MS.Structure and Properties of Matter

Transcription

1 MS.Structure and Properties of Matter 06-PS1-1. MS.Structure and Properties of Matter Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and extended structures. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on developing models of molecules that vary in complexity. Examples of simple molecules could include ammonia and methanol. Examples of extended structures could include sodium chloride or diamonds. Examples of molecular-level models could include drawings, 3D ball and stick structures or computer representations showing different molecules with different types of atoms.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include valence electrons and bonding energy, discussing the ionic nature of subunits of complex structures, or a complete depiction of all individual atoms in a complex molecule or extended structure.] 06-PS1-3. Gather and make sense of information to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on natural resources that undergo a chemical process to form the synthetic material. Examples of new materials could include new medicine, foods, and alternative fuels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative information.] 06-PS1-4. Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on qualitative molecular-level models of solids, liquids, and gases to show that adding or removing thermal energy increases or decreases kinetic energy of the particles until a change of state occurs. Examples of models could include drawings and diagrams. Examples of particles could include molecules or inert atoms. Examples of pure substances could include water, carbon dioxide, and helium.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop a model to predict and/or describe phenomena. (06-PS1-1),(06-PS1-4) Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to evaluating the merit and validity of ideas and methods. Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. (06-PS1-3) PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter Substances are made from different types of atoms, which combine with one another in various ways. Atoms form molecules that range in size from two to thousands of atoms. (06-PS1-1) Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (06-PS1-3) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by 07-PS1-2.) Gases and liquids are made of molecules or inert atoms that are moving about relative to each other. (06-PS1-4) In a liquid, the molecules are constantly in contact with others; in a gas, they are widely spaced except when they happen to collide. In a solid, atoms are closely spaced and may vibrate in position but do not change relative locations. (06-PS1-4) Solids may be formed from molecules, or they may be extended structures with repeating subunits (e.g., crystals). (06-PS1-1) The changes of state that occur with variations in temperature or pressure can be described and predicted using these models of matter. (06-PS1-4) PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (06-PS1-3) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by 07-PS1-2 and 07-PS1-5.) PS3.A: Definitions of Energy The term heat as used in everyday language refers both to thermal energy (the motion of atoms or molecules within a substance) and the transfer of that thermal energy from one object to another. In science, heat is used only for this second meaning; it refers to the energy transferred due to the temperature difference between two objects. (secondary to 06- PS1-4) The temperature of a system is proportional to the average internal kinetic energy and potential energy per atom or molecule (whichever is the appropriate building block for the system s material). The details of that relationship depend on the type of atom or molecule and the interactions among the atoms in the material. Temperature is not a direct measure of a system's total thermal energy. The total thermal energy (sometimes called the total internal energy) of a system depends jointly on the temperature, the total number of atoms in the system, and the state of the material. (secondary to 06-PS1-4) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (06-PS1-4) Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. (06-PS1-1) Structure and Function Structures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used. (06-PS1-3) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (06-PS1-3) Influence of Science, Engineering and Technology on Society and the Natural World The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. (06-PS1-3) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A (06-PS1-3); MS.LS4.D (06-PS1-3); MS.ESS2.C (06-PS1-1),(06-PS1-4); MS.ESS3.A (06-PS1-3); MS.ESS3.C (06-PS1-3) Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS1.A (06-PS1-1); HS.PS1.A (06-PS1-1),(06-PS1-3),(06-PS1-4); HS.PS1.B (06-PS1-4); HS.PS3.A (06-PS1-4); HS.LS2.A (06-PS1-3); HS.LS4.D (06-PS1-3); HS.ESS1.A (06-PS1-1); HS.ESS3.A (06-PS1-3) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions (06-PS1-3) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (06-PS1-1),(06-PS1-4) WHST Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. (06-PS1-3) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (06-PS1-1)

2 MP.4 6.RP.A.3 6.NS.C.5 8.EE.A.3 MS.Structure and Properties of Matter Model with mathematics. (06-PS1-1) Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. (06-PS1-1) Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. (06-PS1-4) Use numbers expressed in the form of a single digit times an integer power of 10 to estimate very large or very small quantities, and to express how many times as much one is than the other. (06-PS1-1)

3 MS.Chemical Reactions MS.Chemical Reactions 07-PS1-2. Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred. [Clarification Statement: Examples of reactions could include burning sugar or steel wool, fat reacting with sodium hydroxide, and mixing zinc with HCl.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to analysis of the following properties: density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, flammability, and odor.] 07-PS1-5. Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on law of conservation of matter, and on physical models or drawings, including digital forms, that represent atoms.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the use of atomic masses, balancing symbolic equations, or intermolecular forces.] 07-PS1-6. Undertake a design project to construct, test, and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.* [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the design, controlling the transfer of energy to the environment, and modification of a device using factors such as type and concentration of a substance. Examples of designs could involve chemical reactions such as dissolving ammonium chloride or calcium chloride.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to the criteria of amount, time, and temperature of substance in testing the device.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. (07-PS1-5) Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (07-PS1-2) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific knowledge, principles, and theories. Undertake a design project, engaging in the design cycle, to construct and/or implement a solution that meets specific design criteria and constraints. (07- PS1-6) PS1.A: Structure and Properties of Matter Each pure substance has characteristic physical and chemical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it. (07-PS1-2) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by 06-PS1-3.) PS1.B: Chemical Reactions Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical process, the atoms that make up the original substances are regrouped into different molecules, and these new substances have different properties from those of the reactants. (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5) (Note: This Disciplinary Core Idea is also addressed by 06-PS1-3.) The total number of each type of atom is conserved, and thus the mass does not change. (07-PS1-5) Some chemical reactions release energy, others store energy. (07-PS1-6) ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results, in order to improve it. (secondary to 07-PS1-6) ETS1.C: Optimizing the Design Solution Although one design may not perform the best across all tests, identifying the characteristics of the design that performed the best in each test can provide useful information for the redesign process that is, some of the characteristics may be incorporated into the new design. (secondary to 07-PS1-6) The iterative process of testing the most promising solutions and modifying what is proposed on the basis of the test results leads to greater refinement and ultimately to an optimal solution. (secondary to 07-PS1-6) Patterns Macroscopic patterns are related to the nature of microscopic and atomic-level structure. (07-PS1-2) Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (07-PS1-5) The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system. (07-PS1-6) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (07-PS1-2) Science Models, Laws, Mechanisms, and Theories Explain Natural Phenomena Laws are regularities or mathematical descriptions of natural phenomena. (07-PS1-5) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.D (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-6); MS.LS1.C (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5); MS.LS2.B (07-PS1-5); MS.ESS2.A (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5) Articulation across grade-bands: 5.PS1.B (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5); HS.PS1.A (07-PS1-6); HS.PS1.B (07-PS1-2)(07-PS1-5),(07-PS1-6); HS.PS3.A (07-PS1-6); HS.PS3.B (07-PS1-6); HS.PS3.D (07-PS1-6) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions (07-PS1-2) RST Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. (07-PS1-6) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5) WHST Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. (07-PS1-6) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (07-PS1-5) 6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. (07-PS1-2),(07-PS1-5) 6.SP.B.4 Display numerical data in plots on a number line, including dot plots, histograms, and box plots. (07-PS1-2) 6.SP.B.5 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context (07-PS1-2)

