Pinealectomy or Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy Do Not Alter Reproduction in the Wolf (Canis lupus)
|
|
- Julie Robinson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 BIOLOGY OF RPRODTION 37, 1-1 (1987) Pinelectomy or Superior ervicl Gnglionectomy Do Not Alter Reproduction in the Wolf (nis lupus) HRYL S. ASA, LYSSS S. SAL, MAR LTLLIR,3 DWARD D. PLOTKA, nd RI K. PTRSON5 Deprtment of Biochemistry1 niversity of Minnesot St. Pul, Minnesot 5511 A Medicl Reserch Service Minnepolis, Minnesot Thed lrk Medicl enter3 Neenh, Wisconsin 5956 Mrshfield Medicl Reserch Foundtion Mrshfield, Wisconsin 59 nd Deprtment of A nto my,5 niversity of Minnesot Minnepolis, Minnesot 5555 ABSTRAT Twelve wolves (6 mle nd 6 femle) were used to study the role of the pinel in photo periodic medition of sesonl reproduction, ight wolves were pinelectomied (PNX) or shm -pinelectomied ( S-PNX) t 5 m oj ge, nd were superior cervicl gnglionectomied SGX) t 16 mo of ge ( mles nd femles per tret n:ent). All ttined puberty t the species-typicl time, during their second breeding seson, except SGX mles tht did not survive. Reproductive cycles of n dditionl mle tht ws SGX s n dult nd the PNX nd S-PNX wolves, followed for minimum of 3 yr, did not differ from ech other or from those of unoperted colony wolves on mesures /serum testosterone nd luteiniing hormone for mles, or of serum estrdiol nd progesterone for femles. Nor ws the rnge of dtes for ovultion different for treted vs. untreted femles. Surgicl trnsection of the olfctory trcts of 1 mle nd I femle PNX wolf, inducing nosmi to control for the possibility of pheromonlly synchronied cycles, lso filed to lter the sesonlity of these reproductive prmeters. These results do not conform to the model of pinel medition of sexul cycles for photo periodsensitive species. In spite of evidence for photo period influence, the wolf pprently relies on system other thn the pinel for sesonl control of reproduction. INTRODTION In studies of the effect of chnging dylength on sesonl reproduction, species cn be divided into two generl ctegories. The horse, ferret, nd most rodents re long-dy breeders; i.e., sexul recrudescence occurs during lengthening photoperiod in spring. In contrst, ruminnts such s deer, sheep, nd gots re short-dy breeders nd respond to the shorter dys of utumn. Wolves breed in mid- to lte Accepted Jnury 6, Received November 3, 1986, Reprint requests: heryl S. Ass, The Popultion ouncil, enter for Biomedicl Reserch, 13 York Avenue, New York, NY 11. winter (Mech, 197), time not only when dys re shortest but lso when the rte of chnge of dylength is reltively less. Although the time of estrus for wolves does not fit the prdigms of either the spring (long-dy) or fll (short-dy) breeder, there re severl resons to expect them to be photoperiod-sensitive. First, wolves, like other wild cnids, re sesonl breeders (wer, 1973). The effect is strongest t temperte nd polr ltitudes, but lso is seen in equtoril species, probbly becuse ncestors of the fmily nide evolved in North Americ (Kurtin, 1971; Stins, 1975). Second, trnsloction cross the equtor resulted in reversl of breeding seson by 6 mo for the fox nd the mned wolf (wer, 1973) nd 1 Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
2 WOLF PINALTOMY AND SPRIOR-RIAL-GANGLIONTOMY 15 the cpe hunting dog (unninghm, 195), the species for which dt re vilble. Third, the time of breeding for the wolf occurs lter t higher ltitudes (Mech, 197). These lines of evidence strongly suggest tht the wolf responds to photoperiodic cues, with the resulting predictble occurrence of estrus t the sme time ech yer. As shown in other mmmls, photic informtion is trnsmitted by the retino-hypothlmic trct to the suprchismtic nucleus nd thence to the pinel vi the superior cervicl gnglion (Reiter nd Hester, 1966). At the pinel, the signl is trnsduced into humorl messge, probbly meltonin (Turek nd mpbell, 1979). To ssess the role of this system in the sesonl breeding cycle of wolves, we surgiclly interrupted the pthwy t two points: Group 1 ws pinelectomied (PNX) nd Group ws superiorcervicl-gnglionectomied (SGX). In ddition, in third experiment, 1 mle nd 1 femle from the PNX group were mde nosmic to control to test the possibility tht olfctory informtion from intct wolves might be sufficient to prevent disruption of cyclicity in the PNX nd SGX nimls. Pinelectomy MATRIALS AND MTHODS Two mle nd two femle prepubertl wolves (5 mo old) were PNX in the fll of 1978 using the technique developed for white-tiled deer, with pproprite modifictions (Letellier et l., 1978). Briefly, the surgicl procedure entiled mking smll crniectomy in the midline, lterlly exposing the superior sgittl sinus. The dur ws cut nd the pinel pproched interhemisphericlly using gentle lterl retrction of the medil cudl pole of the ipsilterl hemisphere. Bipolr cogultion ws used to prevent bleeding when the communicting veins between the prietl nd occipitl lobes nd the superior sgittl sinus were cut. Slight bleeding ws controlled with bsorbble geltin sponges. The pinel glnd ws dissected wy nd recovered in one piece. The dur mter ws closed, the bone replced, nd the skin sutured. Four dditionl wolves, of like ge nd sex, were shm-operted (S-PNX). The wolves were returned to their two ntl pcks (1 PNX mle, 1 PNX femle, 1 S-PNX mle, nd 1 S-PNX femle per pck). Besides the operted nimls, the North Pck contined two dult mles nd two dult femles, plus three juveniles. The South Pck cornprised 3 dult mles, dult femles, nd 1 juvenile, in ddition to the operted wolves. ch pck ws kept in n outdoor,.16-h enclosure t pproximtely 5#{176} north ltitude. The nimls were provided with dog chow (Rlston-Purin o., St. Louis, MO) nd wter d libidum, plus eviscerted deer crcsses supplemented with vitmins nd minerls. Successful bltion ws confirmed by post-mortem exmintion of ll but 1 wolf, PNX mle tht ws still living. very second week, immobilition