Protecting the nation s Transportation Network and Border Security

Transcription

1 S American Board For Certification In Homeland Security (ABCHS) CHS Level II Introducing The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) as it Relates to Protecting Our Nation s Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR) And Protecting the nation s Transportation Network and Border Security

2 COPYRIGHT This ABCHS presentation is copyrighted material and as such, any reproduction, distribution, and/or further use of this material is strictly prohibited without the express written approval and consent of The American Board For Certification In Homeland Security The American Board For Certification In Homeland Security A Unit of The American College Of Forensic Examiners Institute

3 Course Description Certification in Homeland Security: Level II CHS-II is the second of a five-part series of credentialing courses of the ABCHS program. It is designed to build on an already established and basic entry-level exposure to the field of Homeland Security gained in CHS-I. It presents an understanding of homeland security in relation to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) as it pertains to the nation s Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR) and their impact on national security. Transportation is one of the sectors identified as an area of Critical Infrastructure, and part of transportation is border security. So while these areas may seem diverse they all serve as part of the interlocking system that makes up homeland security. The CHS-II course materials will assist participants in building both a vocabulary of terms and knowledge base used in the fields of homeland security and disaster preparedness. In doing so, this course will enable the student to come away with an understanding of what exactly homeland security is designed to protect with respect to physical resources, not only at the national level but also at the state and local levels. The student will be exposed to the resources available to them within the Department of Homeland Security and understand the means to utilize these in their day-to-day life, as well as in the performance of their duties on the job as homeland security professionals both within the public and private sectors. It is critical to understand what CI/KRs the departments and agencies of the federal government through the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security is mandated by law and Executive Order to protect. Since the catastrophic attack of 9/11, the full force and might of all departments and agencies within the United States government have made a most concerted effort to deter another such event. In addition to this, the United States of America has also by policy, procedure, law, Homeland Security Presidential Directive, and Executive Order established certain guidelines and parameters under which it operates to mitigate the effects of not only another terrorist attack but also an emergency of any nature (e.g., manmade, or HAZMAT disaster or natural disaster). Therefore, it is essential, necessary, and required that the individual attempting to become certified in Homeland Security be aware and most familiar with them as vulnerabilities, as well as resources, in the War on Terrorism. These guidelines and parameters, in the form of the NIPP and CI/KRs, are topics of discussion in the CHS-II credentialing course.

4 Course Objectives As a result of successfully completing CHS-II, the student will be able to: 1. Use more vocabulary than what was learned in CHS-I regarding the internal workings of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) by being exposed to terms used by homeland security professionals as they execute their respective missions; 2. Analyze the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), its rationale for creation, and its development, scope, and impact on national security; 3. Discuss specifically what constitutes the nation s Critical Infrastructure and Key Recourses (CI/KR); 4. Explain the roles and responsibilities of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS); and 5. Describe policies and procedures crafted specifically to enhance national security which lead to the establishment of DHS. 6. Understand the various measures used in transportation security, both for goods and passengers. 7. Have a greater understanding for the departments that implement border security, and how they do so. Key Words The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Natural Disasters/Hazards, Man-made Disasters/Hazards, Homeland Security, Disaster Preparedness, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), Critical Infrastructure (CI), Key Resources (KR), National Security, Resources, Infrastructure Audience Private industry, non-government organizations (NGOs), state and federal government employees (to include military personnel), first responders (police, fire, EMS, etc.), and all who are responsible for security and disaster preparedness as a part of their job description and/or duty assignment. Program Level of Instruction Intermediate Generally, individuals must have between one and five years of professional experience combined with specific training, knowledge, skill, and education in their respective Homeland Security-related fields, such as security, law enforcement, fire service, government, military, emergency management, cyber security, public health, hazardous materials, medical, or other areas. Prerequisites Successful completion of CHS-I Student Advanced Preparation Be familiar with the information presented in CHS I.

