The NPSGlobal Foundation

Transcription

1 Report of the Secretary-General to the 69th Session of the General Assembly on the Implementation of the Recommendations of the 2002 UN Study on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Education The NPSGlobal Foundation Buenos Aires, Argentina Disarmament and Non-proliferation Education and Other Capacity Building Actions July June 2014 Executive Summary Since 2007, the NPSGlobal Foundation (Nonproliferation for Global Security), a private nongovernmental organization based in Argentina, performs pioneer work to reduce risks to global security. NPSGlobal develops a set of ambitious activities focused on awareness, understanding, education and training. The primary target population is the Latin American and Caribbean region and developing countries. It periodically delivers seminars for media, opinion leaders, government officials, politicians and general public in several countries. Since 2010 the Foundation carries out the Regional Postgraduate Course in Global Security, Disarmament and Nonproliferation, which is the first intensive, multi-disciplinary course in the world, delivered in Spanish and Portuguese. Its approach is practical. Attendance is promoted through a system of scholarships and financial aids. The Foundation also delivers content at undergraduate level and is developing online learning, including a UNSCR-1540 course. It also translates international content into Spanish/ Portuguese/English, and permanently opens on-the-job training opportunities through agreements worldwide. NPSGlobal, a pioneer in Latin America and the Caribbean The NPSGlobal Foundation (Nonproliferation for Global Security) is the only private, nonprofit institution in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a global reach, that is entirely focused on help reducing risks derived from the proliferation and use of weapons and other threats to global security. The ultimate goal is to create the conditions for a world without Weapons of Mass Destruction. NPSGlobal does a pioneer work in promoting awareness, understanding and capacity building and therefore, in spreading multidisciplinary education on disarmament and nonproliferation.

2 From an operational point of view, the Institution works to create sustainable spaces for positive decision making in favor of peace and human security. In terms of the topics of interest for this report, NPSGlobal carries out its actions through its programs: Knowledge without Boundaries, devoted to raising awareness and understanding of the global security dynamics and risks; Education for Prevention and Response, focused on training current and future leaders and decision makers, and Networks of International Cooperation, devoted to expanding common strategies and transversal thinking on peace and security around the world. NPSGlobal is nowadays a leading organization that has gained worldwide recognition and prestige over its seven years of existence. It has brought to the global debate disarmament and nonproliferation community innovative perspectives for a more secure world. Activities under the above mentioned NPSGlobal programs show clear alignment to the philosophy and recommendations included in the United Nations document A/57/124 of The Foundation strives to provide an enabling environment, fostering and facilitating the development of innovative strategies and proposals for prevention and response in relation to global challenges. It attempts to make the best possible use of modern technologies to increase its impact and to include as many sectors of society as possible in the global security debate. It also is active in authoring original specialized content for its website and policy papers, as well as stories for the mainstream press on events related to the global security agenda. It actively updates social media accounts, profiles on Facebook and Twitter, to reach out to broader audiences in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. See and In order to fulfill its organizational goals NPSGlobal organizes and sponsors international and domestic events regarding its topics of action. Its experts and representatives are frequently invited to speak, write in specialized and massive media and also, to be members of expert groups in topics such as the humanitarian approach to nuclear disarmament, nuclear security, cyber-security, innovative models to deal with regional conflicts involving WMD risks, such as the one in Middle East, nuclear weapons free zones, Latin American security issues, and others. These interactions enable the Foundation communicate their innovative perspectives on a global basis. It also holds partnerships and friendly relations with many organizations around the world. The overall impact of NPSGlobal efforts on the regional level has been the formation of a broad-based community of actors in the nuclear field, who increasingly see NPSGlobal as the focal point of the public debate of a wide range of subjects related to global and regional security, and particularly to the dynamics of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. The community relies on the Foundation as a resource for sharing information, contacts and discussions on the academic and professional issues of the nuclear agenda.