ws induced with mg ketmine H1 (Ketset; Bristol Lbs, Syrcuse, NY) nd 1 mg promine H1 (Sprine; Wyeth Lbs., Phildelphi, PA). Additionl ketmine ws dministered s required to mintin immobilition. ginl secretions were checked for the bloody dischrge chrcteristic of proestrus (Sel et!., 1979). Testis length nd dimeter were mesured with clipers, nd n index of testiculr sie ws clculted by summing the products of the length times dimeter for the two sides. Blood ws collected by venipuncture t 1 mm nd 9 mm fter injection of 1 ig luteiniing hormone-relesing hormone (LHRH; Sigm hemicl o., St. Louis, MO), for mesurement of luteiniing hormone (LH) nd testosterone, respectively. Serum ws froen until ssy. Testosterone ws ssyed s in McMillin et l. (197); LH, estrdiol, nd progesterone concentrtions were determined by the methods described in Sel et l. (1979). Sesonl cyclicity ws evluted by mesurement of LH nd testosterone for mles, nd by estrdiol nd progesterone for femles. Ovultion ws ssumed to hve occurred when progesterone concentrtions were greter thn ng/ml in t lest 3 successive smples. For the testosterone ssy, the coefficient of vrition () ws pproximtely 7 percent nd the sensitivity less thn 1 ng/1 ml. For the progesterone ssy, the ws 17 percent t 1 pg, nd the sensitivity ws 1 pg. For the estrdiol ssy, the ws percent t pg, nd the sensitivity ws pg. For the LH ssy, the ws 7 percent, nd the sensitivity ws. ng/ml. Superior ervicl Gnglionectomy Surgery ws performed on 1 dult mle in 198, nd in the following yer on 16-mo-old, prepubertl wolves ( mles, femles). The SGX nimls were kept in kennels ( X 6 m) nd fed s described bove. The nimls were nesthetied with ketmine nd promine s bove, nd endotrchil tubes were Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
3 16 ASA T AL. inserted. Gnglionectomy ws performed with the niml in supine position with hed fully extended nd immobilied. The initil incision extended from 1 cm lterl to the bse of the lrynx to the ngulr process of the jw. The externl jugulr vein ws dissected free nd retrcted from the field. Anterior strp muscles were visible nd were utilied s lndmrks. rotid rtery pulse ws detected immeditely lterl to the nterior strp muscles, nd the crotid sheth ws exposed by blunt dissection. During dissection, the externl mxillry vein nd lrge lymph nodes nterior to the crotid sheth were ligted nd removed. The vgosympthetic trunk ws identified immeditely posterior to the crotid rtery within the crotid sheth. The crotid rtery ws dissected free nd retrcted from the field. The vgosympthetic trunk ws isolted, dissected free, nd circled with umbilicl tpe for ese of mnipultion. The dissection of the trunk continued crnid, llowing identifiction of the following importnt lndmrk structures: (1) bifurction of the externl nd internl crotid rtery, () hypoglossl nerve, nd (3) posterior belly of the digstric muscle. Both the internl crotid rtery nd the hypoglossl nerve were exposed nd followed to the bse of the skull to provide positive identifiction of the SG nd vgl nodose gngli, which re locted in the petrobsilr fissure posterior-medil to the tympnic bull. In this region, the internl crotid rtery enters the crnium vi the petrobsl fissure, nd the hypoglossl nerve courses lterlly from point 1 cm posterior-medil to the fissure. In the fissure, the rtery courses between the two gngli tht re slightly inferior nd nterior to the SG. The epineureum of the vgosympthetic trunk sometimes surrounds both structures, mking them pper s one. In this cse, smll rtery prlleling the vgosympthetic trunk ws present in the epineureum. This rtery ws used s guideline to seprte the nodose nd SG. After the two gngli were isolted, the SG ws cut inferiorly nd superiorly nd the entire structure removed. The incision ws closed nd the process repeted on the opposing side. Successful SGX ws confirmed by the bilterl loss of sympthetic input to structures innervted by postgnglionic fibers derived from the SG (e.g., constricted pupils). S-PNX, nd 1 femle S-PNX) were mde nosmic in August 198, by trnsection of the olfctory peduncle s described in Peterson et l. (1981), procedure which blocks input from both the min nd ccessory olfctory trcts. The nimls were mintined s progesterone for the SGX femles were not different from those of representtive control femles (Fig. Olfctory Peduncle Trnsection Four wolves (1 mle PNX, 1 femle PNX, 1 mle 3). detiled Pinelectomy bove. RSLTS Throughout the four breeding sesons following pinelectomy, no differences in mesures of reproductive physiology were detected between PNX nd S-PNX or unoperted colony wolves. All PNX nd S-PNX wolves ttined puberty during the second breeding seson post-surgery (winter, 198), t the species-typicl ge, except S-PNX Femle 93 who ovulted t 1 rther thn yers of ge (Fig. ic). (Although the pttern of secretion ws similr, estrdiol vlues for Femle 93 were reltively higher due to lter ssy following pprent concentrtion during storge.) The inception of puberty nd the subsequent regulrity of sesonl cyclicity were evidenced in the femles by proestrous uterine bleeding nd ovultion, indicted by profiles of estdiol nd progesterone (Fig. l-d), nd in the mles by increses in serum testosterone nd luteiniing hormone (Fig. -d) nd testiculr sie. These curves of sesonl hormone chnges lso were like those of unoperted colony mles. ch of the PNX femles ws followed for totl of three cycles post-puberty; of the mles, one ws followed for five nd the other for six cycles, during which time no divergence from controls ws seen. Superior ervicl Gnglionectomy The younger SGX mles did not survive until the time of expected puberty, due to surgicl complictions. However, the SGX femles did ovulte for the first time during their second breeding seson. The pproximte dtes of these ovultions were between 1 Februry nd 3 Februry for Femle 111, nd between 3 Februry nd 9 Mrch for Femle 119. Ovultion dtes for other colony femles (post-pubertl: N=7) for tht seson were between 3 Februry nd 3 Februry. Profiles of estrogen nd Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