5 CHS-II COURSE TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson 1 Homeland Security Executive Order (EO) Lesson 2 The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) Lesson 3 The National Strategy for Homeland Security Lesson 4 Introduction to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan Lesson 5 CI/KR Protection as an Integral Part of the Homeland Security Mission Lesson 6 An Overview of CI/KR Sector Specific Plans Lesson 7 Going Forward in Areas of Communication and Energy as CI/KRs Lesson 8 Securing the Nation s Borders Lesson 9 Transportation Safety Lesson 10 DHS Investigations Summary Conclusion

6 Foreword In CHS-I you were exposed to and learned about the formation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), its organizational structure, its mission, and the various homeland security presidential directives that guide it. In CHS-II, you will expand your vocabulary even further by learning about the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), its development, scope, and impact on our national security. You will also learn about how the nation secures its borders, and its transportation network. The knowledge that you gain here will further guide you as you advance to higher levels of certification within the ABCHS curriculum.

7 Introduction: The majority, if not all, of the material herein is taken directly from various United States government documents and other open sources. It is felt that the best way for individuals who wish to become certified in homeland security is to study and be directly exposed to the policies, procedures, concepts, rationale, and determinations established by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), as well as other governmental agencies. However, with that said, the American Board for Certification in Homeland Security (ABCHS) feels strongly that such study and exposure should be accompanied by relevant comments specific to recent events, insight into ongoing efforts in homeland security as a discipline, as well as an impartial and unbiased analysis of the current state of homeland security in the twenty-first century. This should be consistent with the philosophy and spirit of the efforts of the United States government and the DHS as they go about Preserving Our Freedoms, Protecting America. Training and education are more than the simple recitation of facts and concepts or the memorization of dates, times, and places. It is exposure to those facts, concepts, dates, times, and places in a coherent and meaningful manner that tell a story in such a way that captures a student s attention and lights a fire in them that converts the student into a life-long practitioner as they dedicate their lives to something greater than themselves. With this in mind let us now begin your study of CHS Level II Introducing the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) as it relates to protecting our nation s Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR). And an introduction to how the nation secures its borders, and secures transportation within its borders and between the United States and other nations. The certificant should have a more developed understanding of how the nations resources work together to form a network that secures both its borders and critical infrastructure and key resources.

8 LESSON ONE HOMELAND SECURITY EXECUTIVE ORDER (EO) Insight and Analysis: As you learned in the CHS-I Certification Course, the U.S. recognized the need for improving the security of the nation well before the al-qaeda terrorist attack of 9/11. The terrorist attack is often compared to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that drew the United States into World War II. Both serve as an important reminder to safeguard the safety and security of the homeland. In this vein, a review of current security and defense measures was undertaken by the government and it was determined that this essential function of government was fractured among multiple departments and agencies and thus needed to be reorganized. Prior to the 9/11 attack, numerous shortcomings in national security were identified. However, the attack occurred before they or any improvements in national security could be effected. Immediately thereafter, the United States began implementing said improvements to national security. One of the first and major improvements, even before the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, was the issuance of numerous Executive Orders regarding homeland security. The first of these with many more to come was Executive Order (EO) EO established a new position within the Executive Office of the President; an Office of Homeland Security (the "Office"), to be headed by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. This was and continues to be the first office of government ever established in response to a direct attack upon the United States and its people. Homeland Security Executive Order (EO) (From On October 08, 2001, under the authority vested in the President of the United States by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, President George W. Bush ordered the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council. What follows and is EO in its entirety: Establish within the Executive Office of the President an Office of Homeland Security (the "Office") to be headed by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The mission of the Office shall be to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks.

9 The functions of the Office shall be to coordinate the executive branch's efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States as follows: National Strategy The Office shall work with executive departments and agencies, state and local governments, and private entities to ensure the adequacy of the national strategy for detecting, preparing for, preventing, protecting against, responding to, and recovering from terrorist threats or attacks within the United States and shall periodically review and coordinate revisions to that strategy as necessary. Detection The Office shall identify priorities and coordinate efforts for collection and analysis of information within the United States regarding threats of terrorism against the United States and activities of terrorists or terrorist groups within the United States. The Office also shall identify, in coordination with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, priorities for collection of intelligence outside the United States regarding threats of terrorism within the United States. o In performing these functions, the Office shall work with federal, state, and local agencies, as appropriate, to: Facilitate collection from state and local governments and private entities of information pertaining to terrorist threats or activities within the United States; Coordinate and prioritize the requirements for foreign intelligence relating to terrorism within the United States of executive departments and agencies responsible for homeland security and provide these requirements and priorities to the Director of Central Intelligence and other agencies responsible for collection of foreign intelligence; Coordinate efforts to ensure that all executive departments and agencies that have intelligence collection responsibilities have sufficient technological capabilities and resources to collect intelligence and data relating to terrorist activities or possible terrorist acts within the United States, working with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, as appropriate;

