Teague, Corey (CPC) Corey. This is correct. Getaround is withdrawing its request for a Letter of Determination. Thank you. league, Corey (CPC)

Transcription

1 Teague, Corey (CPC) From: Parker, Warrington >,, " Sent: Wednesday, October 29, :30 AM 1J To: league, Corey (CPC) Cc: Padden Guy Murphy Subject: RE: Getaround Request Corey This is correct. Getaround is withdrawing its request for a Letter of Determination. Thank you. WARRINGTON S. PARKER III Partner ORRICK, HERRINGTON & SUTCLIFFE LLP THE ORRICK BUILDING 405 HOWARD STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CA tel fax nubsie wp4.rker(4orrickcorn From: Teague, Corey (CPC) [maiito:corey.teaquesfgov.org] Sent: Wednesday, October 29, :50 AM To: Parker, Warrington Cc: Padden Guy Murphy Subject: RE: Getaround Request Warrington, Thanks for the . Just to be clear, you are withdrawing your request for a Letter of Determination, correct? Corey A. Teague, AICP, LEED AP Assistant Zoning Administrator Planning Department, City and County of San Francisco 1650 Mission Street, Suite 400, San Francisco, CA Direct: Fax: corey.teacjue)sfpov.ora Web: Planning Information Center (PlC): or Dicsfgov.om Property Information Map (PIM):htto://DroDertymaD.sfDlanninp.orcl

2 ~ FA 1 0 ORRICK, IIERRINGTON & SUTCLIFFE i LP THE ORRICK BUILDING 405 HOWARD STREET SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA O R R I C K tel fax !7AA1 /I fe7 m - November 11, 2013 Scott F. Sanchez Zoning Administrator Planning Department 1650 Mission Street Suite 400 San Francisco, CA Re: Instant Care Share Service Warrington Parker (415) wparker@orrick.com RECEIVED cr LANNN3 Dear Mr. Sanchez, - -- On behalf of Getaround, Inc. ("Getaround") I am writing to formally request a determination from the Zoning Administrator that Getaround s Instant program be permissible as a "car-share service" under San Francisco Planning Code Section 166. Introduction to Getaround Launched in Getaround has become the leading US peer-to-peer (P2P) car sharing marketplace. Getaround is successfully operating in San Francisco, Chicago, Portland, Austin, and San Diego. And, United States Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood chose Getaround for a $ million pilot and study with the City of Portland to expand and study the economic and environmental benefits of car sharing. As a testament to its success, Getaround won the 2011 TechCrunch Disrupt Award. It was named as one of the top startups to watch in 2013 by the Wall Street Journal. It has the investment support of Google Chairman Eric Schmidt, Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer, Shervin Pishevar from Menlo Ventures, and Ashton Kutcher, among others. Introduction to Instant Since 2009 Getaround s active renter base has grown to over 100,000 users with 20,000 available cars. Over this time Getaround optimized the operational process for peer-to-peer car sharing and built the most advanced technology package available in the car sharing industry. Getaround s technological advancements in hardware and paired mobile application made it possible to have a truly mobile and seamless peer-to-peer car sharing experience, allowing renters to find, request, rent and unlock a car all from their mobile device. In 2012 Getaround took it one step further with the launch of Instant rentals, allowing members to locate and rent vehicles 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Rather than making renters request to rent the car, car owners make their car available for instant rental. Instant currently has a fleet of about 200

3 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 2 vehicles in San Francisco and will be increasing such number, over the next 6 months, to reach a fleet of up to 400 vehicles. The car sharing service offered by Instant is, as stated by Dr. Susan Shaheen (author of much of the research done on car sharing and Director of Innovative Mobility Research at UC Berkeley s Transportation Sustainability Research Center), similar to established car sharing services like Zipcar and City CarShare. See Attachment A ( correspondence between Susan Shaheen and Getaround, Jan 22, 2013) Indeed, the President of the Board of Supervisors David Chiu, along with Supervisor Malia Cohen, Supervisor Mark Farrell, Supervisor Scott Wiener, and SF.CITI have recently publicly advocated for equal treatment of Getaround Instant, Zipcar and City CarShare in public statements to the SFMTA. As for the services provided: Getaround procures a fleet of Instant vehicles and installs in-vehicle telematics (the CarkitTM); 2. Getaround ensures proper parking, maintenance, servicing and cleaning of the cars; 3. Members rent cars by the hour or by the day; 4. Members reserve such cars in advance via the Getaround website or phone; Cars provide self-service access by phone; Insurance, 24/7 roadside assistance and customer support are included; Vehicle usage and location data are accurately tracked and available. In addition, the majority of Getaround Instant vehicles are compact fuel efficient vehicles. All undergo rigorous safety and mechanical inspections. Instant as Car Share Service The San Francisco Planning Code Section 166(b) states that a "car-share service" is a mobility enhancement service that provides the following 6 (six) characteristics: An integrated citywide network of neighborhood-based motor vehicles available only to members;