3 In this sense, and capping a two-year effort, the Foundation in mid-2013 fostered the launch of the Latin American and Caribbean Leadership Network for Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation (LALN), a high level group of experienced and prestigious leaders and experts from the region that works in tandem with similar organizations in Europe, Asia and the United States. The group has actively participated in recent world nuclear events and has released so far three statements. NPSGlobal currently holds the Secretariat of the LALN. 1 2 Implementation of the U.N. Study recommendations by the NPSGlobal Foundation The Foundation s activities in terms of disarmament education, training and capacity building during the period July 2012 June 2014 are organized here under the corresponding recommendations of the U.N. Study on Disarmament and Non-proliferation. Additional information has been included when pertinent. Recommendations 2, 3 and There is a recognized scarcity of systematic education and training efforts able to match regional needs as well as of related materials produced in Spanish and Portuguese, the languages with broader reach. Based on identified shortfalls and with the purpose to generate attraction and spark interest, NPSGlobal has been developing all its activities in way as user-friendly way as possible, with visually attractive materials, tailored to the target populations. This concept has been applied, not only to formal education and training showed in Recommendations 6, 7, 13 and 14 but also to the whole constellation of capacity building activities, including communicational pieces, websites, events, and others The Foundation identifies as one of its core organizational goals preventing different languages to become obstacles to dissemination of quality knowledge, and to debate and common action. As gaps in terms of English skills in the region have been identified, NPSGlobal designed for its base of communication a tri-lingual style, which encompasses Spanish, Portuguese, and English. In order to keep the integrity and functionality of knowledge, specific terminology is when possible, presented in an integrated way, highlighting the equivalences of wording in different languages. To reinforce this effort, an international security glossary project, which includes international security, disarmament and nonproliferation terms, is currently underway. In addition, NPSGlobal events usually include simultaneous translation services depending on participants, to enhance communication and facilitate interaction. 1 In the LALN Inaugural Statement, released on June 18, 2013, the leaders recognize as one of their priority issues to To help develop regional capabilities through effective communication and education, encompassing governments and other social actors. < 2 The group is currently composed by 14 former ministers, diplomats and high-level experts from eight countries, including Miguel Marin Bosch from Mexico, who lead the UN Study on Disarmament and Non-proliferation Education (A/57/124). 3 See Recommendations 6, 7, 13 and 14 for more details about regional needs.

4 3. The organization usually assists other organizations overseas with Spanish translations or reviews of materials. Some recent interventions include the Spanish subtitles for the NTI documentary The Nuclear Tipping Point, the review of the Spanish translation of the 2014 NTI Nuclear Materials Index and the translation into Spanish and Portuguese of the Fissile Materials Working Group (FMWG) 2013 Consensus Recommendations. Recommendation 4 4. With the purpose of increasing cooperation for disarmament and non-proliferation action and dissemination of knowledge and materials, NPSGlobal has done relevant collaboration agreements with a number of institutions both within and outside the region. Among them: there is in place a mutual cooperation deal with the University of the Army (IESE) in Argentina centered in education. Late in 2012 the agreement with UCEMA University, based in Buenos Aires, opened the door to dissemination of specific content in undergraduate courses of International Relations. The terms of cooperation with the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) to jointly sponsoring and performing educational activities including courses, seminars, workshops and conferences were established in July The agreement also foresees joint action in the area of investigation, exchange of information and documents, and in efforts to improve the skills of teaching staff. As in the past there will be also mutual participations in the other partner s educational activities. In this sense the agreement formalizes a practice already installed. In addition, OPANAL will receive graduates from NPSGlobal formal courses as interns and other kinds of on-the-job training (see Recommendation 20). In early 2014, the Foundation signed an agreement with the Institute Fernando Henrique Cardoso Foundation (IFHC) of Brazil to develop joint activities in the area of regional and global security, international relations, public policy, leadership and democratic quality. Since 2012 there is a mutual assistance deal between NPSGlobal and the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS), awaiting implementation. Formal agreements with universities and multilateral organizations are constantly worked out to identify brand-new opportunities of cooperation. The Foundation has also opened collaborative spaces in education and outreach with many institutions worldwide such as the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), Chatham House, the Fissile Working Group (FMWG) and the Russian PIR Center. Recommendations 6, 7, 13 and 14 5.The NPSGlobal s core formal education and training programs include the Regional Postgraduate Course in Global Security, Disarmament and Nonproliferation and shorter workshops and seminars for media, opinion leaders, government officials, politicians and general public. These activities were designed to close the human capital gaps in the region,

