Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey

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1 Available online at Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) The 2 nd International Geography Symposium GEOMED2010 Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey Ernaz Altundag a *, Munir Ozturk b a Departrment of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey b Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey Abstract A total of 444 naturally distributed taxa belonging to 62 families are used in the traditional medicine in the East Anatolian region of Turkey. These mainly belong to the families like Asteraceae (93 taxa), Lamiaceae (52 taxa), Rosaceae (30 taxa), Fabacaee (27 taxa), Boraginaceae (20 taxa), Apiaceae (17 taxa), Brassicaceae (16 taxa), Ranunculaceae (16 taxa), Malvaceae (12 taxa), Liliaceae (11 taxa), Polygonaceae (10 taxa), Euphorbiaceae (8 taxa), Scrophulariaceae (7 taxa), Solanaceae (6 taxa), Plantaginaceae (5 taxa), Crassulaceae (5 taxa) and Chenopodiaceae (5 taxa). The dominating genera are Achillea (11 taxa), Centaurea (11 taxa), Scorzonera (9 taxa), Alcea (8 taxa), Euphorbia (8 taxa), Salvia (8 taxa), Anthemis (7 taxa), Taraxacum (7 taxa), Tragopogon (7 taxa), Allium (7 taxa), Artemisia (6 taxa), Crataegus (6 taxa), Ranunculus (6 taxa), Rubus (6 taxa), Rumex (6 taxa), Thymus (6 taxa), Anchusa (5 taxa), Plantago (5 taxa), Rosa (5 taxa), Stachys (5 taxa), Tanacetum (5 taxa) and Verbascum (5 taxa). Although this region shows the highest ratio of endemism (25 %) in Turkey, this ratio for medicinal plants lies around 8 percent. Out of 444 taxa evaluated medicinally 82 were observed to be poisonous. Local people in the region generally use herbal remedies for the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders, respiratory system disorders, rheumatic pain, kidney stones, hemorrhoids and skin troubles such as cut, wounds, burns, and abscess. In this paper an attempt has been made to present the information on the medicinal plants of the region for its availability to the researchers in different fields related to herbal drugs Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Selection Selection and/or and/or peer-review peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of The of Recep 2nd International Efe and Geography Symposium-Mediterranean Environment Munir Ozturk Keywords: East Anatolia; Turkey; herbals; ethnobotany; treatments 1. Introduction Plants produce an array of chemicals that are known as secondary metabolites. Many secondary metabolites have been utilized by human beings for various purposes, specially for making medicines and as healing agents by people of Homeopathy, Allopathy, Unani - Ayurvedic medicine producers and * Corresponding author. Tel.: E mail address: ernazaltundag@gmail.com Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The 2nd International Geography Symposium- Mediterranean Environment doi: /j.sbspro

2 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) practitioners [1]. As a result of different cultures and customs we come across a great accumulation of knowledge of traditional medicine in Anatolia (Asian part of Turkey) as well [2, 3, 4, 5]. Many ancient civilizations have flourished in the country and domestication of many food and medicinal plants started from this area. First record is the monumental volumes of Materia Medica written in 78 A.D. by Dioscorides (1st century A.D.) from Anazarba or Asia minor; the Mediterranean part of Turkey. It included 950 drugs out of which 600 were of plant origin [2]. He used the healing properties of different plants from Anatolia thus establishing it as a science. A recent survey of traditional and folk medicine in Turkey has revealed that most of these plants are still in use by the local inhabitants [5,6,7]. Therefore, Materia Medica may be assumed to be the oldest comprehensive document on Anatolian folk medicine. This knowledge is surviving until now and an array of herb shops are found in the markets of the modern cities. Ethnobotaical surveys undertaken by us during and data published by other authors has revealed that a large number of medicinal plants are found in the states of A r, Ardahan, Bingöl, Bitlis, Elaz, Erzincan, Erzurum, Hakkari, I d r, Kars, Malatya, Mu, Tunceli and Van (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Map showing different regions of Turkey (left) and provinces of East Anatolia (right). All these states constitute East Anatolian part of Turkey. The geographical remoteness from medical facilities and the difficulty in transportation during the long, cold winters appear to be the main reasons for widespread use of medicinal palnts in the region. On the whole this area has a great potential for naturally occurring medicinal plants. In this study an attempt is made to enlighten the latest information on the medicinally used wild plants from East Anatolia. 2. Study Area East Anatolia occupies an area of over km², which is more than 20 percent of the total area of Turkey. It is the largest of seven geographical divisions of Turkey with 14 provinces, bordering Iraq, Iran, Nakhichevan, Armenia, and Georgia; included in the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region, covered with deciduous-mixed forests and deciduous tree steppes. The region is regarded as one of the most important areas of plant biodiversity in Turkey, with over 3,000 vascular plant taxa distributed in the area out of which nearly 800 are endemics [7]. Most important biodiversity centres in the region are Munzur and Anti Taurus Mountains, Elbistan-Darende, Kemaliye, Kesis Mountain, and Harput and Hazar Lake. East Anatolia is divided by a very characteristic line of floral demarcation named as Anatolian Diagonal, starting from Gumushane, which after crossing inner Anatolia reaches Kahramanmaras and then bifurcates into two towards Adana and Iskendurun (Fig. 2). The distribution range of nearly 400 plant taxa is confined to this diagonal including the monotypic genera Neotchihatchewia (N. isatidea) and Graellsia davisiana. Many taxa occur either only to the west or to the east of the diagonal [8, 9]. The area is the most uneven region, characterized by high plateaus and rugged landscape. The highest mountains are the famous Ararat ( 5165 m), Cilo (4135 m) and Suphan (4058 m). A large part of the forest cover has been destroyed by long lasting human interventions all through the history and steppe vegetation has changed a lot except for the The Munzur Valley National Park which covers more than 45,000 ha and is an important centre of endemism in Turkey.

3 758 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) The climate is continental type characterised by long severe winters and dry summers.the annual average temperatures are -3,4 C in winter and 22.0 C in summer [10]. Precipitation in the form of snow is a common feature. 3. Material and Methods Fig.2. Location of Anatolian diagonal in Turkey (after Davis, 1971). The material for the information on medicinal plants of East Anatolian Region was collected from earlier published data [6,7,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. Ethnobotanical data forms were prepared for different provinces like; A r, Bingöl, Bitlis, Elaz, Erzincan, Erzurum, I d r, Kars, Malatya, Tunceli and Van. These were filled by interviewers as follows; 3.1. Etnobotanical Data Form Date: ---- Research area (District/Village):---- Informants name:---- Age: ---- Addresses/Telephone number: Local name of plant: Part of plant: Usage purpose of plant: Dosage: How to use it (powder, pulp, tea, etc.) ---- Internal External 6. Usage period of plant: Side effect of plant : Results and Discussion The plants collected and evaluated by us and other workers are presented in Table 1, together with family name, followed by local name, parts used, medicinal uses, methods of preparation and administration. In all 444 plant taxa belonging to 62 families were found to be used in the traditional medical care, 8 percent were endemics, 82 taxa were observed to be poisonous [20]. During this survey the medicinal use of 49 taxa is reported for the first time in Turkey [7]. Table 1: Plants used in the folk medicine in East Anatolian part of Turkey. Species & Family Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach (Pinaceae) Achillea aleppica DC. Achillea biebersteinii Afan. Local names Parts used/ Preparation/ Ailments treated administration Köknar Tar/Vulnerary Direct application/external Civanperçemi Herb/Diuretic, carminative, emmenagogue Ormaderen Capitulum/Diuretic, asthma, cardiotonic, stomachic, carminative, orexigenic, tonic,

