APUSH American Independence Trimester 1 APUSH TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE: AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE ( )

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1 Effects f French and Indian War APUSH American Independence Trimester 1 APUSH TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE: AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE ( ) WAR, TRADE, SOCIAL CONFLICT ( ) British v. French in the Great War fr Empire French and Indian War/ 7 Years War: English clnists mved int the Ohi River Valley, threatening French trade with Indians and Indians claims t land. The French built frts, leading t skirmishes, and England declared war n France Irquis allied with British; mst ther Natives with French Treaty f Paris: Britain gained French Canada, French land east f Mississippi; Spanish Flrida, parts f Africa and India undisputed clnial pwer f N.A. Clnists Felt like they culd prvide fr their wn defense bligatin t settle new land gained Natinal pride and energy Safe frm Native American attacks England Lw pinin f clnial military perfrmance Natinal debt dubled Unchallenged supremacy in Nrth America Britain cnvinced the clnists were unable and unwilling t defend themselves Britain needs t prtect the clnies Pntiac s Rebellin: result f English selling gds t Indians at a higher price and stealing their land. Chief Pntiac and tribes f Ohi Valley attacked clnial utpsts t expel the British frm frmer French lands Prclamatin f 1763: frbid settlement west f Appalachian; effrt t avid cnflict with Indians Nelin: Native American spiritual visinary frm Delaware wh urged Natives t reject Eurpean influences and revive native traditins (native separatism) Synthesized Christian teachings with Native Beliefs mral imprvement, eternal salvatin, Native equivalent f Heaven, Hell, Gd His ideas helped unite Natives and shape uprisings, such as Pntiac s Rebellin Increase in clnial cnsumptin indebted America t Britain Increase in transatlantic trade made clnists mre dependent n verseas credit and markets; using verseas credit t finance trade ventures; clnial exprts increased 1763 clnies in ecnmic recessin after military subsidies ended Search fr Land Disputes fr land in East Cnnecticut and PA and Delaware at war fr Wyming Valley; Hudsn River Valley; New Jersey and Suthern clnies Sctch-Irish called fr expulsin f Indians Paxtn Bys (massacred a tribe) Regulatrs: landwning vigilantes wh demanded mre curts, fairer taxatin, and greater representatin in the West Regulatr mvement in N. Carlina 1766 Albany Plan f Unin (1754): plan by Ben Franklin fr an interclnial gvernment, failed Page 1 f 10

2 END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT Great War fr Empire increased taxes, debt, larger gvernment (bc dubled tax bureaucracy) Vice-Admiralty Curts: tribunals run by British-appinted judges withut a jury t try merchants wh vilated the Acts; example f stricter enfrcement f Acts Stamp Act bre mre n the rich, it angered a grup that was literate, persuasive, and argumentative cause truble fr Britain Virtual Representatin: Parliament s argument that the clnists already had representatives, as Parliament represents all British subjects Respnse t James Otis s The Rights f the British Clnies Asserted and Prved, which argued n taxatin withut representatin Stamp Act Cngress: prtested lss f American rights and liberties; challenged the cnstitutinality f the Acts; declared that nly the clnies elected representatives culd apprve f and legalize taxes Page 2 f 10

3 Year Act Effects 1764 Currency Act: clnists culdn t pay with mney - Decreasing clnial authrity printed in the clnies 1764 Sugar Act: replaced the ignred Mlasses Act Stricter enfrcement f Navigatin Acts Vice-Admiralty Curts 1765 Stamp Act: tax stamp n all printed items; t Stamp Act Cngress raise revenue t supprt British trps in Byctts America Mb actins (repealed 1766) Sns f Liberty 1765 Quartering Act: clnial gvernments must Drain n resurces f clnists prvide barracks and fd fr British trps statined in Nrth America fr the clnists prtectin against Indians Surce f tensin btwn clnists and British trps (Bstn Massacre) 1766 Declaratry Act: reaffirmed Parliament s Angered clnists authrity ver the clnies Declared clnial self-gvernment 1767 Twnshend Acts: 1. Directly taxed the clnists n British gds 2. Fund frm this act wuld pay imperial fficials 3. Created mre vice-admiralty curts and gvernment ffices t enfrce Crwn s will 4. Writs f Assistance: licenses allwing British t search any place suspected f harbring smuggled gds illegal 1. Vilated idea f mercantilism 2. Clnial assemblies culd n lnger withhld gvernment fficial s wages t get their way 3. Stricter enfrcement f Acts, vilatrs charged in unfriendly curts 4. Difficult t smuggle gds, angers clnists as they are frced t purchase gds nly frm Britain Nn-imprtatin mvement (2 nd byctt) Cmmittees f Crrespndence 1773 Tea Act Bstn Tea Party (December 16, 1773) 1774 Cercive Acts, Intlerable Acts First Cntinental Cngress Respnse t Bstn Tea Party Clsed Bstn Harbr 1774 Quebec Act Granted greater liberties t Cathlics Extended bundaries f Quebec territry (impeded westward expansin) 1775 Prhibitry Act: Parliament utlawed trade with the clnies - United the clnists mre in their struggle against GB and desire fr independence Page 3 f 10