4 WOLF PINALTOMY AND SPRIOR-RIAL-GANGLIONTOMY 17 (,- +, ). ) ) -.. #{176} (I) o o,. O7lSSd (1u/bd) 119 s3wn5,,.,o (lw/sd) I1P#{176} ) 3W S o #{176} (Iw/tu) SJe$$I6d W S - - II- I.-,. I ) ),,, ). l) AcTi IIT I -, - o e l) - (lw/sd) lolpojsb wnis (IW/bli) GOJOISObOJd WflJOS (i. I! o. I. ( (lw/sd) #{176}) 6#{176} d W S (,wfbd) 1191(311()5 Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
5 18 ASA T AL. -, - 1 F -,, -, -, -.. ( 1 ID ID 51 - I I (lw/so) WI WIIOS.5 1 _.. N - (19/6) 11 IDn)5. (IP/bO) )153J wn)5. (IP/b) 3u)ISlS1 1(15 N.! -, ( ). ), o = ) 1, -.#{176}., -, 1-1 O. #{176} #{19} 1 -, 5 -, 11. (Iw/b) H1I 1 S? 9 (lw/so) H1WI )S o I. (l. Q (19/6) (153j wflo$ O (19/OIl) 11)IllOOlSDj 1)5 Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
6 WOLF PINALTOMY AND SPRIOR-RIAL-GANGLIONTOMY 19 dtes of ovultion of pubertl PNX nd 1 of SGX femle wolves were within the rnge of those of I-J ) w (Li ) SONDIJFMAM MONTH SONDIJFMA FIG. 3. Serum concentrtions of estrdiol nd progesterone of superior-ceruicl gnglionectomied (SGX) nd representtive control femle wolves during one breeding seson. The SGX mle surgiclly ltered post-puberty ws followed for two sesons, during which time profiles of serum testosterone nd LH (Fig. ) nd chnges in the index of testis sie were similr to those of unoperted mles. Dt for SGX femles were vilble only through their pubertl yer, due to subsequent ssignment to nother experiment. Pinelectomy Plus Anosmi Olfctory-trct trnsection nd the resulting nosmi (see As et l., 1986, for procedures confirming successful bltion nd nosmi) did not ffect the sesonl cyclicity of either the PNX or S-PNX wolves (Figs. lb,d; b,d). DISSSION Neither PNX nor SGX ffected the onset of puberty or the sesonl breeding cycles of mle or femle wolves. This lck of effect ws suprising in light of the results of comprble experiments involving other photoperiod-sensitive species (see Lincoln nd Short, 198). All surgiclly ltered wolves reched puberty t the ge typicl of the species, in their second breeding seson (Mech, 197). nlike the ccelerted enlrgement nd regression of the testes of PNX, pubertl Soy rms (Lincoln, 198), no differences were detected between either PNX or SGX pubertl mle wolves nd shm or unoperted control groups in ptterns of serum testosterone nd LH, or indices of testis sie. Similrly, unoperted femles. The time of ovultion for the other SGX femle ws within wk of the lst ovultion of the intct, post-pubertl femles. However, it is not uncommon for young femle s first ovultion to occur lter thn those of the rest of the colony (unpublished observtions). (Li NI ) -J I- ) Ll I- LI- )( Ll - The ttenution of the testosterone peks observed for PNX Mle 8 nd S-PNX Mle 81 (Fig.,c) during the breeding seson is likely due to their seprtion from other members of their pck during December 1981, when they were moved to different enclosures. During their post-pubertl breeding sesons, mle nd femle PNX wolves continued to hve regulr cycles, in phse with the shm nd unoperted groups. In contrst, fter pinelectomy, ferrets were found to cycle synchronously with respect to ech other nd controls (Herbert et!., 1978). Although dt were collected from SGX femles for only one 3 I ONTROL d 8 ONTROL d85 I YAR FIG.. Sesonl chnges in the index of testiculr sie for superiorcervicl-gnglionectomied (SGX) nd control mles during three breeding sesons. (Lower vlues for Mle 85 re bsed on his single, descended testis.) Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
7 ASA T AL. cycle, the SGX mle wolf hd two sesons of norml testosterone, LH, nd testiculr cycles, which were synchronous with control mles. Olfctory-trct trnsection in two of the PNX wolves lso filed to lter their sesonl rhythms, demonstrting tht pheromonl cues were not mediting their reproductive synchrony. The results of the present series of experiments do not conform to the currently ccepted model, which predicts tht pinelectomy should lter the response of the neuroendocrine-gondl xis to photoperiod (Turek et l., 198). In ssessing the filure of pinelpthwy disruption to lter the sexul cycle of the wolf, we must consider in wht wys the wolf s cycle fits other spects of the model. First, it does seem tht wolves, nd likely other cnids, re photoperiodsensitive: 1) the wolf nd other cnids re sesonl breeders (wer, 1973), ) equtoril trnsloction of cnids for which there re dt results in reversl of breeding seson by 6 mo (unninghm, 195; wer, 1973), nd (3) the estrous periods of wolves occur lter t higher ltitudes (Mech, 197). vidence for ctegoriing the wolf s long- or short-dy breeder is not s cler. The pproximtely one-week estrus occurs during mid- to lte winter (depending on ltitude) when dys re lengthening, but t slower rte thn in the spring when the typicl long-dy breeders, like the horse, re entering their breeding seson. Furthermore, in the wolf, estrus culmintes n unusully lengthy series of events. strdiol levels begin to increse in the fll, but typiclly do not rech the threshold required for stimultion of proestrous bleeding until sometime fter the winter solstice (Sel et!., 1979; unpublished observtions). Similrly, mle testosterone nd LH levels begin their increse during utumn nd rech pek levels t bout the time of estrus (unpublished observtions). Thus, lthough estrus occurs during lenthening dys, the erly phses of sexul recrudescence occur when dys re becoming shorter. It is not known which of these photoperiodic phses is more importnt or dominnt, or if both ply eqully significnt roles in the yerly cycle. In discussing the effect of pinelectomy on photoperiod-sensitive species, Turek et l. (198) suggest tht dequte investigtion of pprent exceptions would eventully revel the predicted ltertion of neuroendocrine or gondl events. Further studies