4 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Achillea cappadocica Hausskn. & Buyucan Bornm. Achillea coarctata Poir. Civanperçemi Achillea millefolium L. subsp. millefolium Civanperçemi Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica Achillea schischkinii Sosn. Achillea setacea Waldst. & Kit. Achillea tenuifolia Lam. Achillea vermicularis Trin. Achillea wilhelmsii C.Koch Adianthum capillus-veneris L. (Adiantaceae) Agrimonia eupatoria L. Agrostemma githago L. (Caryophyllaceae) Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber subsp. chia (Schreber) Arcangeli var. chia Alcea apterocarpa (Fenzl) Boiss. Alcea calvertii (Boiss.) Boiss. Alcea dissecta (Baker) Zoh. Alcea excubita Iljin Alcea fasciculiflora Zohary Alcea flavovirens Iljin Alcea setosa Alef. Alcea striata (DC.) Alef. subsp. rufescens (Boiss.) Cullen Alchemilla pseudocartalinica Juz. Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv. Alkanna megacarpa DC. Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. var. orientalis colds, nephralgia, gynecologic diseaes, women' sterility, emmenagogue, jaundice, expectorant Herb/Abscess, vulnerary, astringent, edema, erythema on skin Leaf/Astringent, edema, emmenagogue, stomachic Decoction, Infusion/Interna Herb/Diuretic, carminative, menstrual disorders Capitulum/Diuretic, carminative, menstrual disorders, stomachic, urinary antiseptic, antitussive, tonic, abdominal pain, colds Herb/Vulnerary, astringent Buyucan Capitulum/Antitussive K l çotu Capitulum/Carminative Powdered/Internal rtkesan Herb/Emmenagogue, stomachic Infusion, Decoction/Interna Çoban kirpi i Leaf/Hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, asthma, bronchitis, cough Civanperçemi Herb/Stomachic Civanperçemi Fatmasaç Capitulum/Diuretic, abdominal pain, stomachic, emmenagogues, women' sterility Herb/Antihemorrhoidal Herb, leaf/kidney stones, tonic, intestinal disorders, orexigenic Roots/Constipant, diuretic Herb/Hernia Koyunotu Karamuk Seed/Anthelmintic, diuretic, expectorant Mayas lotu Huri Hayro Herb/Tonic, antipyretic, emmenagogue, antihemorrhoidal diuretic, tonic, vulnerary Root, shoots, herb/vulnerary, antiinflammatory, skin disorders Herb/Urinary system disorders, kidney stones, pulmonary disorders intestinal disorders, stomach ailments, cough Root, herb/vulnerary, anti- inflammatory, skin disorders. Herb/Kidney stones, urinary system disorders, pulmonary disorders, stomach disorders Decoction, Infusion/Externa Gov k Leaf/For injuries, asthma Sar hatmi Leaf/Vulnerary Flower & leaf/expectorant, cold Hatmi Root/Kidney stones, abscess, scabies Heru Root/Kidney stones, abscess, scabies Hatmi Leaf/Expectorant, diuretic, emollient Gül çiçek Leaf/Anti-inflammatory Flowers/Anemia, cough Y ld zni an Leaf/Constipant, diuretic, tonic Devedi i Herb/Tonic Havaciva Root bark/vulnerary,burns Havac vaotu Root/Vulnerary Leaf, flower/laxative, intestinal disorders

5 760 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Allium akaka S. G. Gmelin (Liliaceae) Allium armenum Boiss. & Kotschy (Liliaceae) Allium atroviolaceum Boiss. (Liliaceae) Allium macrochetum Boiss. et Hausskn. subsp. tuncelianum Kollmann (Liliaceae) Allium scorodoprassum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn (Liliaceae) Allium sintenisii Freyn. (Liliaceae) Althaea cannabina L. Althaea officinalis L. Alyssum pateri Nyar subsp. pateri Amaranthus retroflexus L. (Amaranthaceae) Amygdalus communis L. Anchusa azurea Miller Anchusa leptophylla Roemer & Schultes Anchusa stricta Labill. Androsace villosa L. (Primulaceae) Anemone albana Stev. subsp. armena (Boiss.) Smirn. Anthemis altissima L. Anthemis cotula L. Anthemis nobilis L. Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. Anthemis tinctoria L. var. pallida DC. Anthemis tinctoria L. var. tinctoria Anthemis wiedemannia Fisch. & Mey. Anthriscus nemorosa (Bieb.) Sprengel Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. Aquilegia olympica Boiss. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. subsp. minus Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. subsp. pubens Arenes Dana so an Bulb/Analgesic Fresh/Internal Silim so an Leaf/Orexigenic Fresh/Internal Silim so an Leaf/Orexigenic Fresh/Internal Da sar msa Bulbil/Hypotension, cancer, anthelmintic Fresh/Internal t so an Bulb/Orexigenic, hypertension, anthelmintic, diuretic, antiseptic Seed/Goiter Fresh, dried/internal Corin Leaf/Anemia Fresh/Internal ah mehlemi Root/Calcinosis Hatmi Herb/Diuretic, kidney stones ul k Herb/Vulnerary Powdered/External Horoz ibi i Leaf/Sterility Badem Seed/Hypercholesterolemia S rdili Herb/Vulnerary Root, basal leaves/women sterility, vulnerary S rdili Herb/Vulnerary Güriz Basal leaves/vulnerary Catili Herb/Abdominal pain Fresh/Internal Da lalesi Leaf/Respiratory system disorders, headache, sinusitis, tonic, diuretic, expectorant Infusion/Vaporization Papatya Herb/Jaundice Hozan çiçe i Herb/Jaundice, dysentery, intestinal disorders, cough, stomach ache Capitulum/Hair care Sar papatya Flower/Diuretic,stomache pain Papatya Flower/Stomache pain Papatya Capitulum/Stomache pain,, cough, intestinal disorders, hair care Boyac papatyas Capitulum/Jaundice, stomachic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, colds Infusion/Gargle Capitulum/Throat ache Papatya Capitulum/Analgesic G m g m Fruit/Carminative G m g m Fruit/Carminative - Herb/Diuretic Lo lek Leaf/Sunstroke Direct application/external Devetaban Flower/Eye diseases Leaf, root/abscess, anti-inflammatory Decoction/Drops