5 which were assessed by the Foundation through a specific survey. Such gaps are, by extension similar to those identified in many developing countries. Key assessed gaps are: a. Reduced number of qualified professionals to carry out - in both the public and private sectors -the mission stemming from the implementation of the states international commitments. b. Low or null availability of formal professional training for involved people. c. Language barriers. d. Short availability of high quality content published in native languages. e. Flaws in the policy and decision-making processes, including priority setting. f. Lack of information and understanding of critical issues by social actors and the public. 6. Since 2010 the Foundation carries out at its headquarters in Buenos Aires the Regional Postgraduate Course, which is the first intensive, multi-disciplinary course in the world, delivered in Spanish and Portuguese. The course is intensive and takes place on a yearly basis three days a week, during seven months. Its schedule is designed to not to interfere students jobs. See The curriculum has a multidisciplinary makeup, with about 35 percent of technology-based content. The study plan calls for 380 hours of class work on 17 different curricular areas organized in a sequence of three cycles: a. Basic Topics: Introduction to International Security; Technology of Nuclear and Radiological Weapons (also includes peaceful uses of nuclear energy); Technology of Chemical and Biological Weapons; Technology of Delivery Systems and Conventional Weapons; Comparative Analysis of Weapons of Mass Destruction; Introduction to Disarmament and Nonproliferation (legal framework). b. Key Issues: Global Situation of Armaments and Proliferation; Prevention and Response; Arms control and Nonproliferation in Latin America; Non-state Actors and Weapons of Mass Destruction; Technological Development and Nonproliferation; Export controls; Illicit Supply Networks. c. Advanced Topics: Strategic Management of the Arms Control and Nonproliferation; Design of Public Policy; Past, Present and Future challenges (cases-study); Methodology of Professional Work. The learning is completed with a final project on practical professional application. The final project has as main outcome a policy paper on a topic of maximum interest and significant potentiality of use. Applicability is taken into account for the course s authorities at the time to approve the topic and the final outcome. Group support and follow-up systems are in place to help students during such professional application.

6 As a step before starting, a one-week introductory session ensures that each participant will count on sufficient mathematics, physics, oral, and writing tools in order to successfully carry out the experience. The curriculum is constantly updated to make sure that the top issues on the global agenda are present. Cyber-security, money laundering and the financing of terrorism has been included for 2014, as well as an exercise simulation of diplomatic negotiation. After completing all the requisites the student gets a Diploma issued by the NPSGlobal Foundation, equivalent to a certification. Over the past five years, 28 students from six Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay and Mexico) have completed the inclassroom stage, and seven have got the Diploma. The Regional Postgraduate Course is carried out under the auspices of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of OPANAL (the Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean). It is qualified as a relevant educational offering by the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs. It also is accredited by the National Public Administration Institute (INAP) of Argentina, awarding credits to all those interested in a government career. A strict admission process and system of scholarships and financial aids has been designed to promote quality and inclusion at the same time. The support Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been decisive to keep such system in place since 2010 to date. The objective of this initiative is to form experts in global security, disarmament and nonproliferation, with a comprehensive vision and a solid base of knowledge covering multiple disciplines related to the subject, as well as with the ability to analyze the regional and national impacts, as well as in the global balance of power. Recognized experts and practitioners are members of the Course s teaching staff. See bit.ly/1nvxxrd World-class visiting professors and speakers are usually invited to interact with students. Some of the speakers over the past two years were: Virginia Gamba, current Deputy Head of UNODA; Gioconda Ubeda, as Secretary General of OPANAL and then as Deputy Foreign Minister of Costa Rica; Daniel Feakes from the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW); Ambassador Rafael Grossi, as Deputy Director General International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); Abel Gonzalez, high level expert in radio-protection from the IAEA. 4 Other experts who addressed students of the NPSGlobal Postgraduate Course include Horacio Jaunarena, former Minister of Defense of Argentina and member of LALN; 4 Ambassador Rafael Grossi and Abel Gonzalez are permanent members of the teaching staff in use of leave.