10 Coordinate development of monitoring protocols and equipment for use in detecting the release of biological, chemical, and radiological hazards; and Ensure that, to the extent permitted by law, all appropriate and necessary intelligence and law enforcement information relating to homeland security is disseminated to and exchanged among appropriate executive departments and agencies responsible for homeland security and, where appropriate for reasons of homeland security, promote exchange of such information with and among state and local governments and private entities. o Executive departments and agencies shall, to the extent permitted by law, make available to the Office all information relating to terrorist threats and activities within the United States. Preparedness The Office of Homeland Security shall coordinate national efforts to prepare for and mitigate the consequences of terrorist threats or attacks within the United States. In performing this function, the Office shall work with federal, state, and local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to: o Review and assess the adequacy of the portions of all Federal emergency response plans that pertain to terrorist threats or attacks within the United States; o Coordinate domestic exercises and simulations designed to assess and practice systems that would be called upon to respond to a terrorist threat or attack within the United States and coordinate programs and activities for training federal, state, and local employees who would be called upon to respond to such a threat or attack; o Coordinate national efforts to ensure public health preparedness for a terrorist attack, including reviewing vaccination policies and reviewing the adequacy of and, if necessary, increasing vaccine and pharmaceutical stockpiles and hospital capacity; o Coordinate federal assistance to state and local authorities and nongovernmental organizations to prepare for and respond to terrorist threats or attacks within the United States;

11 o Ensure that national preparedness programs and activities for terrorist threats or attacks are developed and are regularly evaluated under appropriate standards and that resources are allocated to improving and sustaining preparedness based on such evaluations; and o Ensure the readiness and coordinated deployment of federal response teams to respond to terrorist threats or attacks, working with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, when appropriate. Prevention The Office shall coordinate efforts to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States. In performing this function, the Office shall work with federal, state, and local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to: Protection o Facilitate the exchange of information among such agencies relating to immigration and visa matters and shipments of cargo; and, working with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, ensure coordination among such agencies to prevent the entry of terrorists and terrorist materials and supplies into the United States and facilitate removal of such terrorists from the United States, when appropriate; o Coordinate efforts to investigate terrorist threats and attacks within the United States; and o Coordinate efforts to improve the security of United States borders, territorial waters, and airspace in order to prevent acts of terrorism within the United States, working with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, when appropriate. The Office shall coordinate efforts to protect the United States and its critical infrastructure from the consequences of terrorist attacks. In performing this function, the Office shall work with federal, state, and local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to: o Strengthen measures for protecting energy production, transmission, and distribution services and critical facilities; other utilities; telecommunications; facilities that produce, use, store, or dispose of nuclear material; and other critical infrastructure services and critical facilities within the United States from terrorist attack; o Coordinate efforts to protect critical public and privately owned

12 information systems within the United States from terrorist attack; o Develop criteria for reviewing whether appropriate security measures are in place at major public and privately owned facilities within the United States; o Coordinate domestic efforts to ensure that special events determined by appropriate senior officials to have national significance are protected from terrorist attack; o Coordinate efforts to protect transportation systems within the United States, including railways, highways, shipping, ports and waterways, and airports and civilian aircraft, from terrorist attack; o Coordinate efforts to protect United States livestock, agriculture, and systems for the provision of water and food for human use and consumption from terrorist attack; and o Coordinate efforts to prevent unauthorized access to, development of, and unlawful importation into the United States of, chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive, or other related materials that have the potential to be used in terrorist attacks. Response and Recovery The Office shall coordinate efforts to respond to and promote recovery from terrorist threats or attacks within the United States. In performing this function, the Office shall work with federal, state, and local agencies, and private entities, as appropriate, to: o Coordinate efforts to ensure rapid restoration of transportation systems, energy production, transmission, and distribution systems; telecommunications; other utilities; and other critical infrastructure facilities after disruption by a terrorist threat or attack; o Coordinate efforts to ensure rapid restoration of public and private critical information systems after disruption by a terrorist threat or attack; o Work with the National Economic Council to coordinate efforts to stabilize United States financial markets after a terrorist threat or attack and manage the immediate economic and financial consequences of the incident;