6 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Bal.) Sosn. ex Grossh. Arctium tomentosum Miller var. glabrum Armeniaca vulgaris Lam. Arnebia densiflora (Nordm.) Ledeb. Artemisia abrotanum L. Artemisia absinthium L. Artemisia austriaca Jacq. Artemisia chamaemellifolia Vill. Artemisia spicigera C.Koch Arum detruncatum C.A.Mey. ex Schott var. detruncatum (Araceae) Arum detruncatum C.A.Mey. ex Schott var. virescens K.Alpinar & Miller (Araceae) Asphodeline tenuior (Fischer) Ledeb. subsp. tenuiflora (C.Koch) E.Tuzlac var. tenuiflora (Liliaceae) Astragalus aureus Willd. Astragalus brachycalyx Fischer Astragalus gummifer Lab. Asyneuma rigidum (Willd.) Grosh. (Campanulaceae) Ballota nigra L. subsp. nigra Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. Bellis perennis L. Berberis crataegina DC. (Berberidaceae) Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae) Berberis vulgaris L. x B. crataegina DC. (Berberidaceae) Beta corolliflora Zosimovi ex Butler (Chenopodiaceae) Betula litwinowii Doluch. (Betulaceae) Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach (Berberidaceae) Bunias orientalis L. Caltha polypetala Hochst. ex Lorent Campanula glomerata L. subsp. hispida (Witasek) Hayek (Campanulaceae) Capparis ovata Desf. var. herbacea (Willd.) Zoh. Devetaban Root/Edema, inflamed wounds Basal leaf/calsification (knee), back ache, snakebites Toptelli Leaf, root/abscess Kay s Fruit/Diuretic Fresh/Internal Havaciva Root bark/vulnerary, burns Pelin Herb/Stomachic, sedative, anthelmintic, orexigenic, antipyretic, diuretic Infuison/Internal Pelin Herb/Stomachic, sedative, anthelmintic, Decoction orexigenic, antipyretic, diuretic, digestive, headache, abdominal pain, asthma, diabetes, tonic Yav an Herb/Abdominal pain, orexigenic, digestive Decoction, Yav an Flower, herb/orexigenic, diabetes, antipyretic, diuretic Yav an Herb/Tonic, orexigenic, antipyretic, diuretic Navic Leaf/Anti-diarrhea, kidney stones, stomachic Karibel Root/Diabetes Yara otu Root/Wound healing Geven Gum/Stomach ache, sore throat Root/Jaundice Chewing Geven Shoot/Immumostimulant Pounded/Internal Gum/Cancer Geven Root/Diabetes Nujdan Latex/Vulnerary, burns Yalanc s rgan Herb/Jaundice Su teresi Leaf/Vulnerary Leaf/Diuretic Infusion/External Koyungözü Flower/Diuretic, purgative, tonic, cough Zirinç Fruit/Colds, diabetes. Root/Diarrhoea, antihemorrhoidal, Fresh/Internal diabetes Karamuk Fruit/Colds, diabetes K zambuk Root/Jaundice K z lca Root/Anti-hemorrhoidal Karaa aç Root/Menstrual pains - Herb/Urinary system disorders Galatürpenk Stem/Orexigenic Fresh/Internal Lulpar Petiol/Internal medicine Poultice/Internal - Herb/Internal medicine Fresh/abdominal pain Y lan yemi i Fruit/Anti-rheumatic

7 762 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) (Capparaceae) Capparis spinosa L. (Capparaceae) Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Cardamine uliginosa Bieb. Carum carvi L. Celtis tournefortii Lam. (Ulmaceae) Centaurea balsamita Lam. Centaurea cheiranthifolia Willd. var. cheiranthifolia Centaurea cheiranthifolia Willd. var. purpurascens (DC.) Wagenitz Centaurea depressa Bieb. Centaurea glastifolia L. Centaurea hyalolepis Boiss. Centaurea iberica Trev. Centaurea pterocaula Trautv. Centaurea saligna (C.Koch) Wagenitz Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. solstitialis Centaurea virgata Lam. Keber Fruit/Headache, anti-hemorrhoidal Çobançantas Tere, Munzur otu Herb/Kidney stones, antitussive, diuretic, diabetes Herb/Astringent Herb/Orexigenic, cardialgia, gynecological diseaes, kidney stones Pounded, Decoction/Interna Kimyon Fruit/Kidney stones Derdo an Fruit/Diarrhoea Internal K l çotu Leaf/Abscess Perpatyan, Perpatikan Leaf/Mycodermatitis Perpatyan Leaf/Mycodermatitis Göyba Herb/Cardiotonic, asthma, expectorant, orexigenic Kötangoparan Capitulum/Orexigenic Leaf/Astringent Sar diken Flower/Immunostimulant Pounded/Internal Çak rdikeni Leaf/Vulnerary Çoru bozan Leaf/Vulnerary Peygamber çiçe i Leaf/Astringent Belhok Herb/Malaria aladir Herb/Stomachic Herb/Vulnerary, antiallergic, jaundice Cephalaria procera Fisch. & Lall. Ganteper Capitulum/Colds, cough, pulmonic (Dipsacaceae) disorders, cardiotonic Cephalaria speciosa Boiss et Kotschy - Flowering brunches/cancer (Dipsacaceae) Cephalaria sparsipilosa Matthews Gevrik Stem/Vulnerary, antiseptic Latex/External (Dipsacaceae) Cerasus hippophaeoides (Bornm.) Da kiraz Fruit/Diarrhea Fresh/Internal Bornm. Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Miller Mahlep Seed/Aphrodisiac, expectorant, diuretic, asthma, prosrat, diabet, kidney stones Ceratocephalus falcatus (L.) Pers. - Herb/Antirheumatic Ceratocephalus testiculatus (Crantz) Roth - Herb/Antirheumatic Chenopodium album L. subsp. album var. album (Chenopodiaceae) Chenopodium murale L. (Chenopodiaceae) Chondrilla juncea L. var. acantholepis (Boiss.) Boiss. Chondrilla juncea L. var. juncea Chondrilla spinosa Lamond & Matthews Unluca Herb/Diuretic Herb/Women sterility Decoction/Vaporization Salmanca Herb/Women sterility Decoction/Vaporization A sak z Latex/Stomach disorders Chewing Çengel sak z Latex/Stomach disorders Chewing Çengel sak z Latex/Stomach disorders Chewing

8 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Chrysopthalmum montanum (DC.) Boiss. Cichorium glandulosum Boiss. & Huet Cichorium intybus L. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. subsp. vestitum (Wimm. & Grab.) Petr. Citrus limonum Risso (Rutaceae) Clematis orientalis L. Cnicus benedictus L. Colutea cilicica Boiss. et. Bal. Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae) Convolvulus galaticus Rostan ex Choisy (Convolvulaceae) Convolvulus scammonia L. (Convolvulaceae) Coriandrum tordylium (Fenzl) Bornm. Cornus mas L. (Cornaceae) Coronilla orientalis Miller subsp. orientalis Corydalis erdelii Zucc. (Fumariaceae) Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik. Cotoneaster nummularia Fisch. & Mey. Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. ex DC. var. aronia Crataegus meyeri Pojark. Crataegus monogyna Jacq. subsp. monogyna Crataegus orientalis Pallas ex Bieb. subsp. obtusata Browicz Crataegus pontica C.Koch Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark Crataegus x bornmuelleri Zabel Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (Bieb.) Celak Cyanchum acutum L. subsp. acutum (Asclepiadaceae) Cydonia oblonga Miller Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) Nezle otu Herb/Cough, colds Çatagu Hindiba Çak rdikeni Latex/Skin disorders Root/Asthma, ulcer Root, Herb/Epilepsy, asthma, ulcer Root/Dermatitis, vulnerary, herpes labialis, balding Stem, root/orexigenic, tonic, antihemorrhoidal, cough, bronchitis Direct application/external Powdered/External Fresh, Limon Fruit/Antipyretic Pamukotu Herb/Antirheumatic, abscess, mycodermatitis evketibostan Herb/Analgesic - Fruit/Gingival disease Infusion/Gargle Dola kan Leaf/Stomachic Poultice/Internal Sarma k Flower/Tootache Poultice/Internal Dola kan Leaf/Stomachic Poultice/Internal A otu Leaf/Orexigenic Fresh/Internal K z lc k Fruit/Diarrhoea Yonca Leaf/Nephralgia Fresh/Internal Menek e Leaf/Sedative Da mu mulas Barks/Jaundice, cough Da mu mulas Fruit/Orexigenic, stomachic, expectorant Gurmut Fruit/Embolism, laxative, diabetes Gurmut Al ç Fruit/Embolism, laxative, diabetes Root/Antidiarrhoicic, diabetes Fruit/Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiovascular diseases Al ç Fruit/tonic, cardiotonic, edema Root/Antihypertensive, antirheumatic, edema Decoction, Infusion/Interna Al ç Fruit/Tonic, cardiotonic, edema Decoction, Infusion/Interna Root/Antihypertensive, Antirheumatic, edema Al ç Fruit/Tonic, cardiotonic, edema Decoction, Infusion/Interna Root/Antihypertensive, antirheumatic, edema Al ç Root, root bark/antihypertensive, antirheumatic Yürek otu Herb/cardiovascular diseases Sütlü sarma k Leaf/Vulnerary Ayva Barks/Colds Leaf/Diarrhoea Topalak Root/Diuretic