4 MS.Energy MS.Energy 08-PS3-1. Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on descriptive relationships between kinetic energy and mass separately from kinetic energy and speed. Examples could include riding a bicycle at different speeds, rolling different sizes of rocks downhill, and getting hit by a wiffle ball versus a tennis ball.] 07-PS3-2. Develop a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on relative amounts of potential energy, not on calculations of potential energy. Examples of objects within systems interacting at varying distances could include: the Earth and either a roller coaster cart at varying positions on a hill or objects at varying heights on shelves, changing the direction/orientation of a magnet, and a balloon with static electrical charge being brought closer to a classmate s hair. Examples of models could include representations, diagrams, pictures, and written descriptions of systems.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to two objects and electric, magnetic, and gravitational interactions.] 07-PS3-3. Apply scientific principles to design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of devices could include an insulated box, a solar cooker, and a Styrofoam cup.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculating the total amount of thermal energy transferred.] 07-PS3-4. Plan an investigation to determine the relationships among the energy transferred, the type of matter, the mass, and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles as measured by the temperature of the sample. [Clarification Statement: Examples of experiments could include comparing final water temperatures after different masses of ice melted in the same volume of water with the same initial temperature, the temperature change of samples of different materials with the same mass as they cool or heat in the environment, or the same material with different masses when a specific amount of energy is added.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculating the total amount of thermal energy transferred.] 07-PS3-5. Construct, use, and present arguments to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object. [Clarification Statement: Examples of empirical evidence used in arguments could include an inventory or other representation of the energy before and after the transfer in the form of temperature changes or motion of object.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include calculations of energy.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. (07-PS3-2) Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Planning and carrying out investigations to answer questions or test solutions to problems in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include investigations that use multiple variables and provide evidence to support explanations or design solutions. Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. (07-PS3-4) Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships. (08-PS3-1) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Apply scientific ideas or principles to design, construct, and test a design of an object, tool, process or system. (07-PS3-3) Engaging in Argument from Evidence Engaging in argument from evidence in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to constructing a convincing argument that supports or refutes claims for either explanations or solutions about the natural and designed worlds. Construct, use, and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon. (07-PS3-5) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations (07-PS3-4),(07-PS3-5) PS3.A: Definitions of Energy Motion energy is properly called kinetic energy; it is proportional to the mass of the moving object and grows with the square of its speed. (08-PS3-1) A system of objects may also contain stored (potential) energy, depending on their relative positions. (07-PS3-2) Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles of matter. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states, and amounts of matter present. (07-PS3-3),(07-PS3-4) PS3.B: Conservation of Energy and Energy Transfer When the motion energy of an object changes, there is inevitably some other change in energy at the same time. (07-PS3-5) The amount of energy transfer needed to change the temperature of a matter sample by a given amount depends on the nature of the matter, the size of the sample, and the environment. (07-PS3-4) Energy is spontaneously transferred out of hotter regions or objects and into colder ones. (07-PS3-3) PS3.C: Relationship Between Energy and Forces When two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other that can cause energy to be transferred to or from the object. (07-PS3-2) ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting an Engineering Problem The more precisely a design task s criteria and constraints can be defined, the more likely it is that the designed solution will be successful. Specification of constraints includes consideration of scientific principles and other relevant knowledge that is likely to limit possible solutions. (secondary to 07-PS3-3) ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions A solution needs to be tested, and then modified on the basis of the test results in order to improve it. There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to 07-PS3-3) Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Proportional relationships (e.g. speed as the ratio of distance traveled to time taken) among different types of quantities provide information about the magnitude of properties and processes. (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-4) Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions such as inputs, processes, and outputs and energy and matter flows within systems. (07-PS3-2) Energy and Matter Energy may take different forms (e.g. energy in fields, thermal energy, energy of motion). (07-PS3-5) The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a designed or natural system. (07-PS3-3) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A (07-PS3-4); MS.PS1.B (07-PS3-3); MS.PS2.A (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-4),(07-PS3-5); MS.ESS2.A (07-PS3-3); MS.ESS2.C (07- PS3-3),(07-PS3-4); MS.ESS2.D (07-PS3-3),(07-PS3-4); MS.ESS3.D (07-PS3-4) Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.B (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-3); 4.PS3.C (07-PS3-4),(07-PS3-5); HS.PS1.B (07-PS3-4); HS.PS2.B (07-PS3-2); HS.PS3.A (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-4),(07-PS3-5); HS.PS3.B (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-2),(07-PS3-3),(07-PS3-4),(07-PS3-5); HS.PS3.C (07-PS3-2)