4 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 3 2. Reservation on an hourly basis, or in smaller intervals, and at variable rates; 3. Car-sharing is designed to complement existing transit and bicycle transportation systems by providing a practical alternative to private motor vehicle ownership, with the goal of reducing over-dependency on individually owned motor vehicles; 4. Carshare vehicles must be located at unstaffed, self-service locations; 5. Generally be available for pick-up by members 24 hours per day; 6. A car-share service shall provide automobile insurance for its members when using car-share vehicles and shall assume responsibility for maintaining car-share vehicles. Instant meets every stated characteristic of the definition of a car-share service" under San Francisco Planning Code Section 166(b). 7. Getaround s Instant program provides a citywide network of vehicles that is only available to members who must meet specific eligibility requirements. The fleet of vehicles is disseminated throughout a number of San Francisco neighborhoods; Instant vehicles can be rented for an hour or longer in 15-minute increments at rates adjusted for the length of the rental; 9. Instant gives members access to cars when and where they need them, lessening the need for individually-owned motor vehicles. Our members thus have the freedom of biking or using public transit while havingthe option of using an Instant vehicle when driving is the preferred option; 10. Getaround s Instant vehicles are located in safe, unstaffed, and self-service locations; 11. Getaround s Instant vehicles are available for pick-up 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; 12. Getaround members are covered under a $1M Berkshire Hathaway primary insurance policy during every rental; Getaround assumes responsibility over the entire Instant fleet for its maintenance. See Attachment B.

5 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 4 Finally, Instant is consistent with the City s Transit-First Policy" and the SFMTA s Strategic Plan goal of making transit, walking, bicycling, taxi, ride sharing and car sharing the preferred means of travel" in San Francisco. Three characteristics of Instant are worth mentioning that make this program particularly beneficial: Under the Instant program the rental does not include the cost of gas: renters are responsible for the cost of the gas used during their rental. This incentivizes members to choose lower consumption vehicles; 2. It is the goal of Getaround to integrate its Instant program with already existing forms of transportation by placing its vehicles in proximity of all major public transportation hubs, e.g, MLJNI stations, BART stations and bike rental stations. As example, Getaround has been working over the past year with the city of Portland to create a solution that leverages a variety of new technologies including Getaround s car sharing product, to close transportation gaps within that city. eagerly awaits bloom.html; Benefits of Instant Individuals can register to become members and access Instant vehicles online in just a few minutes. Furthermore, membership is free and there are no membership fees, which is consistent with the objective expressed by the City and the SFMTA to lower the barriers to the adoption of car sharing and provide equal access to car sharing to different parts of the community. The benefits of car sharing generally have been very well documented in numerous studies. However, in addition, Getaround retained CHS Consulting Group, a San Francisco traffic and transportation consulting firm which has issued a report that demonstrates the quantitative benefits that Getaround s Instant program brings to San Francisco. See Attachment B. In terms of car share studies generally, six have highlighted the benefits that a car sharing program such as the Instance program achieves. Specifically, a car share program such as Instance reduces: Household automobile ownership among members compared to the general population in the market area;