13 o Coordinate federal plans and programs to provide medical, financial, and other assistance to victims of terrorist attacks and their families; and o Coordinate containment and removal of biological, chemical, radiological, explosive, or other hazardous materials in the event of a terrorist threat or attack involving such hazards and coordinate efforts to mitigate the effects of such an attack. Incident Management The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security shall be the individual primarily responsible for coordinating the domestic response efforts of all departments and agencies in the event of an imminent terrorist threat and during and in the immediate aftermath of a terrorist attack within the United States and shall be the principal point of contact for and to the President with respect to coordination of such efforts. The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security shall coordinate with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, as appropriate. Continuity of Government The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, in coordination with the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, shall review plans and preparations for ensuring the continuity of the federal government in the event of a terrorist attack that threatens the safety and security of the United States government or its leadership. Public Affairs The Office, subject to the direction of the White House Office of Communications, shall coordinate the strategy of the executive branch for communicating with the public in the event of a terrorist threat or attack within the United States. The Office also shall coordinate the development of programs for educating the public about the nature of terrorist threats and appropriate precautions and responses. Cooperation with State and Local Governments and Private Entities The Office shall encourage and invite the participation of state and local governments and private entities, as appropriate, in carrying out the Office's functions.

14 Review of Legal Authorities and Development of Legislative Proposals The Office shall coordinate a periodic review and assessment of the legal authorities available to executive departments and agencies to permit them to perform the functions described in this order. When the Office determines that such legal authorities are inadequate, the Office shall develop, in consultation with executive departments and agencies, proposals for presidential action and legislative proposals for submission to the Office of Management and Budget to enhance the ability of executive departments and agencies to perform those functions. The Office shall work with state and local governments in assessing the adequacy of their legal authorities to permit them to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, and recover from terrorist threats and attacks. Budget Review The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, in consultation with the Director of OMB (the Office of Management and Budget The "Director") and the heads of executive departments and agencies, shall identify programs that contribute to the Administration's Strategy for Homeland Security and, in the development of the President's annual budget submission, shall review and provide advice to the heads of departments and agencies for such programs. The Assistant to the President for Homeland Security shall provide advice to the Director on the level and use of funding in departments and agencies for homeland security---related activities and, prior to the Director's forwarding of the proposed annual budget submission to the President for transmittal to the Congress, shall certify to the Director the funding levels that the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security believes are necessary and appropriate for the homeland security---related activities of the executive branch. Administration The Office of Homeland Security shall be directed by the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. The Office of Administration within the Executive Office of the President shall provide the Office of Homeland Security with such personnel, funding, and administrative support, to the extent permitted by law and subject to the availability of appropriations, as directed by the Chief of Staff to carry out the provisions of this order.

15 Heads of executive departments and agencies are authorized, to the extent permitted by law, to detail or assign personnel of such departments and agencies to the Office of homeland security upon request of the Assistant to the President for homeland security, subject to the approval of the Chief of Staff. Original Classification Authority I hereby delegate the authority to classify information originally as top secret, in accordance with Executive Order or any successor Executive Order, to the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security. Continuing Authorities This order does not alter the existing authorities of United States government departments and agencies. All executive departments and agencies are directed to assist the Council and the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security in carrying out the purposes of this order. General Provisions This order does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or equity by a party against the United States, its departments, agencies or instrumentalities, its officers or employees, or any other person. References in this order to state and local governments shall be construed to include tribal governments and United States territories and other possessions. References to the "United States" shall be construed to include United States territories and possessions.

16 Lesson One Review Questions As a result of having completed Lesson One, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Which Executive Order established the Office of Homeland Security? 2. Which President established the Office of Homeland Security? 3. In order to perform its functions, what organizations does the Office of Homeland Security work with? 4. After EO was in effect, who was the individual responsible to the President for coordinating domestic response efforts of all departments and agencies in the event of an imminent terrorist threat?