5 MS.Energy Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions (08-PS3-1),(07- PS3-5) RST Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. (07-PS3-3),(07-PS3-4) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (08-PS3-1) WHST Write arguments focused on discipline content. (07-PS3-5) WHST Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. (07-PS3-3),(07-PS3-4) SL.8.5 Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. (07-PS3-2) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-4),(07-PS3-5) 6.RP.A.1 Understand the concept of ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-5) 6.RP.A.2 Understand the concept of a unit rate a/b associated with a ratio a:b with b 0, and use rate language in the context of a ratio relationship. (08-PS3-1) 7.RP.A.2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-5) 8.EE.A.1 Know and apply the properties of integer exponents to generate equivalent numerical expressions. (08-PS3-1) 8.EE.A.2 Use square root and cube root symbols to represent solutions to equations of the form x2 = p and x3 = p, where p is a positive rational number. Evaluate square roots of small perfect squares and cube roots of small perfect cubes. Know that 2 is irrational. (08-PS3-1) 8.F.A.3 Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear. (08-PS3-1),(07-PS3-5) 6.SP.B.5 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. (07-PS3-4)

6 MS.Forces and Interactions 06-PS PS PS PS PS2-5. MS.Forces and Interactions Apply Newton s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of practical problems could include the impact of collisions between two cars, between a car and stationary objects, and between a meteor and a space vehicle.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to vertical or horizontal interactions in one dimension.] Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on balanced (Newton s First Law) and unbalanced forces in a system, qualitative comparisons of forces, mass and changes in motion (Newton s Second Law), frame of reference, and specification of units.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to forces and changes in motion in one-dimension in an inertial reference frame, and to change in one variable at a time. Assessment does not include the use of trigonometry.] Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. [Clarification Statement: Examples of devices that use electric and magnetic forces could include electromagnets, electric motors, or generators. Examples of data could include the effect of the number of turns of wire on the strength of an electromagnet, or the effect of increasing the number or strength of magnets on the speed of an electric motor.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment about questions that require quantitative answers is limited to proportional reasoning and algebraic thinking.] Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects. [Clarification Statement: Examples of evidence for arguments could include data generated from simulations or digital tools; and charts displaying mass, strength of interaction, distance from the Sun, and orbital periods of objects within the solar system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Newton s Law of Gravitation or Kepler s Laws.] Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact. [Clarification Statement: Examples of this phenomenon could include the interactions of magnets, electrically-charged strips of tape, and electrically-charged pith balls. Examples of investigations could include first-hand experiences or simulations.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to electric and magnetic fields. Assessment is limited to qualitative evidence for the existence of fields.] Asking Questions and Defining Problems Asking questions and defining problems in grades 6 8 builds from grades K 5 experiences and progresses to specifying relationships between variables, and clarifying arguments and models. Ask questions that can be investigated within the scope of the classroom, outdoor environment, and museums and other public facilities with available resources and, when appropriate, frame a hypothesis based on observations and scientific principles. (07-PS2-3) Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Planning and carrying out investigations to answer questions or test solutions to problems in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include investigations that use multiple variables and provide evidence to support explanations or design solutions. Plan an investigation individually and collaboratively, and in the design: identify independent and dependent variables and controls, what tools are needed to do the gathering, how measurements will be recorded, and how many data are needed to support a claim. (06-PS2-2) Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that can meet the goals of the investigation. (07-PS2-5) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Apply scientific ideas or principles to design an object, tool, process or system. (06-PS2-1) Engaging in Argument from Evidence Engaging in argument from evidence in 6 8 builds from K 5 experiences and progresses to constructing a convincing argument that supports or refutes claims for either explanations or solutions about the natural and designed world. Construct and present oral and written arguments supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (07-PS2-4) PS2.A: Forces and Motion For any pair of interacting objects, the force exerted by the first object on the second object is equal in strength to the force that the second object exerts on the first, but in the opposite direction (Newton s third law). (06-PS2-1) The motion of an object is determined by the sum of the forces acting on it; if the total force on the object is not zero, its motion will change. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force needed to achieve the same change in motion. For any given object, a larger force causes a larger change in motion. (06-PS2-2) All positions of objects and the directions of forces and motions must be described in an arbitrarily chosen reference frame and arbitrarily chosen units of size. In order to share information with other people, these choices must also be shared. (06-PS2-2) PS2.B: Types of Interactions Electric and magnetic (electromagnetic) forces can be attractive or repulsive, and their sizes depend on the magnitudes of the charges, currents, or magnetic strengths involved and on the distances between the interacting objects. (07-PS2-3) Gravitational forces are always attractive. There is a gravitational force between any two masses, but it is very small except when one or both of the objects have large mass e.g., Earth and the sun. (07-PS2-4) Forces that act at a distance (electric, magnetic, and gravitational) can be explained by fields that extend through space and can be mapped by their effect on a test object (a charged object, or a ball, respectively). (07-PS2-5) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (07-PS2-3),(07-PS2-5) Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions such as inputs, processes and outputs and energy and matter flows within systems. (06-PS2-1),(07-PS2-4), Stability and Change Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and forces at different scales. (06-PS2-2) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World The uses of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. (06-PS2-1) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-4) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS3.A (06-PS2-2); MS.PS3.B (06-PS2-2); MS.PS3.C (06-PS2-1); MS.ESS1.A (07-PS2-4); MS.ESS1.B (06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-4); MS.ESS2.C (06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-4) Articulation across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2); 3.PS2.B (07-PS2-3),(07-PS2-5); 5.PS2.B (07-PS2-4); HS.PS2.A (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2); HS.PS2.B (07-PS2-3),(07-PS2-4),(07-PS2-5); HS.PS3.A (07-PS2-5); HS.PS3.B (06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-5); HS.PS3.C (07-PS2-5); HS.ESS1.B (07-PS2-4)