6 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 5 2. Annual vehicle miles traveled per member household compared to the general population in the market area; Annual vehicle emissions per member household compared to the general population in the market area; 4. Additionally, Instant benefits San Francisco s goal of increasing transit usage, walking, bicycling, and other non-automobile modes of transportation. See North American Car Sharing: A 10 Year Retrospective, Shaheen, Cohen and Chung, Transportation Research Record, Issue 2110; Carharing s Impact on Household Vehicle Holdings: Results from a North American Shared-Use Vehicle Survey, Shaheen, Cohen and Martin, March 2010; Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts in North America, Cervero and Shaheen, June 2010; The Impact of Carsharing on Public Transit and Non-Motorized Travel: an Exploration of North American Carsharing Survey Data, Martin and Shaheen, July 2011; Car Sharing: Where and How it Succeeds?, TCRP Report 108, 2005; San Francisco City Car Share: Second Year Travel Demand and Car Ownership Impacts, Cervero and Tsai, November 2003 In addition to these studies, however, and to further establish Instant s quantitative benefits and their alignment with the City s aforementioned goals, Getaround retained the services of CHS Consulting Group ("CHS"). CHS has been involved in numerous high profile projects in San Francisco, including the Central Subway Project for the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency; the Octavia Boulevard and Central Freeway Circulation Study, the San Francisco Bicycle Plan EIR; and the San Francisco Municipal Agency s Transit Effectiveness Project (TEP) Phases 1 and 2. As the CHS report demonstrates in more detail, Instant brings the following quantitative benefits to San Francisco: Car sharing lowers household automobile ownership among members compared to the general population in the market area; 2. Car sharing lowers annual vehicle miles traveled per member household compared to the general population in the market area; 3. Car sharing lowers vehicle emissions per member household compared to the general population in the market area; 4. Car sharing increases the rates of transit usage, as well as walking, bicycling and other non-automobile modes of transportation for commute trips among members compared to the general population in the market area.

7 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 6 Instant Vehicles Locations For its Instant program, Getaround has entered agreements with garage operators and other parking space operators in San Francisco. These entities have allowed Getaround to occupy parking spaces within their property. Specifically, Instant vehicles are present already at the following locations: Parking Vendor Name American West American West California Parking Delta Parking Delta Parking Express Parking Express Parking Express Parking Fifth and Mission Garage Fillmore Center Geary 76 La Luna Inn Liberty Parking Liberty Parking Liberty Parking Moscone Center Garage Location Address 418 Grove Street, SF, CA 840 Sutter Street, SF, CA 2351 Mission Street, SF, CA 48 Vermont Street, SF, CA 345 6th Street, SF, CA th Street, SF, CA 770 Broadway Street, SF, CA 655 Ellis Street, SF, CA 833 Mission Street, SF, CA 1475 Fillore Street, SF, CA 3501 Geary Blvd, SF, CA 2599 Lombard Street, SF, CA 707 Harrison Street, SF, CA 955 Sansome Street, SF, CA 1846 Van Ness Ave. Street, SF, CA 255 3rd Street, SF, CA

8 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 7 Mr Ecowash lie az Auto Service PCI Piazza Pellegrini Priority Parking ProPark SFMTA Sutter Stockton Garage Tower Parking Traveiodge by the Bay Travelodge Central Hotel Union Square Garage Valencia 76 ZPI ZPI African American Art and Cultural Center LAZ Parking SpotOn Parking SpotOn Parking SpotOn Parking 3490 Cesar Chavez Street, SF, CA 376 Castro Street, SF, CA 1635 Divisadero Street, SF, CA 659 Columbus Ave, SF, CA 1045 California Street, SF, CA 345 Spear Street, SF, CA 2055 Lombard Street, SF, CA 444 Stockton Street, SF, CA 680 Mission Street, SF, CA 1450 Lombard Street, SF, CA 1707 Market Street, SF, CA 333 Post Street, SF, CA 1298 Valencia Street, SF, CA th Street, SF, CA 1370 Stevenson Street, SF, CA 762 Fulton Street, SF, CA th Street, SF, CA 1446 McAllister Street, SF, CA 2565 Post Street, SF, CA 1631 McAllister Street, SF, CA

9 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 8 SpotOn Parking Stayln SF Laurel Realty Trinity Management Ace Parking Ace Parking Ace Parking Ace Parking 399 7th Street, SF, CA 1265 Washington Street, SF, CA nd Street, SF, CA 230 Dolores Street, SF, CA 1111 California Street, SF, CA 415 Taylor Street, SF, CA 500 Beach Street, SF, CA 750 Kearny Street, SF, CA ADDITIONAL LOCATIONS Additional Considerations Impact on Existing Parking Spaces As the CHS report demonstrates, Instant will free up existing parking spaces by: Reducing annual vehicle miles traveled per member household compared to the general population of San Francisco; 2. Increasing the rates of transit usage, walking, bicycling and other non-automobile modes of transportation usage for members, compared to the general population. Signage Instant will use signage that does not require any construction. Instant will use portable sidewalk double sided A-Frame signs placed to comply with all applicable City of San Francisco ordinances. The signs will have the Getaround logo, and will briefly describe the services offered. Additionally, Instant will also use signs with the Getaround logo advising of the services, which will be attached to specific walls where necessary and allowed.

