MODERN TRENDS IN THE CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST THE CRITICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

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1 International Telecommunication Union STATE AGENCY FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL LABORATORY OF COMPUTER VIROLOGY REGIONAL CYBERSECURITY FORUM 7-99 Oct 2008, Sofia MODERN TRENDS IN THE CYBER ATTACKS AGAINST THE CRITICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE EUGENE NICKOLOV, PROFESSOR, DOCTOR OF MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, CEO, NATIONAL LABORATORY OF COMPUTER VIROLOGY

2 01. THE CURRENT DEFINITIONS OF THE FUNDAMENTAL TERMS IN THIS FIELD. A. Cyber warfare. B. Infrastructure. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 2

3 A. CYBER WARFARE. 01 CYBER ATTACK CYBER WARFARE A. Cyber-warfare warfare. Also known as cybernetic war [1], or cyberwar is the use of computers and the Internet in conducting warfare in cyberspace [2]. [1] Jonathan V. Post, "Cybernetic War," Omni, May 1979, pp , reprinted The Omni Book of Computers & Robots, Zebra Books, ISBN [2] DOD, Cyberspace, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 3

4 1. TYPES OF ATTACKS. 01 There are several methods of attack in cyber-warfare warfare, this list is ranked in order of mildest to most severe. 1.1 CYBER ESPIONAGE. Cyber espionage is the act or practice of obtaining secrets (sensitive, proprietary of classified information) from individuals, competitors, rivals, groups, governments and enemies for military, political, or economic advantage using illegal exploitation methods on internet, networks, software and or computers. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 4

5 1. TYPES OF ATTACKS WEB VANDALISM. Attacks that deface web pages, or denial-of of-service attacks. This is normally swiftly combated and of little harm. 1.3 PROPAGANDA. Political messages can be spread through or to anyone with access to the internet. 1.4 GATHERING DATA. Classified information that is not handled securely can be intercepted and even modified, making espionage possible from the other side of the world. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 5

6 1. TYPES OF ATTACKS DISTRIBUTED DENIAL-OF OF-SERVICE ATTACKS. Large numbers of computers in one country launch a DoS attack against systems in another country. 1.6 EQUIPMENT DISRUPTION. Military activities that use computers and satellites for co-ordination ordination are at risk from this type of attack. Orders and communications can be intercepted or replaced, putting soldiers at risk. 1.7 ATTACKING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE. Power, water, fuel, communications, commercial and transportation are all vulnerable to a cyber attack. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 6

7 1. TYPES OF ATTACKS COMPROMISED COUNTERFEIT HARDWARE. Common hardware used in computers and networks that have malicious software hidden inside the software, firmware or even the microprocessors. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 7

8 2. REPORTED THREATS The Internet security company McAfee stated in their 2007 annual report that approximately 120 countries have been developing ways to use the Internet as a weapon and the targets are financial markets, government computer systems and utilities. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 8

9 2. REPORTED THREATS In activities reminiscent of the Cold War, which caused countries to engage in clandestine activities, intelligence agencies are routinely testing networks looking for weaknesses. These techniques for probing weaknesses in the internet and global networks are growing more sophisticated every year. [3] [3] Griffiths Peter, "World faces "cyber cold war" threat", Reuters, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 9

10 2. REPORTED THREATS Jeff Green the senior vice president of McAfee Avert Labs was quoted as saying "Cybercrime is now a global issue. It has evolved significantly and is no longer just a threat to industry and individuals but increasingly to national security." They predicted that future attacks will be even more sophisticated. "Attacks have progressed from initial curiosity probes to well-funded and well- organized operations for political, military, economic and technical espionage." [4] [4] "Cyber Crime: A 24/7 Global Battle", Mcafee, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 10

11 2. REPORTED THREATS The report from McAfee says that China is at the forefront of the cyber war. China has been accused of cyber-attacks on India and Germany and the United States. China denies knowledge of these attacks. Arguments have been expressed regarding China s involvement indicating,, in the methods of computer Hackers who use zombie computers, it only indicates that China has the most amount of computers that are vulnerable to be controlled. [5] [5] "China 'has 75M zombie computers' in U.S., /china_has_75m_zombie_computers_in_us/7394/ 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 11