7 RST WHST WHST MP.2 6.NS.C.5 6.EE.A.2 7.EE.B.3 7.EE.B.4 MS.Forces and Interactions Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions (06-PS2-1),(07- PS2-3) Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks. (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-5) Write arguments focused on discipline-specific content. (07-PS2-4) Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-5) Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2),(07-PS2-3) Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values; use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. (06-PS2-1) Write, read, and evaluate expressions in which letters stand for numbers. (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2) Solve multi-step real-life and mathematical problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form, using tools strategically. Apply properties of operations to calculate with numbers in any form; convert between forms as appropriate; and assess the reasonableness of answers using mental computation and estimation strategies. (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2) Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. (06-PS2-1),(06-PS2-2)

8 MS.Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation MS.Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation 07-PS4-1. Use mathematical representations to describe a simple model for waves that includes how the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy in a wave. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing waves with both qualitative and quantitative thinking.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include electromagnetic waves and is limited to standard repeating waves.] 07-PS4-2. Develop and use a model to describe that waves are reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through various materials. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on both light and mechanical waves. Examples of models could include drawings, simulations, and written descriptions.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to qualitative applications pertaining to light and mechanical waves.] 07-PS4-3. Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information to support the claim that digitized signals are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information than analog signals. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on a basic understanding that waves can be used for communication purposes. Examples could include using fiber optic cable to transmit light pulses, radio wave pulses in wifi devices, and conversion of stored binary patterns to make sound or text on a computer screen.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include binary counting. Assessment does not include the specific mechanism of any given device.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. (07-PS4-2) Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Mathematical and computational thinking at the 6 8 level builds on K 5 and progresses to identifying patterns in large data sets and using mathematical concepts to support explanations and arguments. Use mathematical representations to describe and/or support scientific conclusions and design solutions. (07-PS4-1) Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in 6-8 builds on K-5 and progresses to evaluating the merit and validity of ideas and methods. Integrate qualitative scientific and technical information in written text with that contained in media and visual displays to clarify claims and findings. (07-PS4-3) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (07-PS4-1) PS4.A: Wave Properties A simple wave has a repeating pattern with a specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude. (07-PS4-1) A sound wave needs a medium through which it is transmitted. (07-PS4-2) PS4.B: Electromagnetic Radiation When light shines on an object, it is reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the object, depending on the object s material and the frequency (color) of the light. (07-PS4-2) The path that light travels can be traced as straight lines, except at surfaces between different transparent materials (e.g., air and water, air and glass) where the light path bends. (07-PS4-2) A wave model of light is useful for explaining brightness, color, and the frequency-dependent bending of light at a surface between media. (07-PS4-2) However, because light can travel through space, it cannot be a matter wave, like sound or water waves. (07-PS4-2) PS4.C: Information Technologies and Instrumentation Digitized signals (sent as wave pulses) are a more reliable way to encode and transmit information. (07-PS4-3) Patterns Graphs and charts can be used to identify patterns in data. (07-PS4-1) Structure and Function Structures can be designed to serve particular functions by taking into account properties of different materials, and how materials can be shaped and used. (07-PS4-2) Structures can be designed to serve particular functions. (07-PS4-3) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World Technologies extend the measurement, exploration, modeling, and computational capacity of scientific investigations. (07-PS4-3) Science is a Human Endeavor Advances in technology influence the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology. (07-PS4-3) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.D (07-PS4-2) Articulation across grade-bands: 4.PS3.A (07-PS4-1); 4.PS3.B (07-PS4-1); 4.PS4.A (07-PS4-1); 4.PS4.B (07-PS4-2); 4.PS4.C (07-PS4-3); HS.PS4.A (07-PS4-1),(07-PS4-2),(07- PS4-3); HS.PS4.B (07-PS4-1),(07-PS4-2); HS.PS4.C (07-PS4-3); HS.ESS1.A (07-PS4-2); HS.ESS2.A (07-PS4-2); HS.ESS2.C (07-PS4-2); HS.ESS2.D (07-PS4-2) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (07-PS4-3) RST Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. (07-PS4-3) RST Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. (07-PS4-3) WHST Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (07-PS4-3) SL.8.5 Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. (07-PS4-1),(07-PS4-2) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (07-PS4-1) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (07-PS4-1) 6.RP.A.1 Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. (07-PS4-1) 6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. (07-PS4-1) 7.RP.A.2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. (07-PS4-1) 8.F.A.3 Interpret the equation y = mx + b as defining a linear function, whose graph is a straight line; give examples of functions that are not linear. (07-PS4-1)