9 764 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Daphne oleoides Schraber (Thymeleaceae) Datura stamonium L. (Solanaceae) Daucus carota L. Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. Dipsacus laciniatus L. (Dipsacaceae) Ecballium elaterium A.Rich. (Cucurbitaceae) Echium italicum L. Echium russicum J.F. Gmellin Echium vulgare L. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) Mundarça Barks/Abortion Barks/Treat bones Powdered/External Deli patpat Seed/Toothache Decoction/vaporization Leaf, herb/antipyretic, antirheumatic, sedative Tarakotu Fruits/Kidney stones Türpenk Stem/Anti-inflammatory, orexigenic Pukiç Stem, herb/vulnerary, astringent, cancer Root/Diabetes eytankele i Fruit, root/sinusitis, jaundice, diuretic, diarrhea, egzema, skin disorders Engerek otu Leaf, root/wounds, anti-inflammatory Havaciva Root/Vulnerary Havaciva Root/Vulnerary de Flower/Diarrhoea Seed/Constipation Leaf/Sunstroke Shoots/Cleaning tooth Fruit/Headache Direct application/external Ephedra major Host (Ephedraceae) Deniz üzümü Direct application/external Equisetum arvense L. At kuyru u Herb/Diuretic (Equisetaceae) Equisetum ramoissimum Desf. K rkbo um Herb/Vulnerary, urinary system disorders (Equisetaceae) Eremurus spectabilis (Bieb.) Fedtsch. Çiri Leaf/Pains of eyes, fungal infection, eczema Fresh/Internal (Liliaceae) Eryngium billardieri Delar. E ekdikeni Root/Sinusitis, vulnerary, abscess Fresh, pounded/external Powdered/External Eryngium campestre L. var. virens Link Bo adikeni Root/Vulnerary Powdered/External Leaf/Carminative, jaundice Euphorbia agraria Bieb. Sütotu Latex/Vulnerary Direct application/external (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia armena Prokh. Sütlübiyan Latex/Constipation Direct application/external (Euphorbiaceae) Latex/Inflamed wounds Euphorbia falcata L. subsp. falcata var. Sütle en Latex/Eczema, fungal infection External Falcata. (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia heteradena Jaub. & Spach Sütle en Latex/Constipation Internal (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia macroclada Boiss. Sütlükotu Latex/Constipation Internal Herb/Inflamed wounds, scorpion and bee Direct application/external bites, eczema, fungal infection Euphorbia nicaensis All. subsp. lasiocarpa Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia seguieriana Necker subsp. seguieriana (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit. (Euphorbiaceae) Ferula caspica Bieb. Ferula elaeochytris Korovin Ferula orientalis L. Ferula rigidula DC. subsp. rigidula Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) Frangula alnus Miller subsp. pontica (Boiss.) Davis & Yalt. (Rhamnaceae) Sütlüyen Latex/Purgative, anthelmintic Internal Sütlübiyan Latex/Constipation Latex/Inflamed wounds Direct application/external Sütcan Flower/Eczema Direct application/external G rm z bolu Herb/Stomach ache, internal medicine, gynecologic diseaes, diabetes Ça r Root/Aphrodisiac Powdered/Internal Heliz, Ça sir Herb/Immunostimulant Inflorocescens/Stomachic Ça r Herb/Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia Poultice/Internalpickle ncir Fruit/Diarrhoea, ulcer Latex/Inflammed wounds Direct application/external Da mu mulas Barks/Antirheumatic

10 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Fumaria asepala Boiss. (Fumariaceae) Fumaria microcarpa Boiss. ex Hausskn. (Fumariaceae) Fumaria officinalis L. (Fumariaceae) Galium humifusum Bieb. Galium tricornutum Dandy (Rubiaceae) Galium verum L. (Rubiaceae) Glaucium leiocarpum Boiss. (Papaveraceae) Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & Mey. (Globulariaceae) Glycyrrhiza echinata L. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glabra Gundelia tournefortii L. var. armata Freyn. & Sint. Gundelia tournefortii L. var. tournefortii Hedysarum syriacum Boiss. Helianthus tuberosus L. (Compositae) Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp. rubicundum (C. Koch) Davis & Kupicha Helichrysum pallasii (Sprengel) Ledeb. Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. polyphyllum (Ledeb.) Davis & Kupicha Heliotropium circinatum Griseb. Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. & Mey. Hesperis schischkinii Tzvelev Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. caucasica Rousi (Elaeagnaceae) Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae) Hyacinthus orientalis L. subsp. chionophilus Wendelbo (Liliaceae) Hylotelephium telephium (L.) H.Ohba (Crassulaceae) Hyoscyamus niger L. (Solanaceae) Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. (Solanaceae) etere Herb/Abdominal pain Herb/Headache, itching antiseptic powdered/external etere Herb/Abdominal pain Herb/Headache, itching antiseptic powdered/external ahtere Herb/Toothache, oral diseases Decoction/gargle Ko ac Herb/Gynecologic diseaes Ko ac Herb/Gynecologic diseaes Yo urt otu Flower/Treating burns Flower/Cancer Powdered/External Powdered/Internal Gelincik Leaf/Headache External Flower/Diarrhoea Ahu Leaf/Antiparasidic Infusion/External Dikenli meyan Meyan Kenger Kenger Rhizoma/Bronchitis, asthma, antitussive, stomachic, nephralgia, diuretic, antiseptic Root/Cough, bronchitis, stomachic, bronchitis, asthma, antitussive, nephralgia, diuretic, epilepsy, cancer, kidney stones Leaf/Sunstroke Latex/Edema Seed/toothache Seed, latex, root and stem/colds, catarrh, tootache diabetes, edema kidney pains, vitiligo, orexigenic Direct application/external Direct application/external Direct application/external - Fruit/Gingival disease Infusion/Gargle Yer elmas Tuber/Diabetes Eaten Yayla çiçe i Herb/Diuretic, nephralgia, kidney stones Altunba otu Herb/Diuretic, cough, kidney stones, nephralgia Herdemtaze Herb/Kidney stones, nephralgia, diabetes, Infusion, Decoction/Interna cough, diarrhoea, diuretic, stomachic, antideppessant Kaymak çiçe i Flower/Diarrhoea, intestinal disease Bostan otu Flowerin brunch/cancer Bald rgan Stem/Galactagogue, stomach ache, cancer Fresh, - Root/Wound healing Da yemi i Fruit/Cough Arpa Fruit/Antirheumatic, diuretic Fruit/Maturation abscess, against itching Pounded/Internal Sümbül Leaf/Antihemorrhoidal Cam gula Leaf/wounds Patpat Seed/Toohache, against itching in the eyes, inhalation/vaporization stomatitis Da da an Root, seed/toothache inhalation/vaporization