17 LESSON TWO THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION PLAN (NIPP) AND THE PROTECTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND KEY RESOURCES (CI/KR) Insight and Analysis: Perhaps the best way to understand the philosophy, rationale, and concept behind the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), as it relates to Critical Infratructure and Key Resources (CI/KRs), is to read what the second Secretary of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff wrote in his Preface to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan during his tenure as secretary in The following is taken verbatim from Secretary Chertoff s introduction to the publication of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), wherein he addressed critical infrastructure and key resources as they relate to the survival of our nation. The student should pay close attention to the Secretary s comments as they pertain to the general subject of Risk. (Link to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan) Risk in the 21 st century results from a complex mix of manmade and naturally occurring threats and hazards, including terrorist attacks, accident, natural disasters, and other emergencies. Within this context, our critical infrastructure and key resources (CI/KR) may be directly exposed to the event themselves or indirectly exposed as a result of the dependencies and interdependencies among CI/KR. Within the CI/KR protection mission area, national priorities must include preventing catastrophic loss of life and managing cascading, disruptive impacts on the U.S. and global economies across multiple threat scenarios. Achieving his goal require a strategy that appropriately balances resiliency a traditional American strength in adverse times with focused, risk---informed prevention, protection, and preparedness activities so that we can manage and reduce the most serious risks that we face. These concepts represent the pillars of our National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) and its 18 supporting Sector---Specific Plans (SSP s). The plans are carried out in practice by an integrated network of Federal departments and agencies, State and local government agencies, private sector entities, and a growing number of regional consortia all operating together within a largely voluntary CI/KR protection framework. This multidimensional public---private sector partnership is the key to success in this inherently complex mission area. Building this partnership under the NIPP has been a major accomplishment to date and has facilitated closer cooperation and a trusted relationship in and across the 18 CI/KR sector. Integrating multi---jurisdictional and multi---sector authorities, capabilities, and resources in a unified but flexible approach that can also be tailored to specific sector and regional risk landscapes and operating environments is the path to successfully enhancing our Nation s CI/KR protection. The NIPP meets the requirements that the President set forth in Homeland Security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD---7), Critical Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection, and provides the overarching approach for integrating the Nation s many CR/KR protection initiatives into a single national effort. It sets forth a comprehensive risk management framework and clearly defined roles and responsibilities for the Department of Homeland Security; Federal Sector---Specific Agencies; and other Federal, State, regional, local, tribal, territorial, and private sector partners implementing the NIPP. The 2009 NIPP captures the evolution and maturation of the processes and programs first outlined in 2006, and were developed collaboratively with CI/KR partners at all levels of government and the private sector. Participation in the implementation of the NIPP provides the government and the private sector with the opportunity to use collective expertise and experience to more clearly define CI/KR protection

18 issues and practical solutions and to ensure that existing CI/KR protection planning efforts, including business continuity and resiliency planning, are recognized. I ask for your continued commitment and cooperation in the implementation of both the NIPP and the supporting SSP s so that we can continue to enhance the protection of the Nation s CI/KR. Michael Chertoff Secretary of Homeland Security (15 Feb 2005 to 21 Jan 2009) Secretary Chertoff listed those areas of risk that could potentially bring the United States to its knees if left unabated. As individuals who practice the skill set of homeland security, abatement of these risks is precisely your chosen career field and why you desire to become certified in Homeland Security. This is a noble and complex undertaking; one that requires a multifaceted and interdisciplinary approach to risk Insight and Analysis: This then being used as a starting point, let us now examine the NIPP and what is commonly known as Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources. National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) (Link to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan) The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) provides the unifying structure for the integration of a wide range of efforts for the enhanced protection and resiliency of the nation's Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CI/KR) into a single national program. The overarching goal of the NIPP is to build a safer, more secure, and more resilient America by preventing, deterring, neutralizing, or mitigating the effects of deliberate efforts by terrorists to destroy, incapacitate, or exploit elements of our nation's CI/KR and to strengthen national preparedness, timely response, and rapid recovery of CI/KR in the event of an attack, natural disaster, or other emergency. What is Infrastructure? The American Heritage Dictionary defines the term infrastructure as: The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons. (From ) However, this definition, and others like it, is broad and subject to interpretation. As a practical matter, what is considered to be infrastructure depends heavily upon the context in which the term is used.

