THE USE OF SUSTAINABLE BIOCHAR COMPOST FOR THE REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED LAND
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1 THE USE OF SUSTAINABLE BIOCHAR COMPOST FOR THE REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED LAND Aoife Ryan Professor Alayne Street-Perrott, Dr Daniel Eastwood, Sion bury, Dr Kath Ficken, Dr Neil Loader.
2
3 Compost
4 Pyrolysis systems BiG Soil Fertility Project
5 Cwm Dulais Graig Merthyr Colliery 1973 Flood prevention scheme requires movement of 2.3ha of soil from area 3 to area ha Previously site of Graig Merthyr colliery Coal mining Since closure- used by grazing sheep, off road motorbikes. Rhododendron covered 46ha. Cwm Dulais 2013 Unavailability of topsoil and poor soil quality prompted creation of artificial soil. Flood prevention scheme plans (Atkins, 2014)
6 Cwm Dulais Flood remediation scheme mitigation Aims & Objectives Establish the value of Biochar as a mitigation material in this context Consider B/C effect on Soil Organic Carbon Soil microbial activity Biodiversity Action Plan habitat Biomass growth Establish best biochar:compost mix Life cycle and cost consideration A local Carbon offset? Stage 1 Pot trials - Stage 2 Field trial Rhododendron ponticum
7 Area 3
8 Common Sense (Gower) Ltd CarbO2n Brothers
9 Metals/ metalloids Area 3 Soil Contaminants Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Arsenic (As) Copper (Cu) Selenium (Se) Zinc (Zn) Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Beryllium (Be) Lead (Pb) Vanadium (V) As and Cu levels exceed Normal Background Concentrations (NBCs) set by Welsh Govt.(2012) Benzo(a)anthracene Chrysene Chromium (Cr) Nickel (Ni) Water Soluble Boron (B) Benzo(B)Fluoranthene PAH 16 Total
10 Materials/Methods Application rate of compost (equivalent to 250 m³ ha ¹) was based on a successful coal-tip remediation trial at Ffos-y-Frân (Jarvis & Walton, WRAP Report, 2011). Cwm Dulais coal spoil, PAS-100 Certified compost, Rhododendron biochar: fast pyrolysis, C Substrates Control (coal spoil only) Biochar 0% Biochar 2% Biochar 5% Biochar 10% Biochar 20% (with manure) Biochar 0% (with manure) Biochar 2% (with manure) Biochar 5% (with manure) Biochar 10% (with manure) Biochar 20% Seeding regimes Acid grassland seed mix Acid grassland seed mix, clover Acid grassland seed mix, mycorrhizal fungi Acid grassland seed mix, clover, mycorrhizal fungi 6 replicates of each treatment Total n = 264
11 Week 10- Control (coal spoil) pots are outlined in red. Pots outlined in yellow received no seeds (compost/coal spoil only)
12
13 Photo showing control pots (coal spoil only) 3 hours after rain had ceased on day 89* Poor drainage reflected low permeability of unamended coal spoil (controls) Coal spoil amended with compost or compost + biochar was much better drained Pots on left: Control pots Pots on right:, biochar 0% Note: Red bars indicate hand watered 30ml if three days passed without rain.
14 Conclusions - Stage 1 Optimum mix biochar:compost with no manure and 5% Rhododendron biochar. This mix produced 36% more grass than the control pots of coal spoil only. Observations suggest less soil compaction with the addition of biochar compost. Initial statistical analysis suggests biochar could immobilise copper transfer from soil to grass. Sheep exposed to excessive copper levels are highly likely to suffer copper toxicity and levels as low as 14 can be fatal (Ivan et al, 1986). Test the most successful treatment in an outdoor field trial situated at Cwm Dulais.
15 Stage 2 Field trials
16 Conventional rhododendron disposal causes large greenhouse-gas emissions CO 2 -e emissions for R. ponticum disposal Clearance of 1 hectare containing 170 tonnes above-ground dry phytomass Air curtain burner Open Burning Landfill Biochar production CO 2 -e emissions (tonnes CO 2 ) Preliminary LCA by Phil Harries, using data from Wong et al. (2002) and Woolf (PhD 2011)
17 Thank you / Diolch
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