11 766 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Hypericum lydium Boiss. (Hypericaceae) Hypericum montbretii Spach (Hypericaceae) Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae) Hypericum scabrum L. (Hypericaceae) Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.) Arcangeli Inula oculus-christi L. Inula helenium L. pseudohelenium Grierson Inula heterolepis Boiss. Iris caucasica Hoffm. subsp. turcica (Iridaceae) Iris sari Schott ex Baker (Iridaceae) Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tomentella Juglans regia L. (Juglandaceae) Juniperus excelsa Bieb. (Cupressaceae) Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae) Jurinella moschus (Habl.) Bobrov subsp. pinnatisecta (Boiss.) Danin & Davis Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad. (Chenopodiaceae) Lathyrus cicera L. Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd. subsp. miniatus (Bieb. ex Stev.) Davis Lathyrus sativus L. Leontice leontopetalum L. subsp. ewersmannii (Bunge) Coode (Berberidaceae) Leonurus glaucescens Bunge Lepidium latifolium L. Lepidium sativum L. subsp. sativum Lotus corniculatus L. subsp. corniculatus (Bieb.) Arc. Malabaila dasyantha (C.Koch) Grossh. Malus sylvestris Miller subsp. orientalis (A. Uglitzkich) Browicz var. orientalis Malva neglecta Wallr. Sanc otu Herb/Menstrual disorders, stomachic Çay otu Herb/Kidney stones, stomach disorders, ulcer, antihemorrhoidal Binbirdelikotu Herb/Stomache pains, ulcer, antiseptic, vulnerary, sedative, kidney disorders, antihemorrhoidal Sanc otu Herb/Constipation, antihemorrhoidal, kidney disorders, stomach disorders, ulcer, jaundice, menstrual disorders, analgesic, sedative Çördük Herb/Purgative Yol otu Flower/Kidney Stones, urethra infection And z otu Herb, root/diuretic, antitussive, anthelmintic, tonic, backache Çay otu Herb/Headache Sar nevroz Herb/Cold Bahar çiçe i Herb/Cold - Flower/Wound healing Leaf/Arthralgia Ceviz Leaf/Antihemorrhoidal, anthelmintic, Decoction/vaporization women's sterility, fungal infection, eczema Fresh/External Leaf/Sunstroke, hemostatic, vulnerary, abscess Ard ç Fruit/Antihemorrhoidal Dikenli ard ç Fruit, tar/antirheumatic, antiparasitic, Fruit/Cough Gazangulpu Herb/Diabetes, diarrhoea Kokarot Herb/Urinary system disorders Gürül Herb/Edema Gülçiçe i Leaf/Goiter Herb/Antirheumatic Çu ne Seed/Analgesic K rkba otu Root/Epilepsy Öküzguyru u Root/Cardiotonic Herb/Inflamed wounds Nujdar Leaf/Vulnerary Powdered/External Tere Fruit/Goiter Gazalboynuzu Herb/Sedative, antihemorrhoidal, abdominal pain, diuretic, stomach pain, nephralgia Dudakpatlatan Leaf, flower/analgesic Alma Fruit/Colds, diabetes Ebemkömeci Fruit, leaf, herb, root/asthma, abdominal pain, ulcer, colds, stomachic, digestive, sore Poultice, powdered,

12 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Malva sylvestris L. Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. subsp. astracanicum Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & Mey. subsp. oligodon (Boiss.) Seybold Medicago minima (L.) Bart. var. minima Medicago sativa L. subsp. sativa Medicago x varia Martyn Melilotus officinalis (L.) All. Melissa officinalis L. subsp. officinalis Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. longifolia Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley var. typhoides Mentha pulegium L. Mentha spicata L. Merendera kurdica Bornm. (Liliaceae) Merendera trigyna (Steven ex Adam) Staph. (Liliaceae) Morus alba L. (Moraceae) Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) Nepeta cataria L. Nigella sativa L. Nigella segetalis Bieb. Nonea macrosperma Boiss. & Heldr. Nonea pulla (L.) DC. subsp. monticola Rech. Onobrychis stenostachya Freyn subsp. sosnowskyi (Grossh.) Hedge Onobrychis transcaucasica Grossh. Ononis spinosa L. subsp. leiosperma (Boiss.) Sirj. Ebegümeci throat, constipation, emmenagogue Herb/Anti-inflammatory, abscess, vulnerary, gynecologic diseaes, women sterility, edema, analgesic, abortive Fruit/Sore throat Herb/Skin disorders, wounds, maturation abscess, abortive Poultice, powdered, Da çay Herb/Colds, Antipyretic Da çay Herb/Colds, Antipyretic Gurnik Fruit/Cardiac disorders Karayonca Herb, leaf/wounds, hemostatic, astringent Yabani yonca Leaf/Abscess Kokulu yonca Kolonya otu Yarpuz Yarpuz Leaf/Anemia, sedative, constipant Leaf/Antirheumatic Herb/Asthma Leaf/Disinfectant Herb/Colds, flu, cough, catarrh, diseaes, abdominal pain, menstrual pain, stomachic, bronchitis, headache, pulmonic disorders, diarrhoea, asthma, antihemorrhoidal, Leaf/Sunstroke, aphta Herb/Throat pain, carminative, intestinal disorders Fresh/External Infusion, Decoction/Interna Powdered/External Nane Herb/Vulnerary, gall bladder Pünk Herb/Antirheumatic, stomachic, diarrhea, colds Gülfaki Cormus/Antirheumatic Fresh/eaten Gül falc Cormus/Antirheumatic Fresh/eaten Dut Fruit/Abscess, stomach disorders, gastric ulcer Dut Fruit/Oral wounds Kedinanesi Herb/Stomachic, stimulant Çörekotu Seed/Anthelmintic Çörek otu Seed/Diabetes, ulcer Sormuk Root/Inflamed wounds Poulticed/External M jm j Root/Anti-inflammatory Körülgen Herb/Diuretic Gorunga Herb/Diuretic Kay k ran Herb/Diuretic, kidney stones Herb/Vulnerary