9 MS.Structure, Function, and Information Processing MS.Structure, Function, and Information Processing 07-LS1-1. Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on developing evidence that living things are made of cells, distinguishing between living and non-living cells, and understanding that living things may be made of one cell or many and varied cells.] 07-LS1-2. Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and ways parts of cells contribute to the function. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the cell functioning as a whole system and the primary role of identified parts of the cell, specifically the nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cell membrane, and cell wall.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment of organelle structure/function relationships is limited to the cell wall and cell membrane. Assessment of the function of the other organelles is limited to their relationship to the whole cell. Assessment does not include the biochemical function of cells or cell parts.] 07-LS1-3. Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples could include the interaction of subsystems within a system and the normal functioning of those systems.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the mechanism of one body system independent of others. Assessment is limited to the circulatory, excretory, digestive, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems.] 08-LS1-8. Gather and synthesize information that sensory receptors respond to stimuli by sending messages to the brain for immediate behavior or storage as memories. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include mechanisms for the transmission of this information.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. (07- LS1-2) Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Planning and carrying out investigations in 6-8 builds on K- 5 experiences and progresses to include investigations that use multiple variables and provide evidence to support explanations or solutions. Conduct an investigation to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence that meet the goals of an investigation. (07-LS1-1) Engaging in Argument from Evidence Engaging in argument from evidence in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to constructing a convincing argument that supports or refutes claims for either explanations or solutions about the natural and designed world(s). Use an oral and written argument supported by evidence to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon. (07-LS1-3) Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in 6-8 builds on K-5 experiences and progresses to evaluating the merit and validity of ideas and methods. Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. (08-LS1-8) LS1.A: Structure and Function All living things are made up of cells, which is the smallest unit that can be said to be alive. An organism may consist of one single cell (unicellular) or many different numbers and types of cells (multicellular). (07- LS1-1) Within cells, special structures are responsible for particular functions, and the cell membrane forms the boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell. (07-LS1-2) In multicellular organisms, the body is a system of multiple interacting subsystems. These subsystems are groups of cells that work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. (07-LS1-3) LS1.D: Information Processing Each sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. The signals are then processed in the brain, resulting in immediate behaviors or memories. (08-LS1-8) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural systems. (08-LS1-8) Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Phenomena that can be observed at one scale may not be observable at another scale. (07-LS1-1) Systems and System Models Systems may interact with other systems; they may have sub-systems and be a part of larger complex systems. (07-LS1-3) Structure and Function Complex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and used to describe how their function depends on the relationships among its parts, therefore complex natural and designed structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function. (07-LS1-2) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (07-LS1-1) Science is a Human Endeavor Scientists and engineers are guided by habits of mind such as intellectual honesty, tolerance of ambiguity, skepticism, and openness to new ideas. (07-LS1-3) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS3.A (07-LS1-2) Articulation to DCIs across grade-bands: 4.LS1.A (07-LS1-2); 4.LS1.D (08-LS1-8); HS.LS1.A (07-LS1-1),(07-LS1-2),(07-LS1-3),(08-LS1-8) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (07-LS1-3) RI.6.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not. (07- LS1-3) WHST Write arguments focused on discipline content. (07-LS1-3) WHST Conduct short research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question), drawing on several sources and generating additional related, focused questions that allow for multiple avenues of exploration. (07-LS1-1) WHST Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and providing basic bibliographic information for sources. (08-LS1-8) SL.8.5 Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. (07-LS1-2) 6.EE.C.9 Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. (07-LS1-1),(07-LS1-2),(07-LS1-3) and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences.

10 MS.Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems 07-LS LS LS LS LS2-4. MS.Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on tracing movement of matter and flow of energy.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the biochemical mechanisms of photosynthesis.] Develop a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing that molecules are broken apart and put back together and that in this process, energy is released.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of the chemical reactions for photosynthesis or respiration.] Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on cause and effect relationships between resources and growth of individual organisms and the numbers of organisms in ecosystems during periods of abundant and scarce resources.] Develop a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on describing the conservation of matter and flow of energy into and out of various ecosystems, and on defining the boundaries of the system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the use of chemical reactions to describe the processes.] Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes to physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on recognizing patterns in data and making warranted inferences about changes in populations, and on evaluating empirical evidence supporting arguments about changes to ecosystems.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop a model to describe phenomena. (06-LS2-3) Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. (07-LS1-7) Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena. (06-LS2-1) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific knowledge, principles, and theories. Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (07-LS1-6) Engaging in Argument from Evidence Engaging in argument from evidence in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to constructing a convincing argument that supports or refutes claims for either explanations or solutions about the natural and designed world(s). Construct an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (08-LS2-4) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical connections between evidence and explanations. (07-LS1-6) Science disciplines share common rules of obtaining and evaluating empirical evidence. (08-LS2-4) PS3.D: Energy in Chemical Processes and Everyday Life The chemical reaction by which plants produce complex food molecules (sugars) requires an energy input (i.e., from sunlight) to occur. In this reaction, carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbon-based organic molecules and release oxygen. (secondary to 07-LS1-6) Cellular respiration in plants and animals involve chemical reactions with oxygen that release stored energy. In these processes, complex molecules containing carbon react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and other materials. (secondary to 07-LS1-7) LS1.C: Organization for Matter and Energy Flow in Organisms Plants, algae (including phytoplankton), and many microorganisms use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water through the process of photosynthesis, which also releases oxygen. These sugars can be used immediately or stored for growth or later use. (07-LS1-6) Within individual organisms, food moves through a series of chemical reactions in which it is broken down and rearranged to form new molecules, to support growth, or to release energy. (07- LS1-7) LS2.A: Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems Organisms, and populations of organisms, are dependent on their environmental interactions both with other living things and with nonliving factors. (06-LS2-1) In any ecosystem, organisms and populations with similar requirements for food, water, oxygen, or other resources may compete with each other for limited resources, access to which consequently constrains their growth and reproduction. (06-LS2-1) Growth of organisms and population increases are limited by access to resources. (06-LS2-1) LS2.B: Cycle of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem. (06-LS2-3) LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience Ecosystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary over time. Disruptions to any physical or biological component of an ecosystem can lead to shifts in all its populations. (08-LS2-4) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (06-LS2-1) Energy and Matter Matter is conserved because atoms are conserved in physical and chemical processes. (07-LS1-7) Within a natural system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and/or cycling of matter. (07-LS1-6) The transfer of energy can be tracked as energy flows through a natural system. (06- LS2-3) Stability and Change Small changes in one part of a system might cause large changes in another part. (08- LS2-4) Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. (06-LS2-3) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7),(06-LS2-3); MS.LS4.C (08-LS2-4); MS.LS4.D (08-LS2-4); MS.ESS2.A (07-LS1-6),(06-LS2-3),(08- LS2-4); MS.ESS3.A (06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4); MS.ESS3.C (06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4) Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS2.C (06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4); 3.LS4.D (06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4); 5.PS3.D (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7); 5.LS1.C (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7); 5.LS2.A (07-LS1-6),(06-LS2-1),(06-LS2-3); 5.LS2.B (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7),(06-LS2-3); HS.PS1.B (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7); HS.PS3.B (06-LS2-3); HS.LS1.C (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7),(06-LS2-3); and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences.