19 On July 15, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13010, establishing the President s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP). This Executive Order (EO) defined infrastructure as the framework of interdependent networks and systems comprising identifiable industries, institutions (including people and procedures), and distribution capabilities that provide a reliable flow of products and services essential to the defense and economic security of the United States, the smooth functioning of government at all levels, and society as a whole. For the record, the definition of infrastructure as outlined in EO is generally consistent with the broad definition from the accepted definition from the 1980s. EO went further, however, by prioritizing particular infrastructure sectors, and specific assets within those sectors on the basis of national importance. EO13010 stated, [c]ertain national infrastructures are so vital that their incapacity or destruction would have a debilitating impact on the defense or economic security of the United States. The Commission s final report to the President echoed the EO s definition of vital infrastructure. The general concept of vital or critical infrastructure in EO was not entirely new, having appeared in some form in many of the policy debates in the 1980s. The Order did break new ground, however, in listing what it considered to be critical infrastructures. According to EO 13010, these critical infrastructures were: Telecommunications Electrical power systems Gas and oil storage and transportation Banking and finance Transportation Water supply systems Emergency services (including medical, police, fire, and rescue) Continuity of government The list of critical infrastructure sectors in EO was much broader than that reported by the National Council on Public Works Improvement. In addition to transportation, water systems, and public services sectors with a tradition of public sector involvement EO included infrastructures predominantly owned by private companies: telecommunications, energy, and financial services. Executive Order Following the terror attacks on September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush signed new Executive Orders relating to critical infrastructure protection. Executive Order 13228, signed October 8, 2001, established the Office of Homeland

20 Security and the Homeland Security Council. Among the duties assigned the Office was to coordinate efforts to protect: Energy production, transmission, and distribution services and critical facilities Other utilities Telecommunications Facilities that produce, use, store, or dispose of nuclear material Public and privately owned information systems Special events of national significance Transportation, including railways, highways, shipping ports and waterways Airports and civilian aircraft Livestock, agriculture, and systems for the provision of water and food for human use and consumption The list in EO is noteworthy for its specific inclusion of nuclear sites, special events, and agriculture, which were not among the sectors identified in Presidential Decision Directive-63. The goal of PDD 63, issued by President Clinton in 1998, is that public and private organizations be able to maintain continuity of the U.S. critical infrastructure in the event of a terrorist attack. Critical infrastructure includes the physical and cyber-based systems that are essential for the economy and the government to operate at a minimum level. Because these systems are highly automated and interconnected, they are vulnerable to physical and cyber attack. Examples of critical infrastructure systems are telecommunications, banking, energy, transportation, water systems, and emergency services. Minimum operation of the economy and government includes the following: The federal government performs essential national security missions and ensures public health and safety. State and local governments maintain order and deliver minimum essential public services. The private sector ensures the orderly functioning of the economy and delivery of essential services.

21 Lesson Two Review Questions As a result of having completed Lesson Two, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1) What is the broad definition of Critical Infrastructure? 2) List four examples of Critical Infrastructure. 3) What Executive Order established the Office of Homeland Security? 4)What did EO establish?

22 LESSON THREE THE NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR HOMELAND SECURITY Insight and Analysis: Despite the fact that after 9/11 the nation established a new department of government and corresponding cabinet officer to oversee its operation and function, there was, for a period of time in the early days after 9/11, no consolidated and all-encompassing national strategy for homeland security. This national strategy was to come about as DHS matured and grew, and the nation settled in for a long War on Terrorism. It evolves even to this day and will continue to do so in the coming years. The U.S. Marine Corps has coined a phrase that is appropriate in this setting and can be used to relate to strategy. Strategy has to adapt, modify, and overcome in order to be successful. This war and the strategy that is used to defeat the enemy, as with any war, constantly evolves as it progresses on the battlefield. In fact, the entire art of warfare is not static. This is especially important when one realizes that the battlefield is the entire globe. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the National Strategy for Homeland Security (NSHS). This introduction will allow you to analyze the strategy as you not only progress to certification at the CHS-V Level, but will also allow you to analyze future changes and modifications to the strategy in the coming years, that is ultimately aimed at overcoming threats and enemies. National Security and a National Strategy for Homeland Security NATIONAL SECURITY Before we proceed, the student needs to appreciate the fact that national security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the nation-state through the use of economic, military and political power and the exercise of diplomacy. The concept developed mostly in the United States of America after World War II. Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, etc. Security threats are multifaceted and involve not only conventional foes such as nation-states but also non-state actors such as terrorist organizations, narcotic cartels