13 768 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Onopordum bracteatum Boiss. & Heldr. Onopordum tauricum Willd. Onosma armenum DC. Onosma microcarpum Steven ex DC. Onosma sericeum Willd. Origanum acutidens (Hand.-mazz.) Ietswaart Origanum majorana L. Origanum vulgare L. subsp. gracile (C. Koch) Ietswaart Origanum vulgare L. subsp. viride (Boiss.) Hayek Orthurus heterocarpus (Boiss.) Juz. Paeonia mascula (L.) Miller subsp. arietina (Anders.) Cullen et Heywood (Paeoniaceae) Paliurus spina-christi Miller (Rhamnaceae) Papaver dubium L. (Papaveraceae) Papaver lacerum Popov (Papaveraceae) Papaver macrostomum Boiss. & Huet ex Boiss. (Papaveraceae) Kangal Seed/Antihemorrhoidal Internal Kenger Herb/Diabetes Yalanc havaciva Leaf, root/edema, inflamed wounds otu Havaciva Root/Burns Yalanc havaciva Leaf, root bark/edema, vulnerary otu Zemul Herb/Abdominal pain Mercankö k Herb/Sedative, diaphoretic, stomachic Fresh/Internal E ek keki i Herb/Vulnerary, stomache pains, hypertension, epilepsy, headache, internal medicine, asthma, stomachic, toothache, cold Decoction, Infusion/Interna Cantirik Herb/Stomachic Kulafir, Karanfil Root/Cough, colds Gulorç Herb/Diabetes Karaçal Fruit/Constipation, diuretic Gelincik Flower/Colds, cough Ha ha Buds/Goiter, internal medicine Fresh/Internal Lala Flowers/Cough Papaver orientale L. var. orientale Ha ha Seed/Laxative Papaver orientale L. var. parviflora Busch (Papaveraceae) Papaver rhoeas L. (Papaveraceae) Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) Peucedanum longifolium Waldst. & Kit. Phlomis armeniaca Willd. Phlomis pungens Willd. Picris strigosa Bieb. Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae) Pistacia atlantica Desf. (Anacardiaceae) Pistacia eurycarpa Yalt. (Anacardiaceae) Pistacia terebinthus L. (Anacardiaceae) Plantago atrata Hoppe (Plantaginaceae) Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) Ha ha Leaf/Asthma Gelincik Herb/Sedative Üzerlik Root, seed/anti-rheumatic, antihemorrhoidal Ça r Herb/Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia Pickled/Internal Çöl çay Herb/Antipyretic, colds, asthma, bronchitis alba Herb/Cough Senameki Root/Antihemorrhoidal Sar çam Tar/Vulnerary, snake bites Tar/Panacea, tuberculosis Kizvan Latex/Wound healing External Fruit/Mouth diseases Chewing/Internal B tt m Fruit/Anti-dandruf Soap/External Menengiç Dartul otu Sinir otu Fruit/Colds, flu, diuretic, urinary system inflammations, cough, diuretic Leaf/Astringent, inflamed wounds, vulnerary Leaf/Abscess, anti-parasitic, vulnerary, astringent, anti-inflammatory Leaf/Gynecologic diseaes, stomachic, ulcer Dried, fresh/external Dried, fresh/external, vaporization

14 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (Gilib.) Lange (Plantaginaceae) Plantago major L. subsp. major (Plantaginaceae) Plantago maritima L. (Plantaginaceae) Plantago media L. (Plantaginaceae) Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae) Polygonum bistorta L. subsp. bistorta (Polygonaceae) Polygonum cognatum Meissn. (Polygonaceae) Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae) Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) Potentilla reptans L. Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. Prangos pabularia Lindl. Primula algida Adams (Primulaceae) Primula auriculata Lam. (Primulaceae) Prunella vulgaris L. Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pallas subsp. elaeagnifolia Pyrus syriaca Boiss. var. syriaca Ranunculus arvensis L. Ba a yapra, Ba a yapra, Sinirliot Leaf/abscess, vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, Leaf/Stomachic, ulcer, antihemorrhoidal, gynecologic diseaes Leaf/Vulnerary, abscess, inflamed wounds, burns Leaf/Stomach ailments, antihemorrhoidal Dried, fresh/external Dried, fresh/external Y lan dili Leaf/Cancerous uterus K l çotu Leaf/Astringent, anti-inflammatory Dried, fresh/external Ku dili Herb/Cough, antirheumatic, anemia, stomach disorders Çimen eveli i Herb/Sore throat, expectorant Ku eppe i Herb/Abscess Herb/Emetic, cough, antirheumatic, anemia, stomach disorders Kavak Leaf, wood/antirheumatic, hemostatic Decoction, powdered/external Semizotu Herb/Orexigenic, antihelmintic, diuretic, stomachic, urethra infection External Herb/Inflammed wound Be parmak otu Herb/constipant, antipyretic, tonic Ça r Herb/Stimulant Ça r Herb/Stimulant Tutya Herb/Eye diseases, pulmonary disorders Mustafa çiçe i Herb/Stomachic - Herb/Expectorant Yaban armudu Fruit/Diuretic Adi armut Fruit/Stomachache, expectorant Yara otu Root/Swollen wounds Herb/Antirheumatic Ranunculus caucasicus Bieb. subsp. subleiocarpus (Som. & Lev.) Davis Ranunculus neopolitanus Ten. Yara otu Root/Swollen wounds Herb/Antirheumatic May s çiçe i Flower/Antirheumatic, abscess Ranunculus orephilus Ledeb. Yara otu Root/Swollen wounds Herb/Antirheumatic Ranunculus pinardii (Stev.) Boiss. Ranunculus repens L. Ranunculus sericeus Banks & Sol. Raphanus raphanistrum L. Rapistrum rugosum (L.) All. Reichardia glauca Matthews Reseda lutea L. var. lutea (Resedaceae) Karaz Herb/Antirheumatic, inflammed wounds Herb/Stomach ache May s çiçe i Herb/Antirheumatic, edema elepuk Herb/Antirheumatic, inflammed wounds Turp Herb/Orexigenic, diuretic Fresh/Internal Türpek Herb/Orexigenic Fresh/Internal Gara sakg z Latex/Stomach disorders Internal Mubabbet çiçe i Root/Stomach disorders

15 770 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Rhamnus catharticus L. (Rhamnaceae) Rheum ribes L. (Polygonaceae) Rhus coriaria L. (Anacardiaceae) Rindera caespitosa (A.DC.) Bunge Rindera lanata (Lam.) Bunge var. lanata Rosa canina L. Rosa hemisphaerica J. Herrm. Rosa montana Chaix subps. woronowii (Lon.) Ö.Nilsson Rosa pimpinellifolia L. Rosa pulverulanta Bieb. Rubus caesius L. Rubus canescens DC. var. glabrescens (Godron) Davis & Meikle Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. Rubus idaeus L. Rubus sanctus Schreber Rumex acetosella L. (Polygonaceae) Rumex crispus L. (Polygonaceae) Rumex patientia L. (Polygonaceae) Rumex scutatus L. (Polygonaceae) Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. horizontalis (Koch) Reich. (Polygonaceae) Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. tuberosus (Polygonaceae) Salix alba L. (Salicaceae) Salvia candidissima Vahl. subsp. candidissima Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Bentham Salvia multicaulis Vahl. Salvia nemorosa L. Cehri Barks/Diarrhea, diuretic I g n Sumak Root, shoots/ulcer, diarrhoea, anthelmintic, expectorant, digestive, antihemorrhoidal, tonic, stomachic, diabetes, anti-emetic, constipation, hypertension Fruit, seed/skin disorders Leaf/Antiseptic Decoction, pounded/interna Decoction /External - Root/Anti-inflammatory - Root/Anti-inflammatory Ku burnu, Fruit, root/anti-hemorrhoidal, cough,stomachic, constipant, malaria, diabetes, tonic, antitussive, bronchitis diuretic, asthma, immunostimulant Leaf/Colds, tonic, asthma, kidney stones Yemi en Fruit/Cough ilan Root/Antiseptic Koyungözü Fruit, root/colds, stomach pain, cardiotonic, antihemorrhoidal, antiseptic G ll ca Fruit/Colds, cough Tütürk Fruit/Sore throat Powdered/Gargle Bö ürtlen Shoots, roots, fruit/tonic, diuretic, diabet, hypertension Decoction/intenal Yabanüzümü Root/Diabetes Frenk üzümü Aerial parts/sterility Bö ürtlen Fruit/Colds Ek ikulak Evelik At eveli i Ta tur usu Köme tur usu Leaf/Abscess Herb/Stomachic Leaf/Cough, colds, asthma, antiinflammatory, antihemorrhoidal, gynecologic diseaes, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic. Fruit/Goiter Leaf/Internal medicine, antihemorrhoidal, asthma, kidney disorders Root/Diuretic, antipyretic Leaf/Orexigenic Root/Diuretic, antipyretic Leaf/Orexigenic Internal Infusion Internal Fresh/eaten Fresh/eaten Kuzukula Herb/Constipation Fresh/Internal Sö üt Leaf/Antirheumatic, tonic, antidiarrhea Decoction, poultice/externa Galabor Leaf/Cold Koç otu Herb/Colds, diabetes, stomach disorders, antipyretic, emmenagogue, internal medicine Infusion Adaçay Herb/Colds, anti-inflammatory Gemta Herb/Hemostatic Herb/Cold, catarrh Infusion, decoction/internal