11 MS.Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems HS.LS2.A (06-LS2-1); HS.LS2.B (07-LS1-6),(07-LS1-7),(06-LS2-3); HS.LS2.C (08-LS2-4); HS.LS4.C (06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4) ; HS.LS4.D (06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4); HS.ESS2.A (06-LS2-3); HS.ESS2.D (07-LS1-6); HS.ESS2.E (08-LS2-4); HS.ESS3.A (06-LS2-1); HS.ESS3.B (08-LS2-4); HS.ESS3.C (08-LS2-4) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (07-LS1-6),(06-LS2-1),(08-LS2-4) RST Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. (07-LS1-6) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (06-LS2-1) RI.8.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. (08-LS2-4) WHST Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. (08-LS2-4) WHST Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (07-LS1-6) WHST Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (07-LS1-6),(08-LS2-4) SL.8.5 Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest. (07-LS1-7),(06-LS2-3) 6.EE.C.9 Use variables to represent two quantities in a real-world problem that change in relationship to one another; write an equation to express one quantity, thought of as the dependent variable, in terms of the other quantity, thought of as the independent variable. Analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using graphs and tables, and relate these to the equation. (07-LS1-6),(06-LS2-3) and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences.

12 MS.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems 06-LS LS2-5. MS.Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems Construct an explanation that predicts patterns of interactions among organisms across multiple ecosystems. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on predicting consistent patterns of interactions in different ecosystems in terms of the relationships among and between organisms and abiotic components of ecosystems. Examples of types of interactions could include competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial.] Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services.* [Clarification Statement: Examples of ecosystem services could include water purification, nutrient recycling, and prevention of soil erosion. Examples of design solution constraints could include scientific, economic, and social considerations.] Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Construct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that predict phenomena. (06-LS2-2) Engaging in Argument from Evidence Engaging in argument from evidence in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to constructing a convincing argument that supports or refutes claims for either explanations or solutions about the natural and designed world(s). Evaluate competing design solutions based on jointly developed and agreed-upon design criteria. (08-LS2-5) LS2.A: Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems Similarly, predatory interactions may reduce the number of organisms or eliminate whole populations of organisms. Mutually beneficial interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, both living and nonliving, are shared. (06-LS2-2) LS2.C: Ecosystem Dynamics, Functioning, and Resilience Biodiversity describes the variety of species found in Earth s terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems. The completeness or integrity of an ecosystem s biodiversity is often used as a measure of its health. (08-LS2-5) LS4.D: Biodiversity and Humans Changes in biodiversity can influence humans resources, such as food, energy, and medicines, as well as ecosystem services that humans rely on for example, water purification and recycling. (secondary to 08-LS2-5) ETS1.B: Developing Possible Solutions There are systematic processes for evaluating solutions with respect to how well they meet the criteria and constraints of a problem. (secondary to 08-LS2-5) Patterns Patterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. (06-LS2-2) Stability and Change Small changes in one part of a system might cause large changes in another part. (08-LS2-5) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World The use of technologies and any limitations on their use are driven by individual or societal needs, desires, and values; by the findings of scientific research; and by differences in such factors as climate, natural resources, and economic conditions. Thus technology use varies from region to region and over time. (08- LS2-5) Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World Scientific knowledge can describes consequence of actions but does not make the decisions that society takes. (08-LS2-5) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.B (06-LS2-2); MS.ESS3.C (08-LS2-5) Articulation across grade-band: 1.LS1.B (06-LS2-2); HS.LS2.A (06-LS2-2),(08-LS2-5); HS.LS2.B (06-LS2-2); HS.LS2.C (08-LS2-5); HS.LS2.D (06-LS2-2);.LS4.D (08-LS2-5); HS.ESS3.A (08-LS2-5); HS.ESS3.C (08-LS2-5); HS.ESS3.D (08-LS2-5) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (06-LS2-2) RST Distinguish among facts, reasoned judgment based on research findings, and speculation in a text. (08-LS2-5) RI.8.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. (08-LS2-5) WHST Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (06-LS2-2) WHST Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (06-LS2-2) SL.8.1 Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly. (06-LS2-2) SL.8.4 Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. (06-LS2-2) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (08-LS2-5) 6.RP.A.3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real-world and mathematical problems. (08-LS2-5) 6.SP.B.5 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. (06-LS2-2) and reprinted with permission from the National Academy of Sciences.

13 MS.Natural Selection and Adaptations 08-LS LS LS LS LS4-6. MS.Natural Selection and Adaptations Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth under the assumption that natural laws operate today as in the past. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on finding patterns of changes in the level of complexity of anatomical structures in organisms and the chronological order of fossil appearance in the rock layers.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the names of individual species or geological eras in the fossil record.] Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for the anatomical similarities and differences among modern organisms and between modern and fossil organisms to infer evolutionary relationships. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on explanations of the evolutionary relationships among organisms in terms of similarity or differences of the gross appearance of anatomical structures.] Analyze displays of pictorial data to compare patterns of similarities in the embryological development across multiple species to identify relationships not evident in the fully formed anatomy. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on inferring general patterns of relatedness among embryos of different organisms by comparing the macroscopic appearance of diagrams or pictures.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment of comparisons is limited to gross appearance of anatomical structures in embryological development.] Construct an explanation based on evidence that describes how genetic variations of traits in a population increase some individuals probability of surviving and reproducing in a specific environment. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using simple probability statements and proportional reasoning to construct explanations Use mathematical representations to support explanations of how natural selection may lead to increases and decreases of specific traits in populations over time. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using mathematical models, probability statements, and proportional reasoning to support explanations of trends in changes to populations over time.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Hardy Weinberg calculations.] Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. Analyze displays of data to identify linear and nonlinear relationships. (08-LS4-3) Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (08-LS4-1) Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking Mathematical and computational thinking in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to identifying patterns in large data sets and using mathematical concepts to support explanations and arguments. Use mathematical representations to support scientific conclusions and design solutions. (08-LS4-6) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Apply scientific ideas to construct an explanation for real-world phenomena, examples, or events. (08-LS4-2) Construct an explanation that includes qualitative or quantitative relationships between variables that describe phenomena. (08-LS4-4) LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry and Diversity The collection of fossils and their placement in chronological order (e.g., through the location of the sedimentary layers in which they are found or through radioactive dating) is known as the fossil record. It documents the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of many life forms throughout the history of life on Earth. (08-LS4-1) Anatomical similarities and differences between various organisms living today and between them and organisms in the fossil record, enable the reconstruction of evolutionary history and the inference of lines of evolutionary descent. (08-LS4-2) Comparison of the embryological development of different species also reveals similarities that show relationships not evident in the fully-formed anatomy. (08-LS4-3) LS4.B: Natural Selection Natural selection leads to the predominance of certain traits in a population, and the suppression of others. (08-LS4-4) LS4.C: Adaptation Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions. Traits that support successful survival and reproduction in the new environment become more common; those that do not become less common. Thus, the distribution of traits in a population changes. (08-LS4-6) Patterns Patterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. (08-LS4-2) Graphs, charts, and images can be used to identify patterns in data. (08-LS4-1), (08-LS4-3) Cause and Effect Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6) Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2) Scientific Knowledge is Based on Empirical Evidence Science knowledge is based upon logical and conceptual connections between evidence and explanations. (08-LS4-1) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS2.A (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6); MS.LS2.C (08-LS4-6); MS.LS3.A (08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-4); MS.LS3.B (08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6); MS.ESS1.C (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-6); MS.ESS2.B (08-LS4-1) Articulation across grade-bands: 3.LS3.B (08-LS4-4); 3.LS4.A (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2); 3. LS4.B (08-LS4-4); 3.LS4.C (08-LS4-6); HS.LS2.A (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6); HS.LS2.C (08-LS4-6); HS.LS3.B (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6); HS.LS4.A (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-3); HS.LS4.B (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6); HS.LS4.C (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6); HS.ESS1.C (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-3),(08-LS4-4) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-3) RST Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. (08-LS4-3),(08-LS4-4)

