COSC 304 Database Web Programming Overview Introduction to Database Systems Database Web Programming Dr. Ramon Lawrence
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1 COSC 304 Introduction to Database Systems Database Web Programming Dr. Ramon Lawrence University of British Columbia Okanagan Database Web Programming Overview Developing web-based applications is common. The main benefits are easier deployment and reduced maintenance costs. Web applications can access a database like regular applications, but there are several issues: The first issue is the language the web application is written in. We will use JSP and Servlets in this class, but there are other languages like PHP and Python as well. The second issue is recognizing the limitations of web programming. Developing a user interface and consistency checks for a web application is more difficult because the HTTP protocol is stateless (variables must be passed from one web page to another explicitly). Page 2 Web Development Overview Static versus dynamic web content: static - the HTML text file is created once and is always the same (although it may include client-side scripts (JavaScript)) Note that JavaScript is not Java. It is a client-side scripting language. dynamic - the HTML file is produced when requested. Requires the web server to dynamically generate the file. Technologies used include: PHP, ASP, JSP, Servlets Dynamic HTML and JDBC Dynamic HTML involves constructing a web page (HTML file) dynamically on the server then sending it to the client. By building the page dynamically, it can have different content for each user. Typically, this dynamic content is retrieved from databases and then inserted into the HTML file. The two standard ways for generating dynamic content using Java are Java Server Pages (JSPs) and Servlets. Since both are programs written in Java, they can use JDBC to retrieve dynamic, database content. Page 3 Page 4 Dynamic Web Server Architecture Client request URL Web Server Request Handler Find file receive response JSP/Servlet Question Question: True or False: Java JSP/Servlet code runs in the browser. A) true B) false Servlet compile JSP DB DB JDBC execute Tomcat execution produces HTML file Page 5 Page 6
2 JSP/Servlet Question 2 Question: True or False: Javascript running in the browser can connect to a database directly using JDBC. A) true B) false Java Server Pages (JSPs) Java Server Pages (JSPs) provide a layer above Servlets that allow you to mix HTML and calls to Java code. JSPs are actually converted into Servlets, but JSP s are easier to work with for those familiar with HTML. Page 7 Page 8 Java Server Pages (JSPs) (2) How to create JSPs: 1) Create a file with a.jsp extension that contains HTML. 2) Include JSP Scripting Elements in the file such as: Expressions = expression Note that an expression returns a string into the HTML. Scriptlets code Declarations! Code variable directive Comments -- JSP Comment --> JSP "Hello World!" <head> <title>hello World in JSP</title> </head> out.println("hello World!"); Java code embedded in HTML file. 3) Can use pre-defined variables: request HttpServletRequest response HttpServletResponse session HttpSession out PrintWriter Page 9 Prints to HTML document. Page 10 Useful JSP Code Include another include file="commontop.html" Import from the Java page import="java.util.*" Declare and use a variable:! private int accesscount = 0 <h2>accesses to page since server reboot: = ++accesscount </h2> Access session and request information: <h2>current time: = new java.util.date() </h2> <h2>remote Host: = request.getremotehost()</h2> <h2>session ID: = session.getid() </h2> Page 11 JSP and page import="java.sql.*" <head><title>query Results Using JSP</title></head> // Load driver class Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); catch (java.lang.classnotfoundexception e) System.err.println("ClassNotFoundException: " +e); Connection con = null; // Need to define url, uid, pw con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, uid, pw); Statement stmt = con.createstatement(); ResultSet rst = stmt.executequery("select ename,salary FROM Emp"); Page 12