16 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Salvia sclarea L. Da çay Leaf/Cold Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca Karaba otu Herb/Laxative, cold, nausea Infusion, decoction/internal (Freyn. & Bornm.) Bornm. Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata Karaba otu Herb/Catarrah, colds, laxative Sambucus nigra L. (Caprifoliaceae) Pat r k Leaf/Abscess. Flower/Asthma Direct application/external Sanguisorba minor Scop. Çay rdü mesi Herb/Diuretic, constipant, stomachic, orexigenic Satureja hortensis L. Da keki i Herb/Immunostimulant Internal Scabiosa sulfurea Boiss. & Huet Puk Latex/Antiseptic (Dipsacaceae) Scorzonera cana (C. A. Meyer) var. Yemlik Leaf/Orexigenic, galactagogue Fresh/Internal jacquiniana (W. Koch) Chamberlain Scorzonera cinerea Boiss. Da sak z Latex/Cough Latex/Backache, sterility Internal Scorzonera laciniata L. subsp. laciniata Yemlik Leaf/Orexigenic, galactagogue Fresh/Internal Scorzonera latifolia (Fisch & Mey.) DC. Da sak z Root, latex/backache, sterility Scorzonera rigida Aucher Da sak z Latex/Backache, sterility Scorzonera semicana DC. Da sak z Root/Sterility Scorzonera sosnowskyii Libs. Da sak z Latex/Backache Scorzonera suberosa C.Koch subsp. Yemlik Root, herb/orexigenic, galactagogue Fresh/Internal suberosa Scorzonera tomentosa L. Neraband, Yara Root, latex/women sterility, vulnerary, sak z stomach ailments Scrophularia libatonica Boiss. var. Süpürge otu Leaf/Inflammed wounds urartuensis R.Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. orientalis Kaside Leaf/abdominal pain, stomache pain Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. Sanc otu Herb/Abdominal pain, nephralgia, sosnowskyi (Takht.) Fed. carminative Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. Ac papatya Herb/Anti-inflammatory Sideritis libatonica subsp. kurdica Adaçay Leaf/Sedative, colds Leaf/Skin wounds, astringent Infusion, Decoction/Interna Sideritis montana Yaraotu Herb/Cough Silene alba (Miller) Krause subsp. Garagile Herb/Eczema divaricata (Reichb.) Walters (Caryophyllaceae) Silene compacta Fischer Horoz pipi i Leaf/Vulnerary (Caryophyllaceae) Silene saxalitis Sims. Simotu Leaf/Vulnerary (Caryophyllaceae) Sobolewskia clavata (Boiss.) Fenzl. Yel otu Herb/Antirheumatic Solanum dulcamara L. (Solanaceae) Ac ot Herb/Burn Herb/Expectorant Sophora alopecuroides L. var. alopecuroides Ac biyan Root/Scabies Sorbus domestica L. Üvez Fruit/Cough, diarrhea Leaf/Burns Eaten

17 772 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Stachys annua subsp. annua var. lycaonica Stachys cretica L. subsp. mersinaea (Boiss.) Rech. fil. Stachys cretica subsp. anatolica Stachys iberica Bieb. subsp. georgica Rech. Stachys iberica Bieb. subsp. stenostacya (Boiss.) Rech. fil. Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. Tanacetum argyrophyllum (C. Koch) Tvzel. var. argyrophyllum Tanacetum balsamita L. Tanacetum chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Meyer) Schultz var. chiliophyllum Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Tanacetum punctatum (Desr.) Grierson Taraxacum androssovii Schischkin Taraxacum crepidiforme DC. Taraxacum fedtschenkoi Hand.-Mazz. Taraxacum macrolepium Schischkin Tchihatchewia isatidea Boiss. Telephium imperati L. subsp. orientale (Boiss.) Nyman (Caryophyllaceae) Teucrium chamaedrys L. Teucrium parviflorum Schreber Teucrium polium L. Thalictrum minus L. var. microphyllum Boiss. Thalictrum minus L. var. minus Thymbra spicata L. Thymus fallax Fisch. & Mey. Da çay Herb/Colds, antipyretic Da çay Herb/Colds, stomach ailments Infusion, Decoction/Interna Da çay Herb/Colds, stomach ailments Infusion, Decoction/Interna Da çay Herb/Colds, antipyretic Da çay Herb/Colds, antipyretic, stomach ache Da çay Herb/Antipyretic, cough Çeren Marsuvan otu Çeren Herb/Scabies Capitulum/Pulmonic disorders, colds, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory Herb/Tonic, stimulant, antipyretic, headeache diuretic, stomachic, gall bladder disorders, vulnerary, abscess Capitulum/Pulmonic disorders, colds, kidney stones, antipyretic Marsuvan otu Herb/Tonic, stimulant, antipyretic, headeache, diuretic, stomachic, gall stone Sendel Herb/Emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory Zeze Leaf/Antirheumatic, wounds Lef/Stomach disorders, internal medicine, kidney stones, anti-inflammatory Karahindiba, H dut Latex/Eye diseases Dropped Zeze Zeze Leaf/Antirheumatic, wounds Lef/Stomach disorders, internal medicine, kidney stones, anti-inflammatory Leaf/Antirheumatic, wounds Lef/Stomach disorders, internal medicine, kidney stones, anti-inflammatory - Root/Vulnerary Mayas lotu Herb, leaf/antihemorrhoidal Yer me esi Herb/Tootache, kidney pain, stomachic, Infusion, decoction/internal indigestion, heart diseases Da keki i Herb/ Antihemorrhoidal Merven Kahraman kaytaran Herb/Stomach, diarrhoea, antihemorrhoidal, internal diseaes, diabetes, analgesic, antiinflammatory, edema, stomach ache, digestive, orexigenic, carminative, tuberculosis, abdominal pain Herb/Sunstroke, hemostatic Herb/Asthma Herb/Cardialgia, headache Fresh, Direct application/external Decoction/vaporization Poultice/Internal Kara katranotu Herb/Eye diseases, diuretic, abscess Zahter Herb/Antiseptic Kekik Herb/Backache, hypertension, antiinflammatory, cancer, enteralgia, vermifuge, Infusion, Decoction/Interna