7 Ambassador Sergio Duarte, former Head of UNODA and also member of the LALN; Heather Williams from Chatham House and Stephen Donnelly form the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC). The Course meets the needs of all those who require this kind of knowledge and practice for their professional activities, personal development or vocation. Given its practical focus it provides required tools for excellent performance. Typical profiles include government officials, diplomats, advisors of decision makers in governments, international organizations and NGOs, as well as members of armed forces, analysts, politicians, journalists, teachers, specialists in prevention and response of emergencies, business people, in other words, all those seeking to undertake an international career as experts as well as those who are required to give advice, or make proposals or decisions on the matter. During the Course the NPSGlobal Foundation imparts the key elements to acquire those competencies required to serve as expert in international security. Some of them are: a. Specific knowledge including information and understanding of technologies involving WMD and conventional weapons of special interest (and their delivery systems), as well as their effects and their role in the global dynamics and balances of power. b. Understanding of the legal framework and of the specificity of international negotiation, including the way that disarmament and nonproliferation regimes operate in practice. c. Ability to recognize reliable sources of information d. Will of continuous improvement and independent criteria on the matter e. Analytic skills applied to advisory as well as to policy and decision making roles. It includes competencies to advice, design and also to propose public policies, formulate strategies and plans on the subject, manage related projects and lead multidisciplinary teams f. Oral and written skills to clearly communicate ideas and policy recommendations and to positively influence decision-making. 7. As a part of its formal education and training effort, NPSGlobal offers short seminars and workshops on specific aspects of the disarmament and nonproliferation agenda. The Foundation also organizes meetings to give a context to specific events of great public interest, such as the Fukushima incident or the use of Chemical Weapons in Syria. Participants include the news media, government officials, legislators, advisors, political leaders and citizens with a general interest in the area. 8. Since 2005, NPSGlobal s founders have been delivering once a year in Buenos Aires a flagship 24-hours activity, open to the general public. It is the Weapons of Mass Destruction: a Threat without Boundaries Seminar. Today it is a worthwhile institutional asset for the Foundation. It covers multidisciplinary basic knowledge related to WMD, from technological

8 aspects to the international and regional legal frameworks, as well as the international situation and future trends. It also sparked vocations in many students who finally continued their education by attending the Regional Postgraduate Course. 9. Shorter workshops with specific purposes and different target populations have been delivered with regularity during the period. The main focus was placed upon media (see Recommendation 17), Congress people, their advisors, and political parties in general. In this case the format was a one-day activity called Imminent Nuclear Challenges Seminar, oriented to give accurate responses to the hot topics concerning nuclear risks and their impacts in the international context. This activity also includes a brief introduction to nuclear technology delivered in an innovative way. 10. As a core part of the Foundation s strategy of expansion to the region, last October 2013, NPSGlobal offered for the first time a one- week intensive education and training session at the Universidad del Rosario in Bogota. This design is also entirely aligned to recommendation 14 of the U.N. study, and several researchers from the Proyecto Latinoamericano de Asuntos Nucleares (PLAN) as well as members of the university teaching staff took advantage of the session. The course included materials for use by the educators, including conceptual maps, diagrams and infographics, all user-friendly and prepared in Spanish. The delivery of these materials was carried out in line with Recommendations 3 and 4 of the U.N. study. 11. Participation and organization of outreach activities have been a very relevant part of the NPSGlobal capacity building efforts. Below information about some of them considered relevant for this report s purpose: a. In November 2012 the Foundation together with the International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) based in London, in collaboration with the United Nation s Panel of Experts on Iran Sanctions, in virtue of Resolution 1929, carried out a 2-days workshop in Buenos Aires for the Latin American region to analyze with government officials and representatives of other relevant actors the regional impact of the sanctions against Iran and the legal and practical difficulties related to the implementation of the sanctions. b. In January 2013 NPSGlobal co-organized in Vienna, together with several other NGOs the UNSCR 1540 Civil Society Forum: Opportunities for Engagement with the purpose of reviewing the status of implementation of the named resolution worldwide. c. In November 2013, the Foundation participated in the International Workshop on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Education and Capacity Development co-organized by the Vienna Center for Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (VCDNP) and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The activity brought together practitioners in the field of disarmament and nonproliferation education, particularly from international organizations, as well as experts from selected leading academic centers and professional networks.