3 JSP and JDBC (2) out.print("<table><tr><th>name</th>"); out.println("<th>salary</th></tr>"); while (rst.next()) out.println("<tr><td>"+rst.getstring(1)+"</td>" +"<td>"+rst.getdouble(2)+"</td></tr>"); out.println("</table>"); con.close(); catch (SQLException ex) System.err.println(ex); finally if (con!= null) try con.close(); catch (SQLException ex) System.err.println(ex); Page 13 JSP Examples Reading URL page import="java.sql.*" <head><title>query Results Using JSP</title></head> try // Load driver class Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); catch (java.lang.classnotfoundexception e) System.err.println("ClassNotFoundException: " +e); Page 14 JSP Examples Reading URL Parameters (2) Connection con = null; String url = "jdbc:mysql://<hostname>/workson"; String uid = "<fill-in>"; String pw = "<fill-in>"; // Get parameters from request String empname = request.getparameter("empname"); String deptnum = request.getparameter("deptnum"); con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, uid, pw); Statement stmt = con.createstatement(); String SQLSt = "SELECT ename, salary, dno FROM Emp" + " WHERE 1=1 "; if (empname!= null &&!empname.equals("")) SQLSt = SQLSt + " and ename LIKE '%"+empname+"%'"; if (deptnum!= null &&!deptnum.equals("")) SQLSt = SQLSt + " and dno ='"+deptnum+"'"; Page 15 JSP Examples Reading URL Parameters (3) ResultSet rst = stmt.executequery(sqlst); out.print("<table><tr><th>name</th><th>salary</th>" +"<th>dno</th></tr>"); while (rst.next()) out.println("<tr><td>"+rst.getstring(1)+"</td>" +"<td>"+rst.getdouble(2)+"</td>" +"<td>"+rst.getstring(3)+"</td></tr>"); out.println("</table>"); catch (SQLException ex) System.err.println(ex); finally if (con!= null) try con.close(); catch (SQLException ex) System.err.println(ex); Page 16 JSP Examples How do you password protect files in your web site? The basic idea is to: Create a login page like login.jsp. Create a page to validate the user login (often by connecting to the database to determine if given valid user id/password). Create a file containing JSP code that is included in every one of your protected pages. This code: Examines if a session variable flag is set indicating if logged in. If user is logged in, show page. Otherwise redirect to login page. login.jsp <head><title>login Screen</title></head> <center> <h3>please Login to System</h3> // Print prior error login message if present if (session.getattribute("loginmessage")!= null) out.println("<p>"+ session.getattribute("loginmessage").tostring()+"</p>"); <br> Page 17 Page 18
4 login.jsp (2) <form name="myform" method=post action="validatelogin.jsp"> <table width="40%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td><div align="right">username:</div></td> <td><input type="text" name="username" size=8 maxlength=8></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div align="right">password:</div></td> <td><input type="password" name="password" size=8 maxlength=8"></td> </tr> </table> <input class="submit" type="submit" name="sub" value="log In"> </form> <br/> </center> Page 19 page language="java" import="java.io.*" String authenticateduser = null; session = request.getsession(true);// May create new session try authenticateduser = validatelogin(out,request,session); catch(ioexception e) System.err.println(e); if(authenticateduser!= null) response.sendredirect("protectedpage.jsp"); // Success response.sendredirect("login.jsp"); // Failed login // Redirect back to login page with a message Page 20 validatelogin.jsp (2)! String validatelogin(jspwriter out,httpservletrequest request, HttpSession session) throws IOException String username = request.getparameter("username"); String password = request.getparameter("password"); String retstr = null; if(username == null password == null) return null; if((username.length() == 0) (password.length() == 0)) return null; // Should make a database connection here and check password // Here just hard-coding password if (username.equals("test") && password.equals("test")) retstr = username; Page 21 validatelogin.jsp (3) // Login using database version // Make database connection -- Sample query: String query = "SELECT pswd FROM User WHERE userid = BINARY '"+username+"' AND pswd = BINARY '"+password+"'"; ResultSet rst = executequery(con,query); if (!rst.next()) // Such a record does not exist retstr = ""; catch(sqlexception e) System.err.println(ex); finally // Close database connection if(retstr!= null) session.removeattribute("loginmessage"); session.setattribute("authenticateduser",username); session.setattribute("loginmessage","failed login."); return retstr; Page 22 protectedpage.jsp <head><title>password Protected include file="auth.jsp" String user = (String)session.getAttribute("authenticatedUser"); out.println("<h1>you have access to this page: "+user+"</h1>"); auth.jsp Object authuser = session.getattribute("authenticateduser"); boolean authenticated = authuser == null? false : true; if (!authenticated) String loginmessage = "You have not been authorized to "+ " access the URL "+request.getrequesturl().tostring(); session.setattribute("loginmessage",loginmessage); response.sendredirect("login.jsp"); return; Page 23 Page 24