23 and multi-national organizations; some authorities including natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category. National Strategy for Homeland Security (From The President s National Strategy for Homeland Security (NSHS), issued in July 2002, restates the definition of critical infrastructure provided in the PATRIOT Act. The strategy expands on this definition, however, summarizing its rationale for classifying specific infrastructure sectors as critical. Our critical infrastructures are particularly important because of the functions or services they provide to our country. Our critical infrastructures are also particularly important because they are complex systems. The effects of a terrorist attack can spread far beyond the direct target, and reverberate long after the immediate damage. America s critical infrastructure encompasses a large number of sectors. Our agriculture, food, and water sectors, along with the public health and emergency services sectors, provide the essential goods and services Americans need to survive. Our institutions of government guarantee our national security and freedom, and administer key public functions. Our defense industrial base provides essential capabilities to help safeguard our population from external threats. Our information and telecommunications sector enables economic productivity and growth, and is particularly important because it connects and helps control many other infrastructure sectors. Our energy, transportation, banking and finance, chemical industry, and postal and shipping sectors help sustain our economy and affect the lives of Americans every day. The National Strategy listed the following critical infrastructure sectors: Agriculture Food Water

24 Public Health Emergency Services Government Defense Industrial Base Information and Telecommunications Energy Transportation Banking and Finance Chemical Industry * Postal and Shipping * *This list of critical infrastructures encompasses those of EO 13228, but adds chemicals and postal and shipping services due to their economic importance. There has been some debate about how the infrastructures were listed. One example is why the chemical industry was not on earlier lists that considered military and economic security. Chemical Industry seems to have been added because individual chemical plants could be sources of materials that could be used for a weapon of mass destruction, or whose operations could be disrupted in a way that would significantly threaten the safety of surrounding communities. While not identifying it as such in this list, the National Strategy also discusses cyber infrastructure as closely connected to, but distinct from, physical infrastructure. The strategy states that DHS will place an especially high priority on protecting our cyber infrastructure.

25 Lesson Three Review Questions As a result of having completed Lesson Three, you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. How many critical infrastructure sectors do the National Strategy for Homeland Security list? 2. What does the acronym NSHS stand for? 3. In what year did the President issue the National Strategy for Homeland Security? 4. On what critical infrastructure does the strategy place an especially high priority on protecting?

26 LESSON FOUR INTRODUCTION TO THE NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION PLAN Insight and Analysis: Long before the tragic events of 9/11, the United States government recognized the need to institute measures and establish procedures to enhance the security of the United States and the homeland. However, as stated at the beginning of Lesson Three, these procedures did not coalesce prior to 9/11. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (the NIPP), that was created after 9/11. In many cases an organization and in this case a nation is required to respond to an emergency after-the-fact. This said, the NIPP transcends these individualities and provides the nation with a cohesive framework and unifying structure, for the integration of existing and future critical infrastructure and critical resource protection efforts and resiliency strategies, by placing them into a single national program to achieve the homeland security goal of protecting our national infrastructure. With this in mind, what follows is the definition of the NIPP as listed in the body of the document itself: The National Infrastructure Protection Plan (From The NIPP provides the unifying structure for the integration of existing and future CI/KR protection efforts and resiliency strategies into a single national program to achieve this goal. The NIPP framework supports the prioritization of protection and resiliency initiatives and investments across sectors to ensure that government and private sector resources are applied where they offer the most benefit for mitigating risk by lessening vulnerabilities, deterring threats, and minimizing the consequences of terrorist attacks and other manmade and natural disasters. The NIPP risk management framework recognizes and builds on existing public and private sector protective programs and resiliency strategies in order to be cost---effective and to minimize the burden on CI/KR owners and operators.