10 0 ORRICK November 11, 2013 Page 9 No Construction No construction will be involved by Instant given that the vehicles will be parked in existing parking garages and surface lots throughout San Francisco, which are already zoned for parking use. Conclusion San Francisco is undoubtedly the epicenter of what has been dubbed the "next 100 billion dollar economy," whereby individuals across the socio-economic spectrum will be able to access assets instead of owning them. As part of this new economy, car sharing will help San Franciscans maintain a high quality of life and environmental sustainability while inhabiting one of the most expensive cities in the US, and it can help San Francisco become the most innovative transportation environment in the country. As demonstrated above, Instant contributes to San Francisco s environmental and transportation objectives by helping to lower household automobile ownership, annual vehicle miles traveled and vehicle emissions, and satisfies the definition of "car-share service" of the San Francisco Planning Code Section 166(b). For these reasons, we respectfully request a determination that Instant is permissible under the San Francisco Planning Code and a "car-share service". Very truly Ys; Parker Enc.

11 ATTACHMENT A

12 - Forwarded message - From: Susan Shaheen <sashaheen@tsrc.berkeley.edu > Date: Wed, Jan 23, 2013 at 4:44 PM Subject: Re: Definitions To: Edoardo Croce <edoardo(getaround.com > Cc: Madonna Camel <madonna@tsrc.berkeley.edu > I believe I would have included the Getaway program, particularly if it were called "carsharing." Hope this helps, Susan On Jan 23, 2013, at 12:44 PM, Edoardo Croce wrote: thanks Susan. If Getaway had beed around in 2008, would it have made it into the list of CSO participants? Were there other criteria that those CSOs had to satisfy? thanks On Tue, Jan 22, 2013 at 6:16 PM, Susan Shaheen <sashaheentsrc.berkeley.edu > wrote: think what you are doing with the Getaway program in light of providing insurance, maintenance, and owning and leasing the vehicles sounds very much like "classic" carsharing, as studied in our 2008 N. American study. Edoardo Croce I Business Development ' Getaround I edoardo(getaround.com I twittercom/edocroce My car earned me $250 last month via Getaround car sharing! Check it out Edoardo Croce I Business Development ' Getaround I I edoardoigetaround.com I twitter.com/edocroce My car earned me $250 last month via Getaround car sharing! Check it out

13 ATTACHMENT B

14 A 49 CHS Consulting Group MEMORANDUM DATE: May 7, 2013 TO: FROM: RE: EdoardoCroce Getaround, Inc. Migi Lee and Chi-Hsin Shao CHS Consulting Group Car-Share Certification Study for "Instant" Program by Getaround Inc. General Overview Getaround Inc. is one of lead car-share service providers in the country specializing in a peer-to-peer car sharing service, which uses information technology to connect people who own cars with those who need them. In September 2012, Getaround Inc. has launched "Instant" in San Francisco, which combines its existing peer-to-peer car share service with a typical car-share service where a fleet of vehicles is directly provided by the car-share company (e.g., ZipCar and City CarShare). Instant currently provides approximately 50 individual-owned vehicles and 50 vehicles that are directly provided by Getaround Inc., and it is expected to increase up to 200 vehicles by September Instant provides its members with instant short-term reservations of its vehicles charged by the hour. CHS Consulting Group (CHS) has prepared this memorandum to be submitted as part of the conversations between Getaround and the San Francisco Planning Department to recognize San Francisco Planning Code Section 166(b)(1). Instant as a car-share service as per Features of Instant The Instant program is similar to other car-share services such as City CarShare or ZipCar in that it provides the following features: Getaround procures a fleet of Instant vehicles and installs in-vehicle telematics. Members rent cars by the hour or by the day Members reserve such cars in advance via the Getaround website or phone Members can access vehicles by reservation only, 24/7 and seven days a week, from unstaffed locations, without interacting with staff or filling out paperwork for each car usage Cars provide self-service access by phone Getaround ensures proper parking, maintenance, servicing and cleaning of the cars. Insurance, 24/7 roadside assistance and customer support are included with every car usage Vehicle usage and location data are accurately tracked and available. 130 Sutter Street Suite 468 San Francisco CA F