14 WHST WHST SL.8.1 SL.8.4 MP.4 6.RP.A.1 6.SP.B.5 6.EE.B.6 7.RP.A.2 MS.Natural Selection and Adaptations Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-4) Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-4) Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, teacher-led) with diverse partners on grade 6 topics, texts, and issues, building on others ideas and expressing their own clearly. (08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-4) Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well-chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. (08-LS4-2),(08-LS4-4) Model with mathematics. (08-LS4-6) Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6) Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6) Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. (08-LS4-1),(08-LS4-2) Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. (08-LS4-4),(08-LS4-6) \\

15 MS.Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Organisms MS.Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Organisms 07-LS LS LS LS LS4-5. Use argument based on empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support an explanation for how characteristic animal behaviors and specialized plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction of animals and plants respectively. [Clarification Statement: Examples of behaviors that affect the probability of animal reproduction could include nest building to protect young from cold, herding of animals to protect young from predators, and vocalization of animals and colorful plumage to attract mates for breeding. Examples of animal behaviors that affect the probability of plant reproduction could include transferring pollen or seeds, and creating conditions for seed germination and growth. Examples of plant structures could include bright flowers attracting butterflies that transfer pollen, flower nectar and odors that attract insects that transfer pollen, and hard shells on nuts that squirrels bury.] Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how environmental and genetic factors influence the growth of organisms. [Clarification Statement: Examples of local environmental conditions could include availability of food, light, space, and water. Examples of genetic factors could include large breed cattle and species of grass affecting growth of organisms. Examples of evidence could include drought decreasing plant growth, fertilizer increasing plant growth, different varieties of plant seeds growing at different rates in different conditions, and fish growing larger in large ponds than they do in small ponds.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include genetic mechanisms, gene regulation, or biochemical processes.] Develop and use a model to describe why structural changes to genes (mutations) located on chromosomes may affect proteins and may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on conceptual understanding that changes in genetic material may result in making different proteins.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific changes at the molecular level, mechanisms for protein synthesis, or specific types of mutations.] Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on using models such as Punnett squares, diagrams, and simulations to describe the cause and effect relationship of gene transmission from parent(s) to offspring and resulting genetic variation.] Gather and synthesize information about the technologies that have changed the way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on synthesizing information from reliable sources about the influence of humans on genetic outcomes in artificial selection (such as genetic modification, animal husbandry, gene therapy); and, on the impacts these technologies have on society as well as the technologies leading to these scientific discoveries.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. (08- LS3-1),(08-LS3-2) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific knowledge, principles, and theories. Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (07-LS1-5) Engaging in Argument from Evidence Engaging in argument from evidence in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to constructing a convincing argument that supports or refutes claims for either explanations or solutions about the natural and designed world(s). Use an oral and written argument supported by empirical evidence and scientific reasoning to support or refute an explanation or a model for a phenomenon or a solution to a problem. (07-LS1-4) Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to evaluating the merit and validity of ideas and methods. Gather, read, and synthesize information from multiple appropriate sources and assess the credibility, accuracy, and possible bias of each publication and methods used, and describe how they are supported or not supported by evidence. (08-LS4-5) LS1.B: Growth and Development of Organisms Organisms reproduce, either sexually or asexually, and transfer their genetic information to their offspring. (secondary to 08-LS3-2) Animals engage in characteristic behaviors that increase the odds of reproduction. (07-LS1-4) Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, sometimes depending on animal behavior and specialized features for reproduction. (07-LS1-4) Genetic factors as well as local conditions affect the growth of the adult plant. (07-LS1-5) LS3.A: Inheritance of Traits Genes are located in the chromosomes of cells, with each chromosome pair containing two variants of each of many distinct genes. Each distinct gene chiefly controls the production of specific proteins, which in turn affects the traits of the individual. Changes (mutations) to genes can result in changes to proteins, which can affect the structures and functions of the organism and thereby change traits. (08-LS3-1) Variations of inherited traits between parent and offspring arise from genetic differences that result from the subset of chromosomes (and therefore genes) inherited. (08-LS3-2) LS3.B: Variation of Traits In sexually reproducing organisms, each parent contributes half of the genes acquired (at random) by the offspring. Individuals have two of each chromosome and hence two alleles of each gene, one acquired from each parent. These versions may be identical or may differ from each other. (08-LS3-2) In addition to variations that arise from sexual reproduction, genetic information can be altered because of mutations. Though rare, mutations may result in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Some changes are beneficial, others harmful, and some neutral to the organism. (08-LS3-1) LS4.B: Natural Selection In artificial selection, humans have the capacity to influence certain characteristics of organisms by selective breeding. One can choose desired parental traits determined by genes, which are then passed on to offspring. (08-LS4-5) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural systems. (08- LS3-2) Phenomena may have more than one cause, and some cause and effect relationships in systems can only be described using probability. (07-LS1-4),(07-LS1-5),(08-LS4-5) Structure and Function Complex and microscopic structures and systems can be visualized, modeled, and used to describe how their function depends on the shapes, composition, and relationships among its parts, therefore complex natural and designed structures/systems can be analyzed to determine how they function. (08-LS3-1) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science, and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (08-LS4-5) Science Addresses Questions About the Natural and Material World Science knowledge can describe consequences of actions but does not make the decisions that society takes. (08-LS4-5) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.LS1.A (08-LS3-1); MS.LS2.A (07-LS1-4),(07-LS1-5); MS.LS4.A (08-LS3-1) Articulation to DCIs across grade-bands: 3.LS1.B (07-LS1-4),(07-LS1-5); 3.LS3.A (07-LS1-5),(08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2); 3.LS3.B (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2); HS.LS1.A (08-LS3-1); HS.LS1.B (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2); HS.LS2.A (07-LS1-4),(07-LS1-5); HS.LS2.D (07-LS1-4); HS.LS3.A (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2); HS.LS3.B (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2),(08-LS4-5); HS.LS4.C (08-LS4-5)