5 JSP Examples Passing Objects Between Pages How do you pass information between pages? One way is to encode that information in the URL as parameters. These parameters can be extracted from the request object. If you have a lot of information, it is better to use the session object. The session object allows you to store any number of objects that are later looked up by name. Since they remain on the server, performance/security is improved. Page 25 Passing Objects Between Pages page import="java.util.arraylist,java.util.random" <head><title>sending Data Page</title></head> // Generate and print array ArrayList ar = new ArrayList(20); Random generator = new Random(); out.println("<h2>created the following array:</h2>"); for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) ar.add(new Integer(generator.nextInt(10))); out.println(ar.get(i)+"<br>"); // Store arraylist in a session variable session.setattribute("arraydata",ar); Page 26 Passing Objects Between Pages page import="java.util.arraylist" <head><title>receiving Data Page</title> </head> ArrayList ar = (ArrayList)session.getAttribute("arraydata"); if (ar == null) out.println("<h2>no data sent to page.</h2>"); out.println("<h2>received the following array:</h2>"); for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) out.println(ar.get(i)+"<br>"); Page 27 Session Question Question: True or False: Data associated with a session remains on the server. A) true B) false Page 28 Servlets Servlets are Java programs that run inside a web server that can perform server-side processing such as interacting with a database or another application. Servlets can generate dynamic html and return this to the client. How to create a Servlet: 1) create an HTML file that invokes a Servlet (usually through the FORM ACTION= ). 2) create a Java program that does the following: import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; inherit from HttpServlet override the doget and dopost methods write the response HTML file using java.io.printwriter Page 29 Servlets Notes There is one instance of Servlet for each Servlet name, and the same instance serves all requests to that name. Instance members persist across all requests to that name. Local variables in dopost and doget are unique to each request. Page 30
6 Servlets "Hello World!" Servlets and JDBC import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; Import Servlet API public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet public void init(servletconfig cfg) throws ServletException Get & Post super.init(cfg); // First time Servlet is invoked public void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) dohello(request, response); public void dopost(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) dohello(request, response); private void dohello(httpservletrequest request,httpservletresponse response) response.setcontenttype("text/html"); java.io.printwriter out = response.getwriter(); out.println("<head><title>hello World</title></head>"); out.println("<h1>hello World</h1>"); import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.sql.*; public class JdbcServlet extends HttpServlet private Connection con; public void init(servletconfig cfg) throws ServletException super.init(cfg); Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); catch (java.lang.classnotfoundexception e) System.err.println("ClassNotFoundException: " +e); String url = "<fill-in>"; con = null; con = DriverManager.getConnection(url); catch (SQLException e) out.close(); throw new ServletException("SQLException: "+e); Write out HTML file Page 31 Page 32 for client Servlets and JDBC (2) Servlets and JDBC (3) public void destroy() if (con!= null) con.close(); catch (SQLException e) System.err.println("SQLException: "+e); public void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, java.io.ioexception dotable(request, response); public void dopost(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, java.io.ioexception dotable(request, response); Page 33 private void dotable(httpservletrequest request,httpservletresponse response) response.setcontenttype("text/html"); java.io.printwriter out = response.getwriter(); out.println("<head><title></title></head>"); if (con == null) out.println("<h1>unable to connect to DB</H1>"); Statement stmt = con.createstatement(); ResultSet rst = stmt.executequery("select ename,salary FROM Emp"); out.print("<table><tr><th>name</th><th>salary</th></tr>"); while (rst.next()) out.println("<tr><td>"+rst.getstring(1)+"</td>" +"<td>"+rst.getdouble(2)+"</td></tr>"); out.println("</table>"); out.close(); catch (SQLException ex) System.err.println(ex); Page 34 GET and POST Methods GET and POST are two ways a web client can communicate with a web server. GET is used for getting data from the server, and POST is used for sending data there. GET appends the form data (called a query