15 Per SFMTA s recent Car Sharing Policy and Pilot Project, Instant vehicles will soon be allowed to park on designated reserved on-street parking spaces if the vehicles are made available for public use at least 75 percent of the time, just like the vehicles of other car sharing companies (e.g., Zipcar) Given the features listed above, Instant would qualify as a "Car-Share Service" as per San Francisco Planning Code Section 166(b)(1). In addition, it is noted that Instant provides the following unique beneficial features: Getaround Inc. has currently contracted with more than 40 garage operators in the City for the use of its Instant program; the program would continue to utilize existing parking garages and lots; thus no construction is part of the proposed Instant program; The fleet of vehicles used by Instant would be 2007 or newer models utilizing low-emission fuel; Unlike other services, users pay directly for gas used, incentivizing use of fuel-efficient vehicles and reduced VMT. Additional Considerations on the Impacts of Car-Sharing San Francisco s "car-share organization" certification process requires a third party study to be prepared clearly demonstrating, based on a statistically significant analysis of quantitative data, that the car-share organization has achieved certain environmental performance goals in any market where they have operated for at least two years. Although Getaround Inc. has been providing car-share services in five U.S. markets - the San Francisco Bay Area, San Diego, Portland, Austin, and Chicago - since 2009, no quantitative independent study or academic data is currently available to substantiate its specific environmental performance. While for the purpose of being considered a "car-share service" such study is not necessary, nonetheless CHS has reviewed a number of empirical studies conducted on the impacts of car-sharing services similar to what is being offered as part of Instant, in order to gauge the level of impacts the Instant program would have on the environment. There is a considerable amount of empirical research on the impact of car-sharing services that have been in operation in North America since the late 1990s. This research presents a general agreement in the industry that car-sharing reduces vehicle ownership, which also subsequently reduces vehicle travel and greenhouse gas emissions. These findings are summarized below. 1. Car-sharing lowers household automobile ownership among members compared to the general population in the market area. In 2003, Professor Robert Cervero of UC Berkeley and Yu-Hsin Tsai evaluated car ownership impacts two years into the City CarShare program in San Francisco. In a survey of 462 car-share members and 54 1 Robert Cervero and Yu-Hsin Tsai, "San Francisco City CarShare: Second-Year Travel Demand and Car Ownership Impacts," Institute of Urban and Regional Development Working Paper No (November 2003), University of California, Berkeley, rackspacecloud.com/case%2ostudy%20-%2ocity%2ocar%2oshare%2osan%2ofra ncisco%2osf.pdf 130 Sutter Street Suite 468 San Francisco CA F

16 non-members, the results show that car-share members were more likely to shed their household vehicles than non-members by 20 percent, and non-members were more likely to purchase a new vehicle than car-share members by 5 percent (Table 1).2 Table 1 - Change in Household Vehicle Ownershio Change in Household Vehicle Ownership Car-Share Members Non-Members Difference Reduced by two or more 2.5% 0% 2.5% Reduced by one 26.6% 8% 18.6% Did not change 63.2% 80% -16% Increase by one 7.2% 12% -4.8% Increase by two or more 0.4% 0% 0.4% Source: Cervero and Tsai (2003) In addition, a web-based survey of car-share members was conducted in 2004 by Nelson/Nygaard Consulting Associates. 3 Out of 1,340 valid responses, more than 70 percent of all respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they were able to postpone buying a car because of their participation in carsharing. Further, 50 percent of the respondents reported that they were able to sell their second car because of their use of car-share services (Table 2). ThI - Fffrtc nf Cr-Shring Memberchin on Auto Ownershin Effect - Neither agree nor Agree Strongly agree disagree Was able to sell my car 59.9% 3.9% 7.4% Was able to sell the family s second car 26.5% 32.1% 17.5% Postponed buying another car 16.6% 39.1% 31.4% Source: Millard-Ba!l et al., (2005) Instant would provide its members access to rental vehicles 24 hours a day and 7 days a week throughout the City. As such, the service is expected to encourage members to get rid of or not purchase vehicles, as a car-share option is readily available near their residence or place of work. 2. Car-sharing lowers annual vehicle miles traveled per member household compared to the general population in the market area. Lowered vehicle miles traveled is largely attributed to the reduction in vehicle ownership and a variable cost structure based on usage. In conventional vehicle ownership, drivers are subject to paying fixed costs of car ownership such as loan and insurance payments regardless of how much a car is driven. On 2 It should be noted that in a follow-up survey conducted for the San Francisco Department of Transportation and Planning two years later, the degree of car-shedding among members had leveled off, while non-members were more likely to add new vehicles to their household than members. While these results indicate the benefits of car-sharing sustain themselves over the long term, there is a maturation process wherein early gains appear to taper off with time. Robert cervero etal., "San Francisco City carshare: Longer-Term Travel-Demand and car Ownership Impacts," Institute of Urban and Regional Development Working Paper (2006), University of California, Berkeley. Adam Millard-Ball, Gail Murray, Jessica ter Schure, Christine Fox (Nelson/Nygaard consulting Associates) and Jon Burkhards (Westat), "car-sharing: Where and How it Succeeds," Transit cooperative Research Program Report 108 (2005), Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, Sutter Street Suite 468 San Francisco CA F