4 Idelgical Rts f Resistance English Cmmn Law and Magna Carta spelled ut fundamental liberties f English subjects, and the clnists used these t prve the Brits were vilating such rights Enlightenment Jhn Lcke natural rights, Mntesquieu separatin f pwers Glrius Revlutin created a cnstitutinal mnarchy fr the purpse f prtecting citizens rights and aviding arbitrary rule f mnarch Letters frm a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1768) by Jhn Dickinsn: early call t resistance, equated clnists t slaves f Britain, against taxatin withut clnial cnsent Nn-Imprtatin Mvement: clnists decreased cnsumptin f British gds and American wmen helped increase dmestic prductin (Daughters f Liberty) Frm f ecnmic warfare n British; imprts frm Britain drpped 40% by 1770 British merchants appealed t Crwn t remve Twnshend Acts Bstn Massacre: March 5, 1770 British redcats fired n a crwd f angry and vilent civilians, killed 5 twnspeple Bstn radical Whigs (Patrits) prpagandized the event t fuel aggressin twards GB Cmmittees f Crrespndence: 1 st interclnial cmmittee initiated by Samuel Adams s that patrits f all the clnies culd discuss the rights f the clnists, exchange ideas, and spread resistance First Cntinental Cngress: Patrit reactin t Cercive Acts. Representatives frm 12 clnies met in Philadelphia September 1774 Suthern clnies advcated fr an ecnmic byctt; New England wanted plitical unin and defensive military preparatins; Middle Atlantic wanted cmprmise Cnclusin: demanded repeal f Cercive Acts and threatened t byctt if Parliament didn t cmply; threatened t stp exprting Gallway Plan f Unin (1774): presented at 1 st Cntinental Cngress; lst by ne vte. Attempt at cmprmise with GB by establishing a separate American Parliament Declaratin f Rights and Grievances (1774): submitted t the King in hpes f recnciliatin but shwed that the clnists wuld take actin fr their perceived lss f rights by initiating nn-imprtatin, nn-cnsumptin, nn-exprtatin mvements Cntinental Assciatin (1774): est. by 1 st Cntinental Cngress t enfrce the 3 rd byctt f British gds, established cmmittees f bservatin in twns t enfrce the byctt and these cmmittees sn became their twns de fact gvernments Cmmittees f Observatin supplanted British assemblies and led acts f insubrdinatin (cllecting taxes, disrupting curt sessins, rganizing militias and gathering weapns) Battle f Lexingtn British trps dispatched t capture Clnial leaders Sam Adams and Jhn Hancck Met with resistance frm minutemen (clnial militia) wh were warned ahead f time by riders such as Paul Revere Page 4 f 10

5 Smene fired 8 dead minutemen Battle f Cncrd British trps dispatched t seize clnial weapns Sht heard arund the wrld Larger grup f minutemen wh inflicted casualties n the British redcats and frced the Brits t retreat, war had begun Lrd Dunmre s War (1774): cnfrntatin between Virginia and the American Indians f the Ohi Cuntry, led t a tentative peace and mre land Patrits usted Gvernr Dunmre f VA shrtly thereafter, and he retaliated by rganizing tw military frces and issuing Dunmre s Prclamatin, which prmised freedm t any slaves wh left their masters and jined the British frces. This scared many suthern clnists, and they quickly jumped n the Patrit bandwagn Secnd Cntinental Cngress (May 1775): established a Cntinental Army led by Gerge Washingtn, printed mney, and created gvernment ffices t supervise plicy Gerge III s Prclamatin fr Suppressing Rebellin (1775) Declaratin f Causes and Necessities f Taking up Arms (1775): hpe fr recnciliatin but apprved use f frce t btain clnial rights Olive Branch Petitin (July 5, 1775): an effrt by Cntinental Cngress fr recnciliatin with GB and t reach cmprmise; an entreaty t the king t intervene and establish peace Cmmn Sense (1776) Thmas Paine: call fr independence and republican frm f gvernment Inspired many clnists t the Patrit cause Declaratin f Independence (July 4, 1776): justified independence and republicanism by vilifying Gerge III, defended individual liberties and a gvernment derived frm the cnsent f the gverned WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE British strategy is t divide New England frm the rest f the clnies Clnists use guerilla warfare and their smaller numbers t utmaneuver the British British Suthern Campaign: cntrl Chesapeake and starve ut the Suth; hld NY and starve middle clnies War f Attritin: a prlnged war r perid f cnflict during which each side seeks t gradually wear ut the ther by a series f small-scale actins; take capital cities and trade prts War in Suth fails because the Lyalists are t busy fighting the suthern Patrits fr persnal reasns, they are uncntrllable. The suthern backcuntry is difficult fr the British army t navigate Page 5 f 10