string) to an URL, in the form of key/value pairs, for example, name=john. In the query string, key/value pairs are separated by & characters, spaces are converted to + characters, and special characters are converted to their hexadecimal equivalents. Since the query string is in the URL, the page can be bookmarked. The query string is usually limited to a relatively small number of characters. POST passes data of unlimited length as an HTTP request body to the server. The user working in the client Web browser cannot see the data that is being sent, so POST requests are ideal for sending confidential or large amounts of data to the server. Page 35 GET vs. POST Question Question: Select a true statement. A) Data sent using POST is passed as part of the URL. B) A GET request with all parameters cannot be bookmarked. C) Your servlet can do the same action for both GET and POST requests. D) A GET request is used to send a large amount of data. Page 36
7 Answering Queries using HTML Forms One of the common uses of dynamic web pages is to construct answers to user queries expressed using HTML forms. For example, we will construct a web page and Servlet that allows us to find an employee based on name and department. The HTML code will contain a FORM and the FORM ACTION will indicate the Servlet to call to process the request. The Servlet gets the HTML request (and parameters in the URL), queries the database, and returns the answers in a table. Servlets Form <head> <title>querying Using Servlets and Forms</title> </head> <h1>enter the name and/or department to search for:</h1> <form method="get" action=" Name:<input type="text" name="empname" size="25"> Dept:<input type="text" name="deptnum" size="5"> <input type="submit" value="submit"> <input type="reset" value="reset"> </form> FORM action and type Page 37 FORM buttons and input fields Page 38 EmpServlet import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.sql.*; public class EmpServlet extends HttpServlet private Connection con; public void init(servletconfig cfg) throws ServletException super.init(cfg); Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"); catch (java.lang.classnotfoundexception e) System.err.println("ClassNotFoundException: " +e); String url = "<fill-in>"; con = null; con = DriverManager.getConnection(url); catch (SQLException e) throw new ServletException("SQLException: "+e); Page 39 EmpServlet (2) public void doget(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) doquery(request, response); public void dopost(httpservletrequest request, HttpServletResponse response) doquery(request, response); public void destroy() if (con!= null) con.close(); catch (SQLException e) System.err.println("SQLException: "+e); Page 40 EmpServlet (3) EmpServlet (4) private void doquery(httpservletrequest request,httpservletresponse response) response.setcontenttype("text/html"); java.io.printwriter out = response.getwriter(); out.println("<head><title></title></head>"); if (con == null) out.println("<h1>unable to connect to DB</h1>"); out.close(); return; // Get parameters from request String empname = request.getparameter("empname"); String deptnum = request.getparameter("deptnum"); Statement stmt = con.createstatement(); ResultSet rst = stmt.executequery(sqlst); out.print("<table><tr><th>name</th><th>salary</th><th>dno</th></tr>"); while (rst.next()) out.println("<tr><td>"+rst.getstring(1)+"</td>" +"<td>"+rst.getdouble(2)+"</td>" +"<td>"+rst.getstring(3)+"</td></tr>"); out.println("</table>"); out.close(); catch (SQLException ex) System.err.println(ex); String SQLSt = "SELECT ename, salary, dno FROM Emp WHERE true "; if (!empname.equals("")) SQLSt = SQLSt + " and ename LIKE '%"+empname+"%'"; if (!deptnum.equals("")) SQLSt = SQLSt + " and deptnum ='"+deptnum+"'"; Page 41 Page 42
8 JSP and Servlets Discussion Java Server Pages (JSPs) are HTML files with embedded Java code. They are easier to produce because the HTML file is the main product and the Java code is secondary. When a JSP file is actually used, it is converted to a Servlet and run. Apache Tomcat handles the conversion and execution of the Servlet. The advantage of JSP over Servlets is that the HTML page can be edited by users not familiar with the Java language using standard HTML editors and the Java code added separately by programmers. Page 43 JavaScript JavaScript is a scripting language used primarily for web pages. JavaScript was developed in 1995 and released in the Netscape web browser (since renamed to Mozilla Firefox). JavaScript is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, but has been standardized and is supported by most web browsers. Despite the name, JavaScript is not related to Java, although its syntax is similar to other