of this phenomenon in wolves or other cnids my indeed disclose such effects. However, preliminry experiment in which extended dylength (16L:8D) ws instituted on 16 November for the SGX femles nd 1 mle, plus 1 PNX mle, resulted in ovultion nd birth of pups 1 mo erlier thn for other colony nimls (unpublished observtions). These results not only confirm the bility of the wolf to respond to chnge in dylength, but lso indicte tht the pinel nd superior-cervicl gngli re not necessry for tht response. The filure of PNX nd SGX to disrupt the sesonl breeding cycles of the wolf does not preclude the involvement of meltonin in this phenomenon. In other species, meltonin hs been found in the retin nd Hrderin glnd, s well s in the pinel (Png et l., 1977), condition which my lso exist in the wolf. An bsence of meltonin, pprently the result of inbreeding in certin strins of mice (bihr et l., 1986), cnnot explin our results for the wolf. First, our colony hs been estblished nd crefully mintined s outbred, with originl founders from wolf popultions in Alsk, nd, nd Minnesot. Second, ssy of serum from unoperted wolves confirmed the presence of meltonin, lthough results were equivocl in regrd to diurnl rhythm (unpublished observtions). Studies re currently underwy to clrify ny role of meltonin in sesonl reproduction in the wolf. However, the uncertinty of meltonin influence does not chnge the fct tht PNX nd SGX did not lter the reproductive cycles in this photoperiod-sensitive species. AKNOWLDGMNTS The uthors wish to thnk N. Mnning, M. K. Twite, G.. Schmol- Icr, nd J. H. hmplin for hormone ssy nd computer dt entry, numerous technicins nd student volunteers for smple collection, Mrshfield Medicl Reserch Foundtion for finncil support, nd L. Knutsen nd R. Johnson, Minnesot Deprtment of Nturl Resources, for logisticl support of the wolf colony. RFRNS As S, Mech LD, Sel S, Plotk D, The effect of nosmi on reproduction in mle nd femle wolves (nis lupus). Behv Neurl Biol 6:7-8 unninghm DJ, 195. pe hunting dogs (Lycon pictus) in the grdens of the Royl Zoologicl Society of Irelnd. Proc R Soc dinb 5:83-8 bihr S, Mrks T, Hudson DJ, Menker M, Genetic control of meltonin synthesis in the pinel glnds of the mouse. Science 31: wer RF, The rnivores. Ithc, New York: ornell niversity Press Herbert J, Stcey PM, Thorpe DH, Recurrent breeding sesons in pinelectomied or optic-nerve-sectioned ferrets. J ndocrinol 78: Kurtin B, The Age of Mmmls. New York: olumbi niversity Press Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
8 WOLF PINALTOMY AND SPRIOR-RIAL-GANGLIONTOMY 1 Letellier MA, Plotk D, Sel S, erme, Og JJ, A technique for pinelectomy in deer with notes on neurontomy. Am J et Res 39:1617- Lincoln GA, Short R, 198. Sesonl breeding: nture s contrceptive. Recent Prog Horm Res 36:1-5 McMillin JM, Sel S, Keenlyne KD, rickson AW, Jones J, 197. Annul testosterone rhythm in the dult white-tiled deer (Odocoileus virgininus borelis). ndocrinology 9:13- Mech D, 197. The Wolf: The cology nd Behvior of n ndngered Species. Grden ity, New York: Nturl History Press Png SF, Brown GM, Grot, hmbers JW, Rodmn RL, Determintion of N-cetylserotonin nd meltonin ctivities in the pinel glnd, retin, Hrderin glnd, brin nd serum of rts nd chickens. Neuroendocrinology 3:1-13 Peterson K, Letellier MA, Prsons JA, Plotk D, Mech LD, Sel S, Olfctory pedunculotomy-induced nosmi in the wolf (nislupus). Phys Behv 7:53-6 Reiter RJ, Hester RJ, Interreltionships of the pinel glnd, the superior cervicl gngli nd the photoperiod in the regultion of the endocrine systems of hmsters. ndocrinology 7: Sel S, Plotk D, Pckrd JM, Mech LD, ndocrine correltes of reproduction in the wolf. I. Serum progesterone, estrdiol nd LH during the estrous cycle. Biol Reprod 1: Stins HJ, Distribution nd txonomy of the nide. In: Fox MW (ed), The Wild nids, Their Systemtics, Behviorl cology nd volution. New York: n Nostrnd Reinhold, pp. 3-6 Turek FW, mpbell S, Photoperiodic regultion of neuroendocrine-gondl ctivity. Biol Reprod :3-5 Turek FW, Swnn J, rnest DJ, 198. Role of the circdin system in reproductive phenomen. Recent Prog Horm Res :13-83 Downloded from on 13 Februry 18
Treatment Spring Late Summer Fall 0.10 5.56 3.85 0.61 6.97 3.01 1.91 3.01 2.13 2.99 5.33 2.50 1.06 3.53 6.10 Mean = 1.33 Mean = 4.88 Mean = 3.
The nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) Although the t-test is one of the most commonly used sttisticl hypothesis tests, it hs limittions. The mjor limittion is tht the t-test cn be used to compre the mens of only
More informationGraphs on Logarithmic and Semilogarithmic Paper
0CH_PHClter_TMSETE_ 3//00 :3 PM Pge Grphs on Logrithmic nd Semilogrithmic Pper OBJECTIVES When ou hve completed this chpter, ou should be ble to: Mke grphs on logrithmic nd semilogrithmic pper. Grph empiricl
More informationDlNBVRGH + Sickness Absence Monitoring Report. Executive of the Council. Purpose of report
DlNBVRGH + + THE CITY OF EDINBURGH COUNCIL Sickness Absence Monitoring Report Executive of the Council 8fh My 4 I.I...3 Purpose of report This report quntifies the mount of working time lost s result of
More informationExperiment 6: Friction
Experiment 6: Friction In previous lbs we studied Newton s lws in n idel setting, tht is, one where friction nd ir resistnce were ignored. However, from our everydy experience with motion, we know tht
More informationHelicopter Theme and Variations
Helicopter Theme nd Vritions Or, Some Experimentl Designs Employing Pper Helicopters Some possible explntory vribles re: Who drops the helicopter The length of the rotor bldes The height from which the
More informationBasic Analysis of Autarky and Free Trade Models
Bsic Anlysis of Autrky nd Free Trde Models AUTARKY Autrky condition in prticulr commodity mrket refers to sitution in which country does not engge in ny trde in tht commodity with other countries. Consequently
More informationWhy is the NSW prison population falling?