6 Battle Name + Lcatin Generals Invlved Summary Significance Battle f New Yrk General Hwe (GB) v. General Washingtn - GB 32,000 v. CA 15,000 - British ships entering New (CA) - July-August 1776 England harbrs Battle f Lng Island Hwe and Washingtn - Hwe attacks with a few thusand in frnt and then his large frce attacks CA frm side Battle f Trentn Hwe and Washingtn - W retreats t NJ, Hwe fllws - W crsses Delaware Battle f Princetn Hwe and Washingtn - W steals British supplies - CA sldiers fight 3 days beynd enlistment expiratin - Hwe retreats Battle f Germantwn Hwe and Washingtn - CA has cmplicated 4 prnged attack t descend n Germantwn - GB defeats CA Battle f Saratga Burgyne (GB) v. Hrati Gates (CA) Valley Frge (winter ) - CA utmaneuvers the British - CA army chases after fleeing British at insistence f Benedict Arnld - Burgyne surrenders t Gates Nt a battle - CA lw n supplies - Starving Winter - Trained by Marquis de Lafayette - Start f war - Culd ve ended the war by bliterating CA except Hwe decided t stp and take lunch - Captures 1,000 Hessian sldiers - Small victry fr CA - CA believes in their cause, fighting beynd their enlistment terms - Victry fr CA - CA victry revives clnial fighting spirit - Cnvinced France t aid the Americans - Benedict Arnld bitter ver nt receiving credit fr the victry, influences his decisin t turn traitr - CA emerges a better fighting frce - Shws weakness f Cntinental Cngress as it was Page 6 f 10

7 Battle f Camden (1780) Battle f Cwpens (1781) SC Battle f Yrktwn (1781) Crnwallis (GB) v. Gates (CA) - Crnwallis wins, Gates runs away Tarletn (GB) v. Mrgan - Militia in frnt f CA, breaks away as Brits advance, Brits run straight int firing CA Crnwallis (GB) v. - Crnwallis at Washingtn, Greene, Chesapeake, Rchambeau, Lafayette surrunded by CA with French blcking ceans unable t prvide supplies fr its trps - Nathaniel Greene takes ver CA - Mrgan demnstrates the ill-trained militias can be used t win - Decisive battle fr American victry - Crnwallis leaves Suth, Clintn leaves Nrth British Strengths Mst pwerful natin, mst pwerful navy Well-equipped, disciplined, paid army Hessian mercenaries British Weaknesses Failure t cmmunicate Underestimated the clnists willingness t fight Supplies take a lng time t arrive War is expensive and unppular Vastness f clnies makes it difficult t cntrl American Strengths Hme frnt advantage Idelgical values American Weaknesses Difficulty raising mney America is divided sme are Patrits, sme Lyalists 1/3 f ppulatin are zealus Patrits Army untrained and prly equipped American strategy = defensive Cntrl ver lcal gvernments French Alliance REVOLUTION ON THE HOME FRONT Farms and hmes were ften plundered Many peple fled t the cuntryside as British ccupied cities Traditinal markets disrupted British blckade caused widespread unemplyment and disrupted trade Wmen ran their hmes and farms while the men were away, prvided clthes and fd fr the war effrt, and frm this gained a sense f independence and advcated fr mre rights after the war Cntinental Cngress attempted t intrduce price ceilings and cmmittees f safety t cllect taxes Inflatin Page 7 f 10