18 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments Thymus haussknechtii Velen. Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen. subsp. glabrescens Boiss. Thymus migricus Klokov & Des.-Shost. Thymus praecox Opiz. subsp. grossheimii (Ronniger) Jalas var. grossheimii Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. rosulans (Barbar) Jalas Thymus transcaucasicus Ronniger Typha latifolia L. (Typhaceae) Tragopogon buphtalmoides (DC.) Boiss. var. buphtalmoides Tragopogon coloratus C. A. Meyer Tragopogon dubius Scop. Tragopogon longirostris Haleleyn Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) elak Tragopogon pterocarpus DC. Tragopogon reticulatus Boiss. & Huet Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) Trifolium ambiguum Bieb. Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense Trifolium repens L. var. repens Trifolium repens L.var. giganteum Lag.- Foss. Trigonella foenum-graceum L. Tripleurospermum monticolum (Boiss. & Huet) Bornm. Tripleurospermum parviflorum (Willd.) Pobed. Tripleurospermum sevanense (Manden.) Pobed. Tussilago farfara L. Ulmus carpinifolia Gleditsch. (Ulmaceae) Ulmus minor Miller subsp. minor (Ulmaceae) Kekik Herb/Cough Kekik, Catri Kekik Kekik Herb/Backache, hypertension, antiinflammatory, cancer, enteralgia, vermifuge, diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments Herb/Backache, hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, vermifuge, cold, kidney stones Herb/Hypertension, enteralgia, antiinflammatory, cancer, vermifuge, colds Infusion, Decoction/Interna Catri Herb/Diabetes, colds, abdominal ailments Infusion, Decoction/Interna Kekik Herb/Backache, hypertension, enteralgia, anti-inflammatory, cancer, vermifuge - Flower/Hemostatic External Yemlik Latex, herb/stomach and intestinal disorders Fresh/Internal At yemli i Herb/Stomach ache Fresh/Internal Yemlik Herb/Stomach ache Fresh/Internal Sipink Stem, leaves/intestinal disorders Latex/Vulnerary External At yemli i Herb/Stomach ache Fresh/Internal Yemlik Herb/Stomach ache Fresh/Internal At yemli i Herb/Stomach ache Fresh/Internal Deveçökerten Herb/Expectorant, diuretic diarrhea Alma otu Herb/Galactagogue, antihemorrhoidal, Decoction, fresh/internal tonic, intestinal disorders Üçkulak Leaf/Vulnerary Ak üçgül Herb/Tonic, antirheumatic Fresh/Internal Giyamembel Herb/Stomachic Halbet, P ltan Seed/Hypoglycemic Pounded, Decoction/Interna K r papatyas Papatya Capitulum/Hair care Capitulum/Colds, cough, antipyretic, stomach ache Capitulum/Hair care Capitulum/Colds, cough, antipyretic, stomach ache Papatya Capitulum/Hair care Öksürük otu Herb/Cough, antitussive, expectorant Karaa aç Root, bark/abscess Karaa aç Root, bark/anti-inflammatory, wounds Root, barks/cough, asthma

19 774 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Umblicus erectus DC. (Crassulaceae) Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) Urtica haussknechtii Boiss. (Urticaceae) Urtica pilulifera L. (Urticaceae) Urtica urens L. (Urticaceae) Valeriana alliariifolia Adams (Valerianaceae) Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerianaceae) Verbascum agrimoniifolium (C. Koch) Hub.-Mor. subsp. agrimoniifolium (Scrophulariaceae) Verbascum asperuloides Hub.-Mor. (Scrophulariaceae) Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) Verbascum oreophilum C.Koch subsp. joannis (Bordz.) Hub.-Mor. (Scrophulariaceae) Verbascum speciosum Schrader (Scrophulariaceae) Veronica orientalis Miller (Scrophulariaceae) Viburnum lantana L. (Caprifoliaceae) Viburnum opulus L. (Caprifoliaceae) Vicia cracca L. subsp. cracca Vincetoxicum canescens (Willd.) Decne subsp. canescens (Asclepiadaceae) Vincetoxicum tmoleum Boiss. (Asclepiadaceae) Viscum album L. subsp. album (Loranthaceae) Xeranthemum annuum L. Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. Ziziphora taurica Bieb. subsp. taurica Zosima absinthifolia Link Zygophyllum fabago L. (Zygophyllaceae) - Root/Women sterility Is rgan otu Herb/Cancer, antirheumatic, diabetes, stomachic, cough, colds, throat diseases, analgesic, edema, sedative, laxative, antiinflammatory, emmenagogue, asthma, hypertension, kidneystones Leaf/Hair care Fresh, poultice, Is rgan Herb/Antirheumatic Fresh/External Gezgezk Herb/Abdominal pain, Internal diseases, antirheumatic Is rgan otu Leaf, herb/diarrhea, diuretic, antirheumatic Kedi otu Root, herb/sedative, antispasmodic, cardiostimulant - Herb/Kidney Stones S r guyru u Basal leaf/mycodermatitis Direct application/external Maçyan k Leaves/Antiparasitic, asthma, External S r kuyru u Herb/Women sterility, Herb/Arthralgia Pounde/External S rkuyru u Leaf/Mycodermatitis, women sterility Direct application/external S rguyru u Basal leaf/mycodermatitis Direct application/external Gözmuncu u çiçe i Herb/Kidney stones, pulmonic disorders Germe o Fruit/Diabetes, diarrhoea Güleburu Fruit/Antitussive, nephralgia Gürül Seed/Stomach ache, headache Fresh/Internal Zilasur Herb/Scabies, fungal infection Zilasur Herb/Scabies Ökse otu Herb/Headache, diabetes Leaves/Antihemorrhoidal Süpürge otu Leaf/Toothache Smoke Reyhan Herb/Stomach ache, carminative, orexigenic, colds Infusion, decoction/internal Merze Herb/Carminative, orexigenic, stomach Infusion Internal ache, hypertension Bolu Leaf/Diabetes t üzerli i Herb/Infertility, antirheumatic Decoction/Vaporization

20 Ernaz Altundag and Munir Ozturk / Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 19 (2011) Fig. 3. Most commonly used families in the traditional medical treatments together with number of taxa. Maximum number of taxa is reported in the books published by Altundag (7) followed by Ozturk and Ozcelik [5] and paper published by Sezik et al. (13), however, the number of families recorded by Sezik et al.(13) are the highest. The plant taxa reported in common in different works are; Achillea biebersteinii, Achillea millefolium, Achillea wilhelmsii, Alkanna orientalis, Anthemis tinctoria, Arctium minus, Bellis perennis, Berberis vulgaris, Cichorium intybus, Echium italicum, Eryngium billardieri, Eryngium campestre var. virens, Euphorbia macroclada, Ficus carica, Fumaria microcarpa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gundelia tournefortii, Helichrysum plicatum, Hyoscyamus niger, Hyoscyamus reticulatus, Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum scabrum, Juglans regia, Lepidium latifolium, Malva neglecta, Mentha longifolia, Mentha spicata, Origanum vulgare subsp. gracile, Peganum harmala, Pistacia terebinthus, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major, Rheum ribes, Rhus coriaria, Rosa canina, Rumex tuberosus ssp. horizantalis, Salvia verticillata ssp. verticillata, Scorzonera tomentosa, Stachys iberica, Teucrium polium, Tussilago farfara, Urtica dioica, Urtica urens. Table 2: Number of families and taxa reported by different workers. Literature Family number Taxa number (Wild & Cultivated) Altunda (2010) (163+0) Ozturk & Ozcelik (1991) (126+0) Sezik et al. (1997) (86+0) Tuzlaci & Dogan (2010) (65+2) Ozgokce & Ozcelik (2004) (64+1) Yesil and Akalin (2009) (43+4) Tabata et al. (1994) (38+3) Cakilcioglu et al. (2010) (38+3) Gumus (1994) (35+0)