12 2. REPORTED THREATS In April 2007, Estonia came under cyber-attack in the wake of relocation of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn. Estonian authorities, including Estonian Foreign Minister Urmas Paet accused the Kremlin of direct involvement in the cyberattacks [6]. Estonia's defense minister later admitted he had no evidence linking cyber attacks to Russian authorities [7]. [6] Estonia accuses Russia of 'cyber attack, [7] Estonia has no evidence of Kremlin involvement in cyber attacks, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 12

13 3. KNOWN ATTACKS The United States had come under attack from computers and computer networks situated in China and Russia. See Titan Rain and Moonlight Maze [8]. It is not clear if attackers originated in those countries or used compromised computers there. [8a] [8] Jim Wolf,"U.S. Air Force prepares to fight in cyberspace", Reuters, November 3, 2006, [8a] Cyberwarfare reference materials, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 13

14 3. KNOWN ATTACKS On May 17, 2007 Estonia came under cyber attack. The Estonian parliament, ministries, banks, and media were targeted. [9] [9] Ian Traynor, 'Russia accused of unleashing cyber war to disable Estonia, On first week of September 2007, The Pentagon and various French, German and British government computers were attacked by hackers of Chinese origin. The Chinese government denies any involvement. [9a] [9a] Chinese Official Accuses Nations of Hacking, AR html 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 14

15 3. KNOWN ATTACKS On 14 December 2007 the website of the Kyrgyz Central Election Commission was defaced during its election. The message left on the website read "This site has been hacked by Dream of Estonian organization". During the election campaigns and riots preceding the election, there were cases of Denial-of of- service attacks against the Kyrgyz ISPs. [10] [10] Website of Kyrgyz Central Election Commission hacked by Estonian hackers, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 15

16 3. KNOWN ATTACKS In the second week of April hackers hacked the Indian MEA computers. [10a] [10a] MEA Computer Network Hacked, Georgia fell under cyberattacks during the 2008 South Ossetia War. [10b] [10b] Cyber attacks became part of Russia-Georgia war, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 16

17 4. CYBER COUNTERINTELLIGENCE Cyber counterintelligence are measures to identify, penetrate, or neutralize foreign operations that use cyber means as the primary tradecraft methodology, as well as foreign intelligence service collection efforts that use traditional methods to gauge cyber capabilities and intentions. [11] [11] DOD - Cyber Counterintelligence, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 17

18 4. CYBER COUNTERINTELLIGENCE The intelligence community is coming to grips with the challenge of cyber warfare intelligence. Much of the advanced infrastructure used in traditional warfare, like satellite imagery, is ineffective in the realm of cyber. New techniques and technologies are required for intelligence agencies to operate in this field. [11a] [11a] World Wide War 3.0, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 18

19 4. CYBER COUNTERINTELLIGENCE In May 2008, U.S. Strategic Command's - Col. Gary McAlum chief of staff - of the command's Joint Task Force for Global Network Operations, quoted approvingly from a new intelligence report by Kevin Coleman [11b] of the Technolytics Institute that stated China aims to achieve global "electronic dominance." This report was not released to the public, however it was clear that cyber warfare intelligence was being collected and used to assess the cyber weapons capabilities of each country. [11b] About: Kevin G. Coleman is an international security and intelligence consultant with Technolytics and has regularly featured articles in DefenseTech.org and International Intelligence Magazine covering homeland security, terrorism, security and intelligence worldwide. For six years he served as a science and technology advisor to the nation s leading research and development center that service the U.S. Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security and the Intelligence Community. Additionally, he testified before Congress on Cyber Security and Privacy, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 19

20 B. INFRASTRUCTURE. 01 INFRASTRUCTURE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE CRITICAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 20

21 1. TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNICAL DEFINITION. Typically refers to the technical structures that support a society, such as roads, water supply, wastewater, power grids, flood management systems, communications (internet, phone lines, broadcasting), and so forth. In the past, these systems have typically been owned and managed by local or central governments. These various elements may collectively be termed civil infrastructure, municipal infrastructure, or simply public works, although they may be developed and operated as private-sector or government enterprises. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 21

22 1. TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE GENERIC DEFINITION. A more generic definition of infrastructure is the network of assets "where the system as a whole is intended to be maintained indefinitely at a specified standard of service by the continuing replacement and refurbishment of its components."[12] [12] Association of Local Government Engineers New Zealand, "Infrastructure Asset Management Manual", June Edition 1.1, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 22