languages like C, C++, and Java. There are some major differences between JavaScript and Java. From the database perspective, JavaScript is used to make HTML forms more interactive and to validate input client-side before sending it to the server. Page 44 Hello World Example - JavaScript Code helloworld.html <head> <title>helloworld using JavaScript</title> </head> <h1> <script type="text/javascript"> document.write("hello, world!"); </script> </h1> <script> tag indicating code JavaScript code document is HTML document document.write() puts that text into the document at this location JavaScript and JSP Your JSP code can either include JavaScript code: 1) Directly in the HTML code 2) By outputting it using out.println() With servlets, you only have option #2. Remember, the JSP/Servlet code is run on the server, and the JavaScript code is run on the client. The JavaScript code cannot access the database directly. The JSP/Servlet code cannot interact with the user (unless you use AJAX or some other method to send server requests). Page 45 Page 46 Hello World written by JSP Code helloworld_js.jsp <head> <title>helloworld using JavaScript</title> </head> JavaScript for Data Validation JavaScript is commonly used to validate form input on the clientside without sending it to the server. This reduces the load on the server, and more importantly, improves the browsing experience for the user. <h1> out.println("<script language=\"javascript\">"); out.println("document.write(\"hello, world!\")"); out.println("</script>"); </h1> Page 47 Page 48
9 JavaScript Data Validation Example validatenum.html <head><title>number Field Validation</title></head> <script type="text/javascript"> function validate(num) if (parseint(num)) alert("you entered number: " + parseint(num)); alert("invalid number entered: " + num); </script> Validation code Enter a number: <form name="input"> <input type="text" name="numfield" onchange="validate(this.value)"> </form> Validate when field is changed. Can also use: - onblur triggered when field loses focus - onsubmit triggered when form is submittedpage 49 AJAX AJAX allows client-side JavaScript to request and receive data from the server without refreshing the page. AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript+XML) was named by Jesse Garret in However, XML is not required for data communication between client and server. AJAX uses the XMLHttpRequest Object to communicate requests and receive results from the server. Communication can either be synchronous or asynchronous. Page 50 AJAX Validate Form Fields Example validateuser .html <head><title>validate User Name and </title></head> <script type="text/javascript"> function checkusername() var name = document.getelementbyid("username").value; var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xmlhttp.open("get","validateuser .jsp?name="+name,false); xmlhttp.send(null); if (xmlhttp.responsetext!= "VALID") alert(xmlhttp.responsetext); // Synchronous version, no additional payload function check () var = document.getelementbyid(" ").value; var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); xmlhttp.open("get","validateuser .jsp? ="+ ,false); xmlhttp.send(null); if (xmlhttp.responsetext!= "VALID") alert(xmlhttp.responsetext); // Synchronous version, no additional payload </script> <form name="input"> Name: <input type="text" id="username"> <a href="javascript: checkusername()">check</a> <br> <input type="text" id=" "> <a href="javascript: check ()">check</a> </form> Page 51 AJAX Validate Form Fields Example validateuser .jsp String name = request.getparameter("name"); if (name!= null) // This is simple validation code. if (name.length() < 4) out.println("name too short. Must be at least 4 characters."); out.println("valid"); String = request.getparameter(" "); if ( != null) if (! .contains("@")) out.println("invalid"); out.println("valid"); out.println("invalid INPUT"); Page 52 AJAX Example - Province/State provincestate.html Canada Version US Version <head><title>province/state</title></head> <body bgcolor="white"> <form name="input"> Country: <select id="country" onchange="changecountry()"> <option value="ca">canada</option> <option value="us">united States</option> </select><br> <p id="statetext">state: </p><select id="state"></select> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> Page 53 Province/State for Canada/US provincestate.html (2) var xmlhttp = new XMLHttpRequest(); function changecountry_callback() if (xmlhttp.readystate == 4 && xmlhttp.status == 200) var text = xmlhttp.responsetext; if (text!= "INVALID") var statelist = document.getelementbyid("state"); for (var i = statelist.length-1; i >= 0; i--) statelist.remove(i); // Remove current items in list var i = text.indexof("--"); while (i >= 0) var statecode = text.substring(0,i); var newopt = document.createelement('option'); newopt.text = statecode; newopt.value = statecode; statelist.add(newopt, null); catch(ex) statelist.add(newopt); /* IE only */ text = text.substring(i+2); i = text.indexof("--"); Page 54
