KOVÁCS Béla The connection between the GPS and the maps from the Balkan Peninsula

Transcription

1 Eötvös Loránd University Faculty of Informatics Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics KOVÁCS Béla The connection between the GPS and the maps from the Balkan Peninsula PhD Thesis ELTE Faculty of Science, Earth Science PhD school School leader: Dr. GÁBRIS Gyula PhD course of Cartography Program leader: Dr. KLINGHAMMER István Consultants Dr. GYÖRFFY János, Assoc. Prof. Dr. TIMÁR Gábor, Habil. Assoc. Prof. Budapest, 2010

2 The aim of the research The main purpose of my thesis: to summarize and present the state of the modern navigation systems and their developmental stages. Additional goal of my thesis is to provide practical examples to illustrate the connections and usage of historical and modern topographic maps in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in the Balkan region. The original measurement protocols of the Balkan triangulations that were not published before are digitalized completed with a description of the calculated coordinates. The thesis summarizes the contemporary maps and the GIS map systems fitting parameters. A historical overview is given of the most radio based navigation systems from the mid-20th century, and explains in detail today's GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) and the complementary subsystems. The old (19th century) and newer (20th century) topographic maps used in the countries of the Balkan Peninsula are hardly available for research today. I summarize the necessary parameters to transform the map data of these sheets into GIS. The current state of the topographic mapping in the Balkan countries and the potential availability of basic data, maps and procurement opportunities (or constraints) are also presented. The thesis presents the connection form of old topographic maps and the GPS measurement data as well as the possibility of fitting them in a modern GIS systems. Published maps graphically show the current best matching accuracy achieved with the parameters of the 19th and 20th century maps. I compare them with modern maps and data content of the data obtained from the old and unpublished Balkan triangulations. The practical applicability of my thesis is the presentation of the examination of the third military survey maps and data performed by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The GPS field measurements in Transylvania and in the former Yugoslav successor states justified the theory of establishing connecting parameters. In practice, I present the precise data by the merging of the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) measurement data, the topographic maps of the last centuries and the GPS. 2

3 The review map of the geodetic base points of the Balkan triangulations. The points are automatically fitted and placed on the original georeferenced map using GIS software The European part of the Turkish Empire with colored points showing the measurements that were done by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in: Wallachian triangulation (yellow) 1871 Bosnia and the southern border of the Monarchy (green) 1872 Bosnia and Rumelia (brown) 1873 Albania and Macedonia (cyan) 1874 Turkish Empire, but not the Russian measurements (red) 1875 Rumelia aka Bulgaria (black) 3

4 Historical overview The GNSS is now the toolkit in the hand of every professional natural sciences researcher, just like a hammer used to be for the geologists or the microscope for the biologists. Today, there is a GPS in your hands, car and other filed equipment. In the past, only the astronomical methods were used for the determination of geodetic control base points for mapping. In this kind of measurement, the position accuracy of few meters were reached with enough long observations (a few hours/days long). The development of this precision geodetic instruments speeded up. Today, the positioning can be executed in any second, even in sub-centimetre accuracy, without crossview of any base-points on the ground. The hand-held GPS instruments stored approximately 200 geodetic map date systems, and they were used in most countries of the world. The Balkan territories represented an exception this time, because the data of their topographic maps were classified as strict secret by the military. The old topographic maps of the region do not give any useable detail, so they can only be used if we have enough number of intersection control points. If the mapping system and the centre of local coordinate system are known, the problem can be resolved with using GCP (Ground Control or Check Point). In the phase of my research, the original Balkan triangulation documents were found, which helped a lot in calculating the datum parameters of the old Serbian maps. From the beginning, I did many field measurements. The first control measurements that prove the calculated parameters were the field research of the base point of the second military survey in Romania with GPS. The project was successful, which proved the calculating and the use of the theory. Later, I applied this procedure to the south Balkan region, and the idea properly worked for it too. After the work in office, there were a lot of filed measurements, whose results are represented in the thesis. 4

5 Realization In the present thesis, I describe the history and application of the global positioning as well as the historical and modern cartography of the Balkans, primarily of the former Yugoslav territories. The results of my research provide links between these two subjects. In the first introductory parts (Chapters 2-5), I describe the history of the positioning up to the satellite positioning techniques: the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and Compass systems and the auxiliary systems that make them more accurate and reliable (WAAS, EGNOS). I also give an overview of the cartographic and geodetic coordinate systems used in these systems. The second part (Chapters 6 and 7) is an overview of the past and present of the geodesy and cartography of the Balkan region. First I show the surveys taken on the former territories of the Habsburg Empire (later: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy), then I describe the history of the independent Serbian (military) cartography. I systematically present the quality and accessibility of the modern cartographic data in the Balkan states. Next, in Chapter 8, I provide my own results (partly from projects in which I participated) that ensure connection between the GPS and its coordinate systems and the historical and modern Balkan and Yugoslav maps. First, I show the GPS-supported finding of the field location of the Transylvanian base point of the Second Military Survey of the Habsburg Empire, the abandoned location of the provisional astronomical observatory near to Sibiu. Then, I describe the coordinate systems used in Croatia at the Second and Third Military Surveys of the Habsburgs. I completed and also show in this chapter the procedures necessary for georeferencing the 1:75,000 scale Serbian topographic map series, prior to the WW I. Finally I overview the Balkan triangulations of the Habsburgs, and show their base points and the database digitized by myself. 5