27 Protection includes actions to mitigate the overall risk to CI/KR assets, systems, networks, functions, or their interconnecting links. In the context of the NIPP, this includes actions to deter the threat, mitigate vulnerabilities, or minimize the consequences associated with a terrorist attack or other incident. Protection can include a wide range of activities, such as improving security protocols, hardening facilities, building resiliency and redundancy, incorporating hazard resistance into facility design, initiating active or passive countermeasures, installing security systems, leveraging self---healing technologies, promoting workforce surety programs, implementing cyber---security measures, training and exercises, business continuity planning, and restoration and recovery actions, among various others. Achieving the NIPP goal requires actions to address a series of objectives, which include: Understanding and sharing information about terrorist threats and other hazards with CI/KR partners; Building partnerships to share information and implement CI/KR protection programs; Implementing a long---term risk management program; and Maximizing the efficient use of resources for CI/KR protection, restoration, and recovery. Authorities, Roles, and Responsibilities The Homeland Security Act of 2002 provides the basis for Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsibilities in the protection of the Nation s CI/KR. The act assigns DHS the responsibility for developing a comprehensive national plan for securing CI/KR and for recommending the measures necessary to protect the key resources and critical infrastructure of the United States in coordination with other agencies of the federal government and in cooperation with state and local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities. The national approach for CI/KR protection is provided through the unifying framework established in homeland security Presidential Directive 7 (HSPD-7). This directive establishes the U.S. policy for enhancing protection of the nation s CI/KR and mandates a national plan to actuate that policy. In HSPD-7, the President designates the Secretary of Homeland Security as the principal federal official to lead CI/KR protection efforts among federal departments and agencies, state and local governments, and the private sector and assigns responsibility for CI/KR sectors to Federal Sector Specific Agencies (SSAs).

28 It also provides the criteria for establishing or recognizing additional sectors. In accordance with HSPD-7, the NIPP delineates the roles and responsibilities for partners in carrying out CI/KR protection activities while respecting and integrating the authorities, jurisdictions, and prerogatives of these partners. Insight and Analysis: See table below for Sector Specific Agency (SSA) to CI/KR responsibilities. Each segment of CI/KR has a Sector-Specific Plan (SSP); some to be discussed later in this course. The chart that follows is a graphic representation depicting the specific departments of The United States government that are responsible and accountable for specific sectors of critical infrastructure and critical resources in the nation, with a corresponding explanation of each CI/KR by department of government. From dhs.gov.

29 As a point of information, what follows, in alphabetical order, is a brief and working explanation of how some of the key departments and agencies of the federal government function in the CI/KR arena, as listed on the previous chart: The Department of Agriculture is responsible for agriculture and food (meat, poultry, and egg products. The Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for food other than meat, poultry, and egg products. Nothing in this plan impairs or otherwise affects the authority of the Secretary of Defense (SecDef) over the Department of Defense (DOD), including the Chain-of-Command for military forces from the President as Commander in Chief, to the Secretary of Defense, to the commander of military forces, or military Command-and-Control procedures. With regard to the Department of Energy, the Energy Sector includes the production, refining, storage, and distribution of oil, gas, and electric power, except for commercial nuclear power facilities. With reference to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Water Sector includes drinking water and wastewater systems. The U.S. Coast Guard is the SSA for the maritime transportation mode.

30 As stated in HSPD-7, the Department of Transportation and the Department of Homeland Security will collaborate on all matters relating to Transportation Security and Transportation Infrastructure Protection. The Department of Education is the SSA for the Education Facilities Subsector of the Government Facilities Sector. Primary roles for CI/KR partners include: Department of Homeland Security: Coordinate the nation s overall CI/KR protection efforts and oversees NIPP development, implementation, and integration with national preparedness initiatives. Sector-Specific Agencies: Implement the NIPP framework and guidance as tailored to the specific characteristics and risk landscapes of each of the CI/KR sectors. Other Federal Departments, Agencies, and Offices: Implement specific CI/KR protection roles designated in HSPD-7 or other relevant statutes, executive orders, and policy directives. State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Governments: Develop and implement a CI/KR protection program, in accordance with the NIPP risk management framework, as a component of their overarching homeland security programs. Regional Partners: Use partnerships that cross-jurisdictional and sector boundaries to address CI/KR