23 1. TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES (IT) DEFINITION. Infrastructure may refer to information technology, informal and formal channels of communication, software development tools, political and social networks, or beliefs held by members of particular groups. Still underlying these more general uses is the concept that infrastructure provides organizing structure and support for the system or organization it serves, whether it is a city, a nation, or a corporation. Economically, infrastructure could be seen to be the structural elements of an economy which allow for production of goods and services without themselves being part of the production process, e.g. roads allow the transport of raw materials and finished products. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 23

24 2. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE The term "critical infrastructure" has been widely adopted to distinguish those infrastructure elements that, if significantly damaged or destroyed, would cause serious disruption of the dependent system or organization. Storm, flood, or earthquake damage leading to loss of certain transportation routes in a city (for example, bridges crossing a river), could make it impossible for people to evacuate and for emergency services to operate; these routes would be deemed critical infrastructure. Similarly, an on-line booking system might be critical infrastructure for an airline. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 24

25 2. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE According to etymology online [13],, the word infrastructure has been around since 1927 and meant: The installations that form the basis for any operation or system. Originally in a military sense. The word is a combination of "infra", meaning "below" and "structure". [13] Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper, Historian, Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 25

26 2. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE The term came to prominence in the United States in the 1980s following the publication of America in Ruins (Choate and Walter, 1981), which initiated a public- policy discussion of the nation s s "infrastructure crisis", purported to be caused by decades of inadequate investment and poor maintenance of public works. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 26

27 2. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE That public-policy policy discussion was hampered by lack of a precise definition for infrastructure. The U.S. National Research Council committee cited Senator Stafford, who commented at hearings before the Subcommittee on Water Resources, Transportation, and Infrastructure; Committee on Environment and Public Works; that "probably the word infrastructure means different things to different people." The NRC panel then sought to rectify the situation by adopting the term "public works infrastructure", referring to "...both specific ic functional modes - highways, streets, roads, and bridges; mass transit; airports and airways; water supply and water resources; wastewater management; solid-waste treatment and disposal; electric power generation and transmission; telecommunications; and hazardous waste management - and the combined system these modal elements comprise. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 27

28 2. CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and development policies that interact together with societal demand and the physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of information within and between communities." [14] [14] Infrastructure for the 21st Century, Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, In subsequent years, the word has grown in popularity and been applied with increasing generality to suggest the internal framework discernible in any technology system or business organization. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 28

29 02. THE CHANGES FOR THE LAST FEW YEARS IN THE ATTACKING INSTRUMENTS. A. Malicious Software. B. Grayware. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 29

30 1. DEFINITION Malware, a portmanteau word from the words malicious and software, is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. The expression is a general term used by computer professionals to mean a variety of forms of hostile, intrusive, or annoying software or program code. [15] [15] Many computer users are unfamiliar with the term, and often use "computer virus" for all types of malware, including true viruses. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 30

31 1. DEFINITION Software is considered malware based on the perceived intent of the creator rather than any particular features. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, most rootkits,, spyware, dishonest adware, crimeware and other malicious and unwanted software. In law, malware is sometimes known as a computer contaminant, for instance in the legal codes of several American states, including California and West Virginia. [16] [17] [16] National Conference of State Legislatures Virus/Contaminant/Destructive Transmission Statutes by State, [17] jcots.state.va.us/2005%20content/pdf/computer%20contamination%20bill.pdf [ :1 Penalty for Computer Contamination 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 31

32 1. DEFINITION Malware is not the same as defective software, that is, software which has a legitimate purpose but contains harmful bugs. 1.5 Preliminary results from Symantec sensors published in 2008 suggested that "the release rate of malicious code and other unwanted programs may be exceeding that of legitimate software applications." [18] [18] "Symantec Internet Security Threat Report, Trends for July-December 2007 (Executive Summary), Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 32

33 1. DEFINITION According to F-Secure, F "As much malware [was] produced in 2007 as in the previous 20 years altogether." [19] [19] F-Secure Corporation (December 4, 2007), "F-Secure Reports Amount of Malware Grew by 100% during 2007, fs_news_ _1_eng.html 1.7 Malware's most common pathway from criminals to users is through the Internet, by and the World Wide Web. [20] [20] "F-Secure Quarterly Security Wrap-up for the first quarter of 2008, fsnews_ _1_eng.html 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 33