NSW Bureu of Crime Sttistics nd Reserch Bureu Brief Issue pper no. 80 September 2012 Why is the NSW prison popultion flling? Jcqueline Fitzgerld & Simon Corben 1 Aim: After stedily incresing for more thn
More informationNetwork Configuration Independence Mechanism
3GPP TSG SA WG3 Security S3#19 S3-010323 3-6 July, 2001 Newbury, UK Source: Title: Document for: AT&T Wireless Network Configurtion Independence Mechnism Approvl 1 Introduction During the lst S3 meeting
More informationOperations with Polynomials
38 Chpter P Prerequisites P.4 Opertions with Polynomils Wht you should lern: Write polynomils in stndrd form nd identify the leding coefficients nd degrees of polynomils Add nd subtrct polynomils Multiply
More informationHealth insurance exchanges What to expect in 2014
Helth insurnce exchnges Wht to expect in 2014 33096CAEENABC 02/13 The bsics of exchnges As prt of the Affordble Cre Act (ACA or helth cre reform lw), strting in 2014 ALL Americns must hve minimum mount
More informationSmall Businesses Decisions to Offer Health Insurance to Employees
Smll Businesses Decisions to Offer Helth Insurnce to Employees Ctherine McLughlin nd Adm Swinurn, June 2014 Employer-sponsored helth insurnce (ESI) is the dominnt source of coverge for nonelderly dults
More informationSmall Business Networking
Why network is n essentil productivity tool for ny smll business Effective technology is essentil for smll businesses looking to increse the productivity of their people nd business. Introducing technology
More informationSmall Business Networking
Why network is n essentil productivity tool for ny smll business Effective technology is essentil for smll businesses looking to increse the productivity of their people nd processes. Introducing technology
More informationHow To Set Up A Network For Your Business
Why Network is n Essentil Productivity Tool for Any Smll Business TechAdvisory.org SME Reports sponsored by Effective technology is essentil for smll businesses looking to increse their productivity. Computer
More informationSmall Business Networking
Why network is n essentil productivity tool for ny smll business Effective technology is essentil for smll businesses looking to increse the productivity of their people nd business. Introducing technology
More informationReversing Medications That Cause Bleeding
Reversing Medictions Tht Cuse Bleeding Dine M. Birnbumer, M.D., FACEP Professor of Medicine University of Cliforni, Los Angeles Senior Fculty Deprtment of Emergency Medicine Hrbor-UCLA Medicl Center The
More informationSmall Business Networking
Why network is n essentil productivity tool for ny smll business Effective technology is essentil for smll businesses looking to increse the productivity of their people nd processes. Introducing technology
More informationHealth insurance marketplace What to expect in 2014
Helth insurnce mrketplce Wht to expect in 2014 33096VAEENBVA 06/13 The bsics of the mrketplce As prt of the Affordble Cre Act (ACA or helth cre reform lw), strting in 2014 ALL Americns must hve minimum
More informationEcon 4721 Money and Banking Problem Set 2 Answer Key
Econ 472 Money nd Bnking Problem Set 2 Answer Key Problem (35 points) Consider n overlpping genertions model in which consumers live for two periods. The number of people born in ech genertion grows in
More informationHow To Study The Effects Of Music Composition On Children
C-crcs Cognitive - Counselling Reserch & Conference Services (eissn: 2301-2358) Volume I Effects of Music Composition Intervention on Elementry School Children b M. Hogenes, B. Vn Oers, R. F. W. Diekstr,
More informationUse Geometry Expressions to create a more complex locus of points. Find evidence for equivalence using Geometry Expressions.
Lerning Objectives Loci nd Conics Lesson 3: The Ellipse Level: Preclculus Time required: 120 minutes In this lesson, students will generlize their knowledge of the circle to the ellipse. The prmetric nd
More informationOr more simply put, when adding or subtracting quantities, their uncertainties add.
Propgtion of Uncertint through Mthemticl Opertions Since the untit of interest in n eperiment is rrel otined mesuring tht untit directl, we must understnd how error propgtes when mthemticl opertions re
More informationHow To Network A Smll Business
Why network is n essentil productivity tool for ny smll business Effective technology is essentil for smll businesses looking to increse the productivity of their people nd processes. Introducing technology
More informationUnit 29: Inference for Two-Way Tables
Unit 29: Inference for Two-Wy Tbles Prerequisites Unit 13, Two-Wy Tbles is prerequisite for this unit. In ddition, students need some bckground in significnce tests, which ws introduced in Unit 25. Additionl
More informationThe LENA TM Language Environment Analysis System:
FOUNDATION The LENA TM Lnguge Environment Anlysis System: Audio Specifictions of the DLP-0121 Michel Ford, Chrles T. Ber, Dongxin Xu, Umit Ypnel, Shrmi Gry LENA Foundtion, Boulder, CO LTR-03-2 September
More informationRate and Activation Energy of the Iodination of Acetone
nd Activtion Energ of the Iodintion of Acetone rl N. eer Dte of Eperiment: //00 Florence F. Ls (prtner) Abstrct: The rte, rte lw nd ctivtion energ of the iodintion of cetone re detered b observing the
More informationLump-Sum Distributions at Job Change, p. 2
Jnury 2009 Vol. 30, No. 1 Lump-Sum Distributions t Job Chnge, p. 2 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y Lump-Sum Distributions t Job Chnge GROWING NUMBER OF WORKERS FACED WITH ASSET DECISIONS AT JOB CHANGE:
More information2. Transaction Cost Economics
3 2. Trnsction Cost Economics Trnsctions Trnsctions Cn Cn Be Be Internl Internl or or Externl Externl n n Orgniztion Orgniztion Trnsctions Trnsctions occur occur whenever whenever good good or or service
More information9 CONTINUOUS DISTRIBUTIONS
9 CONTINUOUS DISTIBUTIONS A rndom vrible whose vlue my fll nywhere in rnge of vlues is continuous rndom vrible nd will be ssocited with some continuous distribution. Continuous distributions re to discrete
More informationPolynomial Functions. Polynomial functions in one variable can be written in expanded form as ( )
Polynomil Functions Polynomil functions in one vrible cn be written in expnded form s n n 1 n 2 2 f x = x + x + x + + x + x+ n n 1 n 2 2 1 0 Exmples of polynomils in expnded form re nd 3 8 7 4 = 5 4 +
More informationHealth insurance exchanges What to expect in 2014