8 Patrits Lyalists Fence-Sitters White Prtestant prperty Ethnic and religius minrities Pacifist Quakers hlders wh feared persecutin by Patrits Gentry Devut Anglicans Germans Urban artisans Farmers wh feared the British gvernment wuld take their land as payment fr debts Suthern planters saw themselves as safeguards f English liberties Middle and lwer classes wh didn t like the ecnmic situatin and were influenced by ideas f scial equality expressed in texts such as Thmas Paine s Cmmn Sense Gvernment fficials Merchants dependent n trade with England; generally lder and wealthy with ties t England Slaves Tenant farmers supprted King bc they hated their clnial landlrds Pr regarded the Patrit mvement with suspicin Sme regarded Patrits as pwer-hungry and self-serving Sme believed separatin frm Gb anarchy and crime ARGUMENTS Lyalists - Strng unified British empire is gd fr all - Clnists are British subjects and shuld bey British law - Taxes are due pay fr the French and Indian War that was fught t prtect clnists - Clnies are weak withut GB - Clnies prfit frm trade with GB - Clnies are t far away frm England t have representatin it is nt practical Patrits - Peple have natural rights that the gvernment cannt take away (e.g. prperty) - Taxatin takes prperty away - N taxatin withut representatin - N vice in Parliament = England shuldn t tax the clnies - Clnists fught in the French and Indian war we did ur part - British persnnel are wreaking havc (rits, death, vilence, Bstn Massacre) Reasns clnists supprted the war Believed Gerge III was a tyrant Believed Parliament wanted t cntrl internal affairs f clnies withut cnsent f clnies British ministers and gvernment fficials had a crrupting influence Wanted greater plitical participatin in plicies affecting clnies Resented quartering f British trps Wanted t preserve lcal autnmy (like during the era f Salutary Neglect) Page 8 f 10

9 WAR S SOCIETAL EFFECTS African Americans Despite nearly 5,000 f them fighting n Patrit side, there were few gains Many slaves in the Nrth were granted freedm if they fught fr the American cause climate f the Revlutin made the idea f slavery unacceptable in the minds f many Nrtherners (hwever, they did nt depend n slavery fr ecnmic system) gradual eliminatin f slavery in Nrth A grwth f free black cmmunities in America fstered by the War fr American Independence Revlutinary sentiments led t the banning f the imprtatin f slaves in 1807 British encuraged slaves t run away frm their masters and jin the Lyalist cause in exchange fr freedm, the Brits did this as an attempt t break the Suth s ecnmy Antislavery sciety funded in 1775 by Quakers in Philadelphia Patrit victry cnfirmed the pwer f the master class in the Suth Sutherners viewed the Revlutin as a fight t prtect their prperty, which included slaves, s they weren t abut t free them Dubts abut slavery and legal mdificatins that ccurred in the Nrth and Upper Suth never tk serius hld amng whites in the Lwer Suth Wmen "Republican Mtherhd" educatin Judith Sargent Murray "On the Equality f the Sexes" (1790) Emerged frm the war with a sense f independence and hped the new gvernment wuld decrease scietal and legal restrictins placed n wmen Lyalists Patrits subjected Lyalists t public humiliatin and vilence Many fled the cuntry Gvernment was hesitant t seize Lyalists land, mst f it was returned, but sme was sld t the highest bidder (s pr farmers gained little frm this) Patrit merchants replaced Lyalists at tp f the ecnmic ladder Republican entrepreneurs wh prmted new trading ventures and dmestic manufacturing Native Americans At the start f the war Patrits wrked hard t try and ensure Indian neutrality Mst tribes supprted the British Native grups in the trans-appalachian west wuld remain a vital frce and a significant military threat t the new United States, especially as Americans mved westward Americans explained that the Treaty f Paris nullified Natives claims t land and thus tk it Yemen Farmers and Urban Artisans biggest beneficiaries f the American Revlutin Page 9 f 10

10 Yeman farmers already believed in American ideals (hnesty, virtue, hard wrk, independency) Yemen and artisans f mderate wealth made up the majrity (62 percent) f elected fficials in the three nrthern states, and frmed a significant minrity (30 percent) in the suthern states by the end f the war Revlutin mre vting pwer fr middling class END OF THE WAR Treaty f Paris (1783): America fficially independent, gained land suth f the Great Lakes and east f Mississippi river British prhibited frm taking slaves and ther prperty ut f America Cnfiscated Lyalist land returned; Lyalists = citizens British merchants allwed t pursue legal claims fr pre-war debts Treaty f Versailles (1783): GB at peace with France and Spain; Spain regains Flrida; France receives Caribbean island (France s natinal debt sared sets stage fr French Revlutin) Surces _f_pint_pleasant _argue.pdf Princetn Review APUSH 2017 editin - America s Histry, Henretta, 8th editin Page 10 f 10