34 2. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WORMS The best-known types of malware, viruses and worms, are known for the manner in which they spread, rather than any other particular behavior. 2.2 The term computer virus is used for a program which has infected some executable software and which causes that software, when run, to spread the virus to other executable software. Viruses may also contain a payload which performs other actions, often malicious. 2.3 A worm, on the other hand, is a program which actively transmits itself over a network to infect other computers. It too may carry a payload. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 34

35 2. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WORMS These definitions lead to the observation that a virus requires user intervention to spread, whereas a worm spreads automatically. Using this distinction, infections transmitted by or Microsoft Word documents, which rely on the recipient opening a file or to infect the system, would be classified as viruses rather than worms. 2.5 Some writers in the trade and popular press appear to misunderstand this distinction, and use the terms interchangeably. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 35

36 2. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WORMS Before Internet access became widespread, viruses spread on personal computers by infecting programs or the executable boot sectors of floppy disks. By inserting a copy of itself into the machine code instructions in these executables, a virus causes itself to be run whenever the program is run or the disk is booted. Early computer viruses were written for the Apple II and Macintosh, but they became more widespread with the dominance of the IBM PC and MS-DOS system. Executable-infecting viruses are dependent on users exchanging software or boot floppies, so they spread heavily in computer hobbyist circles. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 36

37 2. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WORMS The first worms, network-borne infectious programs, originated not on personal computers, but on multitasking Unix systems. The first well-known worm was the Internet Worm of 1988, which infected SunOS and VAX BSD systems. Unlike a virus, this worm did not insert itself into other programs. Instead, it exploited security holes in network server programs and started itself running as a separate process. This same behavior is used by today's worms as well. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 37

38 2. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WORMS With the rise of the Microsoft Windows platform in the 1990s, and the flexible macro systems of its applications, it became possible to write infectious code in the macro language of Microsoft Word and similar programs. These macro viruses infect documents and templates rather than applications, but rely on the fact that macros in a Word document are a form of executable code. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 38

39 2. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WORMS Today, worms are most commonly written for the Windows OS, although a small number are also written for Linux and Unix systems. Worms today work in the same basic way as 1988's Internet Worm: they scan the network for computers with vulnerable network services, break in to those computers, and copy themselves over. Worm outbreaks have become a cyclical plague for both home users and businesses, eclipsed recently in terms of damage by spyware. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 39

40 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS TROJAN HORSES. For a malicious program to accomplish its goals, it must be able to do so without being shut down, or deleted by the user or administrator of the computer it's running on. Concealment can also help get the malware installed in the first place. When a malicious program is disguised as something innocuous or desirable, users may be tempted to install it without knowing what it does. This is the technique of the Trojan horse or trojan. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 40

41 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS Broadly speaking, a Trojan horse is any program that invites the user to run it, but conceals a harmful or malicious payload. The payload may take effect immediately and can lead to many undesirable effects, such as deleting all the user's files, or more commonly it may install further harmful software into the user's system to serve the creator's longer-term goals. Trojan horses known as droppers are used to start off a worm outbreak, by injecting the worm into users' local networks. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 41

42 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS One of the most common ways that spyware is distributed is as a Trojan horse, bundled with a piece of desirable software that the user downloads from the Internet. When the user installs the software, the spyware is installed alongside. Spyware authors who attempt to act in a legal fashion may include an end- user license agreement which states the behavior of the spyware in loose terms, and which the users are unlikely to read or understand. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 42

43 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS ROOTKITS. Once a malicious program is installed on a system, it is often useful to the creator if it stays concealed. The same is true when a human attacker breaks into a computer directly. Techniques known as rootkits allow this concealment, by modifying the host operating system so that the malware is hidden from the user. Rootkits can prevent a malicious process from being visible in the system's list of processes, or keep its files from being read. Originally, a rootkit was a set of tools installed by a human attacker on a Unix system where the attacker had gained administrator (root) access. Today, the term is used more generally for concealment routines in a malicious program. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 43