10 Province/State for Canada/US provincestate.html (3) function changecountry() var countrylist = document.getelementbyid("country"); var statetext = document.getelementbyid("statetext"); if (countrylist.selectedindex == 1) statetext.innerhtml = "State: "; statetext.innerhtml = "Province:"; xmlhttp.open("get","provincestate.jsp?country=" +countrylist.value,true); xmlhttp.onreadystatechange = changecountry_callback; xmlhttp.send(null); // Asynchronous version changecountry(); // Initialize list with default as Canada </script> Page 55 Province/State for Canada/US JSP page import="java.sql.*" String country = request.getparameter("country"); if (country == null) out.println("invalid"); // Load driver class Class.forName("com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver"); catch (java.lang.classnotfoundexception e) Connection con = null; con = DriverManager.getConnection(url,uid,pw); Statement stmt = con.createstatement(); ResultSet rst = stmt.executequery("select statecode from states where countrycode = '"+country+"'"); StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(); while (rst.next()) buf.append(rst.getstring(1)+"--"); out.println(buf.tostring()); catch (SQLException ex) out.println("invalid"); finally if (con!= null) con.close(); catch (SQLException ex) Page 56 Connection Pools A connection pool is a group of database connections managed by a (web) server. All connections in the pool are open. Clients request a connection from the pool and return it when done. This results in improved performance as connections are shared across clients and do not pay an open/close penalty every time a connection is used. Using a connection pool in Tomcat with JDNI: Context root = new InitialContext(); // Get root of JNDI tree String path = "java:comp/env/jdbc/workson"; // Name key DataSource ds = (DataSource) root.lookup(path); // JNDI lookup con = ds.getconnection(); // Get connection from pool... con.close(); // Return connection to pool Page 57 Connection Pools Configuration Modify conf/context.xml file to add the resource: <Context> <Resource name="jdbc/workson" type="javax.sql.datasource" driverclassname="com.mysql.jdbc.driver" url="jdbc:mysql://cs-suse-4.ok.ubc.ca/workson" username="rlawrenc" password="pw" maxactive="100" maxidle="30" maxwait="10000" auth="container"/> </Context> name - following standard convention to add "jdbc" but not necessary. Prefix "java:comp/env" added by web server (by convention). type class/interface of resource driverclassname class name of JDBC driver for database url connection string for the driver maxactive, maxidle, maxwait maximum # of connections, idle connection, and time in milliseconds a client will wait before rollback resp. auth indicates if resource managed by web server or web app. Page 58 Connection Pools Question Question: True or False: A connection pool will speed up the execution time of a query (not considering connection time). A) true B) false Page 59 Configuring your Web Application Each web application (webapp) has its own directory that stores HTML/JSP files and has a subdirectory WEB-INF that contains: classes directory stores all Java class files lib directory store all jars used by your Servlets web.xml is a deployment descriptor that provides mapping from URL path to Servlet class name. Example: <web-app> Internal name used in mapping (you decide) <servlet> <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>helloservlet</servlet-class> </servlet> Servlet Java class name <servlet-mapping> Internal name (same as line #1) <servlet-name>helloservlet</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/servlet/helloservlet</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> </web-app> URL to get to Servlet (from user's perspective) Page 60
11 Conclusion JSP and Servlets can use JDBC for constructing dynamic web content and answering user queries via HTML. JSP and Servlets are used with HTML forms to allows user to enter queries or information to the database. JSP/ Servlets can be run using Apache Tomcat which supports connection pooling. Objectives Write a simple JSP page that uses JDBC. Explain the relationship between JSP and Servlets and how dynamic web pages are created. Be able to create client-side code in JavaScript for data validation. Explain the general idea with AJAX. Explain what a connection pool is and why it is beneficial. Page 61 Page 62
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