Helth insurnce exchnges Wht to expect in 2014 33096CAEENABC 11/12 The bsics of exchnges As prt of the Affordble Cre Act (ACA or helth cre reform lw), strting in 2014 ALL Americns must hve minimum mount
More informationLecture 3 Gaussian Probability Distribution
Lecture 3 Gussin Probbility Distribution Introduction l Gussin probbility distribution is perhps the most used distribution in ll of science. u lso clled bell shped curve or norml distribution l Unlike
More informationTHERMAL EXPANSION OF TUNGSTEN
. THERMAL EXPANSION OF TUNGSTEN S515 By Peter Hidnert nd W. T. Sweeney ABSTRACT This pper gives the results of n investigtion on the therml expnsion of tungsten (99.98 per cent) over vrious temperture
More information2 DIODE CLIPPING and CLAMPING CIRCUITS
2 DIODE CLIPPING nd CLAMPING CIRCUITS 2.1 Ojectives Understnding the operting principle of diode clipping circuit Understnding the operting principle of clmping circuit Understnding the wveform chnge of
More informationAn Undergraduate Curriculum Evaluation with the Analytic Hierarchy Process
An Undergrdute Curriculum Evlution with the Anlytic Hierrchy Process Les Frir Jessic O. Mtson Jck E. Mtson Deprtment of Industril Engineering P.O. Box 870288 University of Albm Tuscloos, AL. 35487 Abstrct
More informationCorporate Compliance vs. Enterprise-Wide Risk Management
Corporte Complince vs. Enterprise-Wide Risk Mngement Brent Sunders, Prtner (973) 236-4682 November 2002 Agend Corporte Complince Progrms? Wht is Enterprise-Wide Risk Mngement? Key Differences Why Will
More informationJaERM Software-as-a-Solution Package
JERM Softwre-s--Solution Pckge Enterprise Risk Mngement ( ERM ) Public listed compnies nd orgnistions providing finncil services re required by Monetry Authority of Singpore ( MAS ) nd/or Singpore Stock
More informationFUNDING OF GROUP LIFE INSURANCE
TRANSACTIONS OF SOCIETY OF ACTUARIES 1955 VOL. 7 NO. 18 FUNDING OF GROUP LIFE INSURANCE CHARLES L. TROWBRIDGE INTRODUCTION T RADITIONALLY the group life insurnce benefit hs been finnced on yerly renewble
More informationWarm-up for Differential Calculus
Summer Assignment Wrm-up for Differentil Clculus Who should complete this pcket? Students who hve completed Functions or Honors Functions nd will be tking Differentil Clculus in the fll of 015. Due Dte:
More informationDistributions. (corresponding to the cumulative distribution function for the discrete case).
Distributions Recll tht n integrble function f : R [,] such tht R f()d = is clled probbility density function (pdf). The distribution function for the pdf is given by F() = (corresponding to the cumultive
More informationHumana Critical Illness/Cancer
Humn Criticl Illness/Cncer Criticl illness/cncer voluntry coverges py benefits however you wnt With our criticl illness nd cncer plns, you'll receive benefit fter serious illness or condition such s hert
More informationHealth Information Systems: evaluation and performance of a Help Desk
536 Digitl Helthcre Empowering Europens R. Cornet et l. (Eds.) 2015 Europen Federtion for Medicl Informtics (EFMI). This rticle is published online with Open Access by IOS Press nd distributed under the
More informationVendor Rating for Service Desk Selection
Vendor Presented By DATE Using the scores of 0, 1, 2, or 3, plese rte the vendor's presenttion on how well they demonstrted the functionl requirements in the res below. Also consider how efficient nd functionl
More informationCOMPARISON OF SOME METHODS TO FIT A MULTIPLICATIVE TARIFF STRUCTURE TO OBSERVED RISK DATA BY B. AJNE. Skandza, Stockholm ABSTRACT
COMPARISON OF SOME METHODS TO FIT A MULTIPLICATIVE TARIFF STRUCTURE TO OBSERVED RISK DATA BY B. AJNE Skndz, Stockholm ABSTRACT Three methods for fitting multiplictive models to observed, cross-clssified
More informationCOMPONENTS: COMBINED LOADING
LECTURE COMPONENTS: COMBINED LOADING Third Edition A. J. Clrk School of Engineering Deprtment of Civil nd Environmentl Engineering 24 Chpter 8.4 by Dr. Ibrhim A. Asskkf SPRING 2003 ENES 220 Mechnics of
More information** Dpt. Chemical Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Modelling nd Simultion of hemicl Processes in Multi Pulse TP Experiment P. Phnwdee* S.O. Shekhtmn +. Jrungmnorom** J.T. Gleves ++ * Dpt. hemicl Engineering, Ksetsrt University, Bngkok 10900, Thilnd + Dpt.hemicl
More informationS ilman et al (1984) demonstrated that an
J Am Acd Audiol 6 : 141-149 (1995) Long-Term Recovery nd No Recovery from the Auditory Deprivtion Effect with Binurl Amplifiction : Six Cses Stnley A. Gelfnd* Abstrct Six subjects who developed individully
More informationClearPeaks Customer Care Guide. Business as Usual (BaU) Services Peace of mind for your BI Investment
ClerPeks Customer Cre Guide Business s Usul (BU) Services Pece of mind for your BI Investment ClerPeks Customer Cre Business s Usul Services Tble of Contents 1. Overview...3 Benefits of Choosing ClerPeks
More informationThe Velocity Factor of an Insulated Two-Wire Transmission Line
The Velocity Fctor of n Insulted Two-Wire Trnsmission Line Problem Kirk T. McDonld Joseph Henry Lbortories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Mrch 7, 008 Estimte the velocity fctor F = v/c nd the
More informationSPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORIZATION
MODULE - Specil Products nd Fctoriztion 4 SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORIZATION In n erlier lesson you hve lernt multipliction of lgebric epressions, prticulrly polynomils. In the study of lgebr, we come
More informationAccording to Webster s, the
dt modeling Universl Dt Models nd P tterns By Len Silversn According Webster s, term universl cn be defined s generlly pplicble s well s pplying whole. There re some very common ptterns tht cn be generlly
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationQuick Reference Guide: One-time Account Update
Quick Reference Guide: One-time Account Updte How to complete The Quick Reference Guide shows wht existing SingPss users need to do when logging in to the enhnced SingPss service for the first time. 1)
More informationPhysics 43 Homework Set 9 Chapter 40 Key
Physics 43 Homework Set 9 Chpter 4 Key. The wve function for n electron tht is confined to x nm is. Find the normliztion constnt. b. Wht is the probbility of finding the electron in. nm-wide region t x
More informationI calculate the unemployment rate as (In Labor Force Employed)/In Labor Force
Introduction to the Prctice of Sttistics Fifth Edition Moore, McCbe Section 4.5 Homework Answers to 98, 99, 100,102, 103,105, 107, 109,110, 111, 112, 113 Working. In the lnguge of government sttistics,