44 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS Some malicious programs contain routines to defend against removal: not merely to hide themselves, but to repel attempts to remove them. An early example of this behavior is recorded in the Jargon File tale of a pair of programs infesting a Xerox CP-V V timesharing system: Each ghost-job would detect the fact that the other had been killed, and would start a new copy of the recently slain program within a few milliseconds. The only way to kill both ghosts was to kill them simultaneously (very difficult) or to deliberately crash the system. [21] [21] Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 44

45 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS Similar techniques are used by some modern malware, wherein the malware starts a number of processes which monitor one another and restart any process which is killed off by the operator. 3.7 BACKDOORS. A backdoor is a method of bypassing normal authentication procedures. Once a system has been compromised (by one of the above methods, or in some other way), one or more backdoors may be installed, in order to allow the attacker access in the future. 3.8 The idea has often been suggested that computer manufacturers preinstall backdoors on their systems to provide technical support for customers, but this has never been reliably verified. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 45

46 3. TROJAN HORSES, ROOTKITS, AND BACKDOORS Crackers typically use backdoors to secure remote access to a computer, while attempting to remain hidden from casual inspection. To install backdoors crackers may use Trojan horses, worms, or other methods. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 46

47 4. MALWARE FOR PROFIT: SPYWARE, BOTNETS, KEYSTROKE LOGGERS, AND DIALERS During the 1980s and 1990s, it was usually taken for granted that malicious programs were created as a form of vandalism or prank (although some viruses were spread only to discourage users from illegal software exchange.) More recently, the greater share of malware programs have been written with a financial or profit motive in mind. This can be taken as the malware authors' choice to monetize their control over infected systems: to turn that control into a source of revenue. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 47

48 4. MALWARE FOR PROFIT: SPYWARE, BOTNETS, KEYSTROKE LOGGERS, AND DIALERS Since 2003 or so, the most costly form of malware in terms of time and money spent in recovery has been the broad category known as spyware.[citation needed] Spyware programs are commercially produced for the purpose of gathering information about computer users, showing them pop-up ads, or altering web-browser browser behavior for the financial benefit of the spyware creator. For instance, some spyware programs redirect search engine results to paid advertisements. Others, often called "stealware" stealware" " by the media, overwrite affiliate marketing codes so that revenue goes to the spyware creator rather than the intended recipient. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 48

49 4. MALWARE FOR PROFIT: SPYWARE, BOTNETS, KEYSTROKE LOGGERS, AND DIALERS Spyware programs are sometimes installed as Trojan horses of one sort or another. They differ in that their creators present themselves openly as businesses, for instance by selling advertising space on the pop-ups created by the malware. Most such programs present the user with an end-user license agreement which purportedly protects the creator from prosecution under computer contaminant laws. However, spyware EULAs have not yet been upheld in court. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 49

50 4. MALWARE FOR PROFIT: SPYWARE, BOTNETS, KEYSTROKE LOGGERS, AND DIALERS Another way that financially-motivated malware creators can profit from their infections is to directly use the infected computers to do work for the creator. Spammer viruses, such as the Sobig and Mydoom virus families, are commissioned by e spam gangs. The infected computers are used as proxies to send out spam messages. The advantage to spammers of using infected computers is that they are available in large supply (thanks to the virus) and they provide anonymity, protecting the spammer from prosecution. Spammers have also used infected PCs to target anti-spam organizations with distributed denial-of of-service attacks. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 50

51 4. MALWARE FOR PROFIT: SPYWARE, BOTNETS, KEYSTROKE LOGGERS, AND DIALERS In order to coordinate the activity of many infected computers, attackers have used coordinating systems known as botnets.. In a botnet,, the malware or malbot logs in to an Internet Relay Chat channel or other chat system. The attacker can then give instructions to all the infected systems simultaneously. Botnets can also be used to push upgraded malware to the infected systems, keeping them resistant to anti-virus software or other security measures. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 51

52 4. MALWARE FOR PROFIT: SPYWARE, BOTNETS, KEYSTROKE LOGGERS, AND DIALERS Lastly, it is possible for a malware creator to profit by simply stealing from the person whose computer is infected. Some malware programs install a key logger, which copies down the user's keystrokes when entering a password, credit card number, or other information that may be useful to the creator. This is then transmitted to the malware creator automatically, enabling credit card fraud and other theft. Similarly, malware may copy the CD key or password for online games, allowing the creator to steal accounts or virtual items. 7-9 Oct 2008, Sofia Prof. DSc Eugene Nickolov 52

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