schönwälder (ed.) Residential Segregation and the Integration of Immigrants: Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden, p Discussion Paper Nr. SP IV , Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å. and Holmqvist, E. (2009) Counteracting segregation: Swedish policies and experiences. Submitted to Housing Studies. Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å. and Hogdal, J. (2009) Fattiga och rika - segregerad stad. City of Gothenburg (in print). Andersson, R., Amcoff, J. & Niedomysl, T. (2008) Inflyttningen till stockholmsregionen i ett etniskt perspektiv. Befolkningsprognos , Rapport 2008:3, Regionplane- och trafikkontoret. Stockholms läns landsting. Electronic publication: n.pdf (English: In-migration to the Stockholm region from an ethnic perspective) (for downloading reports on Sweden and other countries involved in the Restate project) For empirical studies of segregation and policies in Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö, see Andersson, R., Hogdal, J. & Johansson, S., Planering för minskad bostadssegregation. Rapport 1:2007 Regionplaneoch trafikkontoret, Stockholms läns landsting. ( Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å., Hogdal, J., (2009) Fattiga och rika - segregerad stad. Flyttningar och segregationens dynamik i Göteborg Under utgivning/in print. Andersson, R., Bråmå, Å., Hogdal, J., (2007) Segregationens dynamik och planeringens möjligheter. En studie av bostadsmarknad och flyttningar i Malmöregionen. Malmö: Stadskontoret. ( ) (for a more complete list of my publications and descriptions of finished and ongoing research projects)