More informationSmall Business Cloud Services
Smll Business Cloud Services Summry. We re thick in the midst of historic se-chnge in computing. Like the emergence of personl computers, grphicl user interfces, nd mobile devices, the cloud is lredy profoundly
More informationModule 2. Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures by the Matrix Force Method. Version 2 CE IIT, Kharagpur
Module Anlysis of Stticlly Indeterminte Structures by the Mtrix Force Method Version CE IIT, Khrgpur esson 9 The Force Method of Anlysis: Bems (Continued) Version CE IIT, Khrgpur Instructionl Objectives
More informationActive & Retiree Plan: Trustees of the Milwaukee Roofers Health Fund Coverage Period: 06/01/2015-05/31/2016 Summary of Benefits and Coverage:
Summry of Benefits nd Coverge: Wht this Pln Covers & Wht it Costs Coverge for: Single & Fmily Pln Type: NPOS This is only summry. If you wnt more detil bout your coverge nd costs, you cn get the complete
More informationHow To Reduce Telecommunictions Costs
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationHow To Get Low Wage Workers Covered By Insurance Through Their Employer
Stephen H. Long M. Susn Mrquis Low-Wge Workers nd Helth Insurnce Coverge: Cn Policymkers Trget Them through Their Employers? Mny policy inititives to increse helth insurnce coverge would subsidize employers
More informationLINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS AND THEIR REPRESENTING MATRICES
LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS AND THEIR REPRESENTING MATRICES DAVID WEBB CONTENTS Liner trnsformtions 2 The representing mtrix of liner trnsformtion 3 3 An ppliction: reflections in the plne 6 4 The lgebr of
More informationSection 7-4 Translation of Axes
62 7 ADDITIONAL TOPICS IN ANALYTIC GEOMETRY Section 7-4 Trnsltion of Aes Trnsltion of Aes Stndrd Equtions of Trnslted Conics Grphing Equtions of the Form A 2 C 2 D E F 0 Finding Equtions of Conics In the
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
VoIP for the Smll Business Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become
More informationHow To Know What A Pressure Ulcer Is
Pressure Ulcers ecourse: Module 2 Quiz I 1. Blck, brown or tn tissue tht dheres firmly to the wound bed or ulcer edges nd my be either firmer or softer thn surrounding tissue is:. Eschr b. Slough c. Grnultion
More informationA COMPARISON OF ALCOHOL SCREENING INSTRUMENTS AMONG UNDER-AGED DRINKERS TREATED IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS
Alcohol & Alcoholism Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 444 450, 2002 A COMPARISON OF ALCOHOL SCREENING INSTRUMENTS AMONG UNDER-AGED DRINKERS TREATED IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENTS THOMAS M. KELLY 1 *, JOHN E. DONOVAN 1, JANET
More informationBasic Ultrasound Views
Bsic Ultrsound Views 2 Kenneth D. Horton K.D. Horton Echo/Vsculr Lortory, Intermountin Medicl Center, Murry, UT, USA e-mil: kd.horton@comcst.net T.P. Arhm (ed.), Cse Bsed Echocrdiogrphy, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-151-6_2,
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationPHY 222 Lab 8 MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
PHY 222 Lb 8 MOTION OF ELECTRONS IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS Nme: Prtners: INTRODUCTION Before coming to lb, plese red this pcket nd do the prelb on pge 13 of this hndout. From previous experiments,
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) offers low cost lterntive to expensive trditionl phone services nd is rpidly becoming the communictions system of choice for smll
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationUnderstanding Life Cycle Costs How a Northern Pump Saves You Money
Understnding Life Cycle Costs How Nrn Pump Sves You Money Reference: Hydrulic Institute (www.s.g) Introduction Wht Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Clculting Totl LCC LCC Components Wht Life Cycle Cost Life Cycle
More informationTreating Prostate Cancer
CHAPTER 4 Treting Prostte Cncer here is controversy bout the optiml tretment for cliniclly loclized prostte cncer (i.e., cncer tht ppers not to hve spred beyond the prostte bsed on informtion vilble without
More informationpersons withdrawing from addiction is given by summarizing over individuals with different ages and numbers of years of addiction remaining:
COST- BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF NARCOTIC ADDICTION TREATMENT PROGRAMS with Specil Reference to Age Irving Leveson,l New York City Plnning Commission Introduction Efforts to del with consequences of poverty,
More informationAlgebra Review. How well do you remember your algebra?
Algebr Review How well do you remember your lgebr? 1 The Order of Opertions Wht do we men when we write + 4? If we multiply we get 6 nd dding 4 gives 10. But, if we dd + 4 = 7 first, then multiply by then
More informationAll pay auctions with certain and uncertain prizes a comment
CENTER FOR RESEARC IN ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT CREAM Publiction No. 1-2015 All py uctions with certin nd uncertin prizes comment Christin Riis All py uctions with certin nd uncertin prizes comment Christin
More informationEconomics Letters 65 (1999) 9 15. macroeconomists. a b, Ruth A. Judson, Ann L. Owen. Received 11 December 1998; accepted 12 May 1999
Economics Letters 65 (1999) 9 15 Estimting dynmic pnel dt models: guide for q mcroeconomists b, * Ruth A. Judson, Ann L. Owen Federl Reserve Bord of Governors, 0th & C Sts., N.W. Wshington, D.C. 0551,
More informationFDIC Study of Bank Overdraft Programs
FDIC Study of Bnk Overdrft Progrms Federl Deposit Insurnce Corportion November 2008 Executive Summry In 2006, the Federl Deposit Insurnce Corportion (FDIC) initited two-prt study to gther empiricl dt on
More information2013 Flax Weed Control Trial
2013 Flx Weed Control Tril Dr. Hether Drby, UVM Extension Agronomist Susn Monhn, Conner Burke, Eric Cummings, nd Hnnh Hrwood UVM Extension Crops nd Soils Technicins 802-524-6501 Visit us on the web: http://www.uvm.edu/extension/cropsoil
More informationPROBLEMS 13 - APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES Page 1
PROBLEMS - APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES Pge ( ) Wter seeps out of conicl filter t the constnt rte of 5 cc / sec. When the height of wter level in the cone is 5 cm, find the rte t which the height decreses.
