SUMMARY A. GROSS ANATOMY OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA AND

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Avis Rogers
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1 SUMMARY A. GROSS ANATOMY OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA AND SUBCUTANEOUS FAT 1. Anatomy of Superficial Fascia: In this study, we observed that the superficial fascia of the abdomen was multilayered in the midline. These layers gradually merged with each other and reduced in number laterally. Hence, the disputes regarding the number of layers of the superficial fascia may be the representation of number of layers at their dissection sites. 2. Thickness of Superficial Fascia: Thickness of the deepest layer of superficial fascia was different in the upper and lower abdomen. The mean thickness of the superficial fascia of lower abdomen was more than upper abdomen in both males and females. The difference was significant in case of males. Mean thickness of fascia of both the lower and upper abdomen was higher in males than that in females. The increased obesity and bulging nature in females may be due to increased fat deposition in the relatively thinner supporting superficial fascia unlike in males where the fascia is comparatively thicker. Page 90

These layers gradually merged with each other and reduced in number laterally.

2 3. Anatomy of subcutaneous Fat: The color, shape, size and arrangement of fat lobules were different at different regions of the abdomen. Height and width of deep subcutaneous fat in the lower abdomen were significantly more than in the upper abdomen in males. Height of superficial fat was significantly more in lower abdomen than upper abdomen in case of female. Height of deep fat of upper abdomen and width of deep fat of lower abdomen were significantly more in females than males. This may be the reason for more common lower abdominal obesity in females. 4. Anatomy of superficial fascia and future localized fat deposit areas of the abdomen in fetus: Superficial fascia of the abdomen was multi layered in the mid line and the number of layers gradually decreased as these layers merged with each other laterally. There was no difference in the attachment and layers of superficial fascia in the fetus as compared with that in adults. The area corresponding to adult abdominal LFD showed brownish-white blubbery tissue.the present study adds to the existing knowledge of embryology of fat related to abdominal LFD s in human beings, the area of interest for plastic surgeons and researchers. B. HISTOLOGY OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA: The superficial fascia is formed of collagen fibers, loosely packed and mixed with abundant elastic fibers & adipose tissue.elastic and collagen contents of superficial fascia are more in upper abdomen than lower abdomen in both males and females. Relatively lesser supporting collagen and elastic contents of superficial fascia of the lower abdomen may be the reason for the excessive bulges and lower abdomen obesity. Page 91

Height of superficial fat was significantly more in lower abdomen than upper abdomen in case of female.

3 C. HYDROXYPROLINE OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA: Hydroxyproline content of superficial fascia of upper abdomen was significantly more than lower abdomen in case of both males and females. Present study reveals that less hydroxyproline& collagen contents of lower abdomen may be one of the reasons for excessive bulging and lower abdominal obesity. D. PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT 1. Surface Tension: Surface tension (inorganic) of upper abdomen was more than lower abdomen in females.hydrophobic property of the fat content may be responsible for the increase in surface tension 2. Viscosity: Viscosity (organic) of upper abdomen & lower abdomen, viscosity (inorganic) of lower abdomen of females were significantly more than males.relatively more viscosity of subcutaneous fat of females may be the reason for less resorption of abdominal fat compare to males. 3. Specific Gravity: All specific gravity values were higher in males than females.specific gravity (organic) of subcutaneous fat of upper abdomen was more than lower abdomen in females and it was statistically significant.relatively less specific gravity of subcutaneous fat in females and lower abdomen may be one of the reasons for more common obesity in lower abdomen and females. Page 92

PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT 1. Surface Tension: Surface tension (inorganic) of upper abdomen was more than lower abdomen in females.

4 4. Specific Conductivity: Specific conductivity (organic) of subcutaneous fat of lower abdomen was more than that of upper abdomen. All specific conductivity values were higher in females than males. The present study adds to the existing knowledge of abdominal fat of human beings, the area of interest for plastic surgeons and researchers. 5. Iodine Value: Iodine values of both upper and lower abdomen of males were more than females and it was statistically significant.present study explains that subcutaneous fat of female lower abdomen has comparatively less iodine value. Therefore melting point of lower abdominal fat of female will be more. This may be one of the reasons for the common lower abdominal obesity in females. 6. Thermo Gravity Analysis (TGA): Thermal properties findings of upper and lower abdomen were different in both males & females. Initial weight loss of upper abdomen and lower abdomen, total weight loss of upper and lower abdomen were significantly more in males than females. Present study explains the comparatively resistant nature of abdominal subcutaneous fat of female and adds the thermal properties of subcutaneous fat in the existing knowledge of abdominal subcutaneous fat. Page 93

Iodine Value: Iodine values of both upper and lower abdomen of males were more than females and it was statistically significant.

5 CONCLUSION 1. An attempt was made to resolve the disputes and uncertainties in the clinical anatomy of superficial fascia of the abdomen The superficial fascia of the abdomen was multilayered in the midline. These layers gradually merged with each other and reduced in number laterally. Hence, the disputes regarding the number of layers of the superficial fascia may be the representation of number of layers at their dissection sites. The mean thickness of superficial fascia of lower abdomen was more than upper abdomen in both males and females. 2. Estimation of Elastic, collagen and hydroxyproline contents of superficial fascia Elastic, collagen and hydroxyproline contents of superficial fascia of upper abdomen were more than lower abdomen in both males and females. This could be the explanation for lower abdominal fold due to weak fascial support. 3. Anatomy and physicochemical properties of subcutaneous fat The color, shape, size and arrangement of fat lobules were different at different regions of the abdomen. There was difference in physicochemical properties (surface tension, viscosity, specific gravity, conductivity, iodine value, thermal properties) of subcutaneous fat of upper and lower abdomen. Also, between males and females. This may be one of the reasons for different behavior of subcutaneous fat towards resorption (upper vs. lower; male vs. female) Page 94

6 Scope for the future work 1. The study leads to further work on different shapes & size of fat lobules in other areas of the body. The findings of the study of vascularity of fat lobules and correlation with obesity may be interesting. 2. Study of composition of fat and comparison with other areas of the body may be helpful in finding newer ways to manage the obesity. Page 95

Solid shape molding is not desired in injection molding due to following reasons.

Solid shape molding is not desired in injection molding due to following reasons. PLASTICS PART DESIGN and MOULDABILITY Injection molding is popular manufacturing method because of its high-speed production capability. Performance of plastics part is limited by its properties which