16 MS.Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Organisms Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (07-LS1-4),(07-LS1-5),(08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2),(08-LS4-5) RST Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; provide an accurate summary of the text distinct from prior knowledge or opinions. (07-LS1-5) RST Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topics. (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2) RI.6.8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, distinguishing claims that are supported by reasons and evidence from claims that are not. (07- LS1-4) WHST Write arguments focused on discipline content. (07-LS1-4) WHST Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (07-LS1-5) WHST Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and providing basic bibliographic information for sources. (08-LS4-5) WHST Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (07-LS1-5) SL.8.5 Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. (08-LS3-1),(08-LS3-2) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (08-LS3-2) 6.SP.A.2 Understand that a set of data collected to answer a statistical question has a distribution which can be described by its center, spread, and overall shape. (07- LS1-4),(07-LS1-5) 6.SP.B.4 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. (07-LS1-4),(07-LS1-5) 6.SP.B.5 Summarize numerical data sets in relation to their context. (08-LS3-2)

17 MS.Space Systems MS.Space Systems 06-ESS1-1. Develop and use a model of the Earth-sun-moon system to describe the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and seasons. [Clarification Statement: Examples of models can be physical, graphical, or conceptual.] 06-ESS1-2. Develop and use a model to describe the role of gravity in the motions within galaxies and the solar system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis for the model is on gravity as the force that holds together the solar system and Milky Way galaxy and controls orbital motions within them. Examples of models can be physical (such as the analogy of distance along a football field or computer visualizations of elliptical orbits) or conceptual (such as mathematical proportions relative to the size of familiar objects such as their school or state).] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include Kepler s Laws of orbital motion or the apparent retrograde motion of the planets as viewed from Earth.] 06-ESS1-3. Analyze and interpret data to determine scale properties of objects in the solar system. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the analysis of data from Earth-based instruments, space-based telescopes, and spacecraft to determine similarities and differences among solar system objects. Examples of scale properties include the sizes of an object s layers (such as crust and atmosphere), surface features (such as volcanoes), and orbital radius. Examples of data include statistical information, drawings and photographs, and models.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include recalling facts about properties of the planets and other solar system bodies.] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2) Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. Analyze and interpret data to determine similarities and differences in findings. (06- ESS1-3) ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars Patterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be observed, described, predicted, and explained with models. (06-ESS1-1) Earth and its solar system are part of the Milky Way galaxy, which is one of many galaxies in the universe. (06-ESS1-2) ESS1.B: Earth and the Solar System The solar system consists of the sun and a collection of objects, including planets, their moons, and asteroids that are held in orbit around the sun by its gravitational pull on them. (06-ESS1-2),(06- ESS1-3) This model of the solar system can explain eclipses of the sun and the moon. Earth s spin axis is fixed in direction over the shortterm but tilted relative to its orbit around the sun. The seasons are a result of that tilt and are caused by the differential intensity of sunlight on different areas of Earth across the year. (06-ESS1-1) The solar system appears to have formed from a disk of dust and gas, drawn together by gravity. (06-ESS1-2) Patterns Patterns can be used to identify cause and effect relationships. (06-ESS1-1) Scale, Proportion, and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. (06-ESS1-3) Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions. (06-ESS1-2) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Interdependence of Science, Engineering, and Technology Engineering advances have led to important discoveries in virtually every field of science and scientific discoveries have led to the development of entire industries and engineered systems. (06- ESS1-3) Scientific Knowledge Assumes an Order and Consistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that objects and events in natural systems occur in consistent patterns that are understandable through measurement and observation. (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS2.A (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2); MS.PS2.B (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2); MS.ESS2.A (06-ESS1-3) Articulation of DCIs across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2); 5.PS2.B (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2); 5.ESS1.A (06-ESS1-2); 5.ESS1.B (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2),(06-ESS1-3); HS.PS2.A (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2); HS.PS2.B (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2); HS.ESS1.A (06-ESS1-2); HS.ESS1.B (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2),(06-ESS1-3); HS.ESS2.A (06-ESS1-3) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (06-ESS1-3) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (06-ESS1-3) SL.8.5 Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (06-ESS1-3) MP.4 Model with mathematics. (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2) 6.RP.A.1 Understand the concept of a ratio and use ratio language to describe a ratio relationship between two quantities. (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2).(06-