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
VoIP for the Smll Business Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become
More informationHow To Get A Free Phone Line From A Cell Phone To A Landline For A Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationAAPT UNITED STATES PHYSICS TEAM AIP 2010
2010 F = m Exm 1 AAPT UNITED STATES PHYSICS TEAM AIP 2010 Enti non multiplicnd sunt preter necessittem 2010 F = m Contest 25 QUESTIONS - 75 MINUTES INSTRUCTIONS DO NOT OPEN THIS TEST UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD
More informationUtilization of Smoking Cessation Benefits in Medicaid Managed Care, 2009-2013
Utiliztion of Smoking Cesstion Benefits in Medicid Mnged Cre, 2009-2013 Office of Qulity nd Ptient Sfety New York Stte Deprtment of Helth Jnury 2015 Introduction According to the New York Stte Tocco Control
More informationBayesian Updating with Continuous Priors Class 13, 18.05, Spring 2014 Jeremy Orloff and Jonathan Bloom
Byesin Updting with Continuous Priors Clss 3, 8.05, Spring 04 Jeremy Orloff nd Jonthn Bloom Lerning Gols. Understnd prmeterized fmily of distriutions s representing continuous rnge of hypotheses for the
More information274 Chapter 13. Chapter 13
74 hpter 3 hpter 3 3. () ounts will be obtined from the smples so th problem bout compring proportions. (b) h n observtionl study compring rndom smples selected from two independent popultions. 3. () cores
More informationSTATE OF MONTANA Developomental Disabilities Program Comprehensive Evaluation Hi-Line Home Programs, Inc Adult Services
Dtes of Review: FY '09 Evluttor(s): S. Crpenter DESK REVIEW: Accredittion: Acredittion is no longer required by the stte contrct. Significnt Events from the Agency: Developomentl Disbilities Progrm Comprehensive
More informationAssessing authentically in the Graduate Diploma of Education
Assessing uthenticlly in the Grdute Diplom of Eduction Dr Mree DinnThompson Dr Ruth Hickey Dr Michelle Lsen WIL Seminr JCU Nov 12 2009 Key ides plnning process tht embeds uthentic ssessment, workintegrted
More informationEstimating Exchange Rate Exposures:
Estimting Exchnge Rte Exposures: Issues in Model Structure * Gordon M. Bodnr ** Pul H. Nitze School of Advnced Interntionl Studies, The Johns Hopkins University 1740 Msschusetts Avenue NW Wshington, DC
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become vible solution for even the
More informationFactoring Polynomials
Fctoring Polynomils Some definitions (not necessrily ll for secondry school mthemtics): A polynomil is the sum of one or more terms, in which ech term consists of product of constnt nd one or more vribles
More informationThe International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. Release on the Ionization Constant of H 2 O
The Interntionl Assocition for the Properties of Wter nd Stem Lucerne, Sitzerlnd August 7 Relese on the Ioniztion Constnt of H O 7 The Interntionl Assocition for the Properties of Wter nd Stem Publiction
More informationPay over time with low monthly payments. Types of Promotional Options that may be available: *, ** See Page 10 for details
With CreCredit... Strt cre immeditely Py over time with low monthly pyments For yourself nd your fmily Types of Promotionl Options tht my be vilble: Not ll enrolled helthcre prctices offer ll specil finncing
More informationIntegration. 148 Chapter 7 Integration
48 Chpter 7 Integrtion 7 Integrtion t ech, by supposing tht during ech tenth of second the object is going t constnt speed Since the object initilly hs speed, we gin suppose it mintins this speed, but
More information2015 EDITION. AVMA Report on Veterinary Compensation
2015 EDITION AVMA Report on Veterinry Compenstion AVMA Report on Veterinry Compenstion 2015 EDITION Copyright 2015 by the All rights reserved. ISBN-13: 978-1-882691-31-9 AVMA Report on Veterinry Compenstion
More informationMath 135 Circles and Completing the Square Examples
Mth 135 Circles nd Completing the Squre Exmples A perfect squre is number such tht = b 2 for some rel number b. Some exmples of perfect squres re 4 = 2 2, 16 = 4 2, 169 = 13 2. We wish to hve method for
More informationc. Values in statements are broken down by fiscal years; many projects are
Lecture 18: Finncil Mngement (Continued)/Csh Flow CEE 498 Construction Project Mngement L Schedules A. Schedule.of Contrcts Completed See Attchment # 1 ll. 1. Revenues Erned 2. Cost of Revenues 3. Gross
More information1.00/1.001 Introduction to Computers and Engineering Problem Solving Fall 2011 - Final Exam
1./1.1 Introduction to Computers nd Engineering Problem Solving Fll 211 - Finl Exm Nme: MIT Emil: TA: Section: You hve 3 hours to complete this exm. In ll questions, you should ssume tht ll necessry pckges
More informationCOVER CROP VARIETY AND SEEDING RATE EFFECTS ON WINTER WEED SEED PRODUCTION
COVER CROP VARIETY AND SEEDING RATE EFFECTS ON WINTER WEED SEED PRODUCTION Nthn S. Boyd nd Eric B. Brennn, USDA-ARS, Orgnic Reserch Progrm, 1636 E. Alisl Street, Slins, CA 93905 Astrct Weed mngement is
More informationVoIP for the Small Business
VoIP for the Smll Business Reducing your telecommunictions costs Reserch firm IDC 1 hs estimted tht VoIP system cn reduce telephony-relted expenses by 30%. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) hs become
More information