17 the other hand, car-sharing companies typically charge for time used and/or mileage driven, so fixed driving costs are converted into variable costs, making driving costs highly visible to car-share members. As a result, reduced vehicle travel directly translates to reduced costs and more savings for car-share members, and provides incentives to be selective in deciding whether to drive. According to a survey conducted by ZipCar of its members in 2005, members reported they drive approximately 80 percent less than they did before using car-sharing. Members claimed they drove on average approximately 5,295 miles per year prior to joining Zipcar; after joining they drove only about 1,068 miles per year. Moreover, members who reported a costs savings stated that they save on average over $435 per month when compared to car ownership. 4 Instant would not only reduce vehicle miles traveled through reduced car-ownership (as presented in #1 above) and a variable cost structure of car usage, but it would also provide incentives to travel less by requiring users to pay for fuel. As such, the service would further reduce vehicle miles traveled in the City compared to other conventional car-share services which include fuel costs in their hourly rates. 3. Car-sharing lowers vehicle emissions per member household compared to the general population in the market area. The impacts of car-sharing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are largely dependent on net impacts on vehicle travel. With a net reduction in vehicle miles traveled, GHG emissions are also reduced. Elliot Martin and Susan Shaheen of UC Berkeley surveyed the members of the largest car-sharing organizations in Canada and the United States. The average change in annual GHG emissions across all respondents was t GHG per household for the observed impact, and t GHG per household for the full impact. The survey findings show that the reduction in GHG emissions from car-sharing is not generalizable across all members, but car-sharing as a system facilitates large reductions in the annual emissions of some households, which augment the collective small emission increases of other household S.5 Instant will use a fleet of vehicles that are 2007 or newer models which use low-emission fuel. In addition, the program would require users to pay for gas, which would provide an additional incentive for members to opt for fuel-efficient vehicles and consequently reduce VMT. Therefore, the Instnat Program would have additional benefits in GHG emissions reductions than conventional car-share services. 4. Car-sharing increases the rates of transit usage, as well as walking, bicycling and other nonautomobile modes of transportation for commute trips among members compared to the general population in the market area. "Zipcar customer Survey Shows Car-Sharing Leads to Car Shedding," Zipcar press release (February 16, 2005), Elliot W. Martin and Susan A. Shaheen, "Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Carsharing in North America," IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 12:4 (December 2011): , tsrc.berkeley.edu/ghgemissionimpacts 130 Sutter Street Suite 468 San Francisco CA F

18 It is often perceived that car-sharing reduces transit ridership and other alternative modes of travel by enabling carless households, who would have otherwise taken transit or other non-auto modes to get to a destination. Despite this notion, several empirical studies suggest that car-sharing results in a net increase in transit usage, walking, bicycling and other non-automobile modes of transportation by serving as a complementary mode to transit and other alternative modes. Martin and Shaheen of UC Berkeley also evaluated the shift in travel modes of car-share members in North America. The results showed that while the net impact on transit ridership is not uniform across different organizations, transit ridership increased in nine out of eleven participating organizations, and three locations experienced a decrease in transit ridership after the launch of car-sharing service. Across the sample, 756 members increased walking versus a 568 decrease, 628 increased bicycling versus a 235 decrease, and 289 increased carpooling versus a decrease of 99 study participants. The authors found that 970 members reduced their auto commuting to work, while 234 increased it. When these shifts are combined across modes, more people increased their overall public transit and non-motorized modal use. 6 The proposed locations of car-share pods for Instant are in proximity to major public transportation hubs such as Muni light-rail stations, BART stations and bike rental stations in the City. As such, Instant is expected to serve as a complementary feeder system to public transport and other modes. 6 Elliot Martin and Susan Shaheen, "The Impact of Carsharing on Public and Non-Motorized Travel: An Exploration of North American carshari ng Survey Data," Energies 4/11 (November 2011): , Sutter Street Suite 468 San Francisco CA F