6 Research results 1. I have reviewed the development of modern radio-based navigation systems from the mid 20th century to the present. 2. I analyzed the history of military topographic mapping of Yugoslavia. I have presented the history of the Military Geographical Institute (VGI), and the state of the present geodetic base data of the successor states of Yugoslavia and other states in the region. 3. I have measured and marked the base point of the second military survey of the Habsburgs in Transylvania with the use of GPS and using the contemporary data from the original cartographic base materials. 4. I have defined the fitting parameters of the sheets of the first Serbian map series at 1 : scale for use in GIS. 5. I have executed the field control measurements of the system fitting parameters of the second and third military surveys to make them available for using by GPS in Croatia. 6. I have digitized and processed the complete base point data and the original records and manuscripts of the Balkan triangulations carried out by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. 6

7 Conclusion For precise terrain fieldwork to achieve the originally measured places with the presented modern navigational equipment (e. g. old maps on the basis of geographical, geological, archaeological, biological etc.), it is required to use the correct maps and the relevant GPS coordinate system also. For the collecting of new data for GIS analyses and presentation we need to know the origin of old mapping systems and the fitting parameters for other data sources (e. g. aerial photos, data collected from space, etc.). The results of my research should be used for making connections and relationship between the researchers of Balkan region (that is not so far, but poorly managed because of wellknown political reasons). 7

8 Publicatios Kovács Béla, Timár Gábor (2010): The Austro-Hungarian triangulations in the Balkan Peninsula ( ). In: GARTNER, Georg, ORTAG, Felix (eds.): Cartography in Central and Eastern Europe. Lecture Notes in Geoinformatics and Cartography, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg, Kovács Béla, Timár Gábor (2009): The Austro-Hungarian Triangulations in the Balkan Peninsula ( ). In: GARTNER, Georg, ORTAG, Felix (eds.): Proceedings of the First ICA Symposium for Central and Eastern Europe 2009, Vienna University of Technology, Irás Krisztina, Kovács Béla (2009): GNSS in education poster presentation, ICA Symposium for Central and Eastern Europe 2009, Vienna xx Kovács Béla (2009): History of the GNSS - from GPS to GALILEO Descriptio Transylvaniae. International Conference on History of Cartography and Historical Geography. Cholnoky Jenő Geographic Society, Babeş Bolyai University, Kolozsvár, Románia Timár Gábor, Kovács Béla, Bartos-Elekes Zsombor, Păunescu Cornel (2008): The Dealul Sibiului base point of the Transylvanian surveys. Geographia Technica 3(1): Timár Gábor, Kovács Béla (2008): A Balkán-háromszögelések. A Földgömb 10(3): Kovács Béla, Timár Gábor (2008): The Habsburg triangulations of the Balkan Peninsula ( ) and the Habsburg and Serbian topographic maps based on them. Geophysical Research Abstracts 10: Sümegi András, Kovács Béla (2008): Helymeghatározás fotósoknak Digitális Fotó Magazin 2008(2), Kovács Béla, Bartos-Elekes Zsombor (2007): A második katonai felmérés erdélyi főalappontjának felkeresése GPS segítségével. Geodézia és Kartográfia 59(12), Timár Gábor, Molnár Gábor, Székely Balázs, Biszak Sándor, Kovács Béla, Markovinovid Danko, Kuhar Miran (2006): A Második Katonai Felmérés horvátországi szelvényeinek georeferálása. Geodézia és Kartográfia 58(12):

9 Timár Gábor, Markovinovid Danko, Kovács Béla (2006): Az ivanicsi (ivanići) rendszer paraméterezése a térinformatikai alkalmazásokban. Geodézia és Kartográfia 58(8): Elek István, Kovács Béla, Verebiné Fehér Katalin (2004): Digitális térképtár az ELTE-n, GEO 2004, Magyar földtudományi szakemberek VII. világtalálkozója, E7, 80 Kovács Béla (2002): ELTE-KöM permanens GPS-állomás. Studia Cartologica 12: Kovács Béla (2002): Térképfejlődés Ariadné vonala. GPS Magazin 1: 2. Kovács Béla (2000): ICA-CET konferencia. Geomatika 2000/3: Kovács Béla (2000): Trimble GPS szakmai nap. Geomatika 2000/5: 23. 9