9 d. In February 2014 the Foundation s CEO was invited by the Mexican government to attend in character of expert to the Second Conference on Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons in Nayarit. e. In March of 2014, NPSGlobal as international partner of the FMWG actively participated in the Nuclear Knowledge Summit the non-governmental event associated to the Nuclear Security Summit, and in such character had the opportunity to disseminate specific information in the media. e. In April 2014, NPSGlobal and Chatham House of the United Kingdom co-organized in Buenos Aires an expert meeting on Nuclear Disarmament and the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons The role of Latin America, which focused on the practical aspects of prevention and the potential response to a nuclear explosion anywhere in the world as well as the potential effects on the region. The participants included a variety of civil defense and humanitarian response organizations from Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica and Argentina. Participants also included government officials, members of the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) and researchers from Chatham House and NPSGlobal. The expert group session was followed by a public one featuring a panel of experts that included the former U.N. High Representative for Disarmament Affairs; a Chatham House expert and the Head of NPSGlobal Foundation. They spoke on The Humanitarian Initiative of Nuclear Disarmament: Perspectives for Argentina and Latin America. The public session, designed to introduce the public to the issue of the humanitarian consequences of nuclear weapons, was held to a full audience and the session counted on broad media coverage. 12. Undergraduate programs As a part of the effort to help make disarmament and nonproliferation content a mandatory part of the Latin American undergraduate programs, members of the Foundation s teaching staff delivered a special module at the UCEMA s Organization and International Law course, belonging to the International Relations undergraduate program in During the current year the Foundation will repeat the experience and expand the model to other universities. In this sense it is sustaining negotiations in an advanced stage with two more institutions in Buenos Aires. Recommendation The Foundation designed a version of the Imminent Nuclear Challenges Seminar specially tailored for media representatives. The activity s goal is to train the press in order to improve quality and quantity of information they deliver on the topics of interest. Timely and accurate media coverage is essential to advance toward better understanding of key issues and to achieve positive reactions in social actors and public. This helps promote a culture of peace in the different countries. This Seminar was offered twice during the period of analysis and it is

10 scheduled again for the current year. The activity is complemented with sustained contacts with media through direct interaction and press conferences. In the lead-up to the March 2014 Nuclear Security Summit in The Hague, NPSGlobal and the LALN sponsored a public meeting with the news media which gathered to discuss the importance for global security of the Nuclear Security Summit process and to make public a statement of the LALN called On the Comprehensive Reduction of Nuclear Risks. The event received an ample coverage by the written press as well as by radio and TV. NPSGlobal also distributed stories and photos of the event, along with a copy of the statement of the LALN, on its website, via Twitter and Facebook and by mailing list. 14. Early 2014 the Foundation reached an agreement with the Forum of Argentine Journalism (FOPEA), a grouping of over 400 journalists from throughout Argentina, to jointly undertake activities to train journalists in the specifics of covering matters related to all aspects of the global security agenda; to explore the possibility of producing a manual to assist in accurately covering nuclear issues and disasters; and to stage on a spot basis background briefings on unfolding events related to the nuclear agenda. NPSGlobal also agreed to invite a journalist from FOPEA s ranks to participate in the next Postgraduate Course. Recommendations 19 and In 2010 the Foundation designed a volunteering program to promote active learning on disarmament and nonproliferation topics. During the period of reference NPSGlobal hosted at its headquarters five volunteers, mainly undergraduate students from the International Relations, Political Science, Government Studies, and Law careers. The usual tasks they perform are related to information mining, translating content, writing notes, and updating the websites. 16. In parallel, NPSGlobal keeps an internship program with partner educational organizations under which interns come to develop specific tasks on a friendly learning environment, for up to six months. Since its startup the Foundation received two interns from the UCEMA. The NPSGlobal Foundation and UADE University are about to sign an agreement under which the students in the last quarter of their undergraduate course in International Relations will be offered the opportunity of applying for an internship in the Foundation and, depending on their performance, financial aids for further participation in the Regional Postgraduate Course. 17. Given the practical nature of the whole NPSGlobal education, training and capacity building effort, on-the-job training results a core piece in all the formal programs. The organization is working hard to open opportunities in international organizations. At a region level, under the agreement with OPANAL students from the Regional Postgraduate Course who successfully completed the in-classroom stage of the Course will be eligible for such training at OPANAL headquarters in Mexico DF.

11 18. It is important to highlight the Regional Postgraduate Course as a key factor of career improvement for several of its former students. Some of graduates got new jobs closely related to the Course matters, and in the most successful cases, they got their former career boosted toward positions of higher responsibility, for example as presidential advisors. Recommendation With the constant sponsorship of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway and other private sources NPSGlobal offers scholarships and financial aids for the formal education and training activities, and also it funds initiatives to raise awareness, create culture on disarmament and nonproliferation and expand specific knowledge. Concerning formal education and training, and in order to strongly promote a culture of learning in the region, NPSGlobal has granted over time different levels of financial aids to about 60 percent of participants in the Regional Postgraduate Course as well as to some of participants at the paid shorter activities. It is important to clarify that the majority of formal short Seminars and Workshops are free or with a minimum charge for participants, but in all cases teaching staff is paid at more than attractive market value. The scholarships and financial aids are granted with open international criteria and they reach out to the communities of the different countries, without distinction. Recommendation Concerning outreach using digital technologies and e-learning, the Foundation has detected a large demand for distance learning and digital interaction in the region. In response of it, NPSGlobal is currently developing online versions of its core formal educational activities as well as innovative training on key topics of interest such as the implementation of UNSCR NPSGlobal has dedicated special attention to using digital technologies to spread information and to accomplish its organizational goals. The base of the digital effort is the Foundation`s website, in its two versions, Spanish and English. On a daily basis, the main focus of the website is to update news related to the diverse fields relating to international security area. By accomplishing Recommendation 15, the website also serves as a resource center with multiple facets including a document center, links to detailed information including historical and fundamental facts on the agenda. It includes links to a large number of governmental agencies, international organizations and non-governmental organizations worldwide. In addition, it hosts key documents, including multilateral treaties, regional treaties, bilateral agreements and U.N. Resolutions, diversely relating to nuclear weapons, biological and chemical weapons, and conventional weapons, weapons in space, fissile materials and non-state actors. It is also relevant training environment for interns and volunteers.

12 22. To reinforce digital communication a Newsletter called Global Security Online and specific news alerts are sent via in Spanish and English to a distribution list with more than 5,000 addresses. 23. In order to attract people to the website, and to reach a broader audience, information updates, as well as attractive images and infographs are regularly posted via Twitter and Facebook. This latter social network has been so far the preferred option within the digital communication strategy. The Foundation s Facebook fan page counts at the present on more than 23,700 likes. In summary, the digital communication strategy as a whole is compliant with recommendations 3, 4, 15, 21, 22 and 25 made by the A/57/142. Recommendation NPSGlobal applies a wide variety of methodological strategies and didactic resources compatible with the practical focus of its education, training and capacity building activities. In the case of the Regional Postgraduate Course, case study methodologies as well as role-playings where the participant acts as analyst, governmental advisor or decision maker are broadly applied. They are completed with specific news videos and documentaries. In the first case it is common to request participants identify information flaws or contradictory statements by media and opinion leaders. Learning from daily reality is a complementary technique, and a way to promote in participants a culture of continuous update. In addition, participants are exposed to interactions in different languages with top experts, in person and remotely. At the end of such processes they are requested to write and share their impressions and conclusions. As mentioned, there are plans to include a simulation of diplomatic negotiation as a part of the Past, Present and Future Challenges course, which gathers several case studies. The Course includes visits to nuclear facilities as well as other of interest. Short seminars and outreach activities are highly interactive and designed to encourage two-way communication and maximize participation. Postgraduate Course s students are usually invited to participate and to make chronicles, which are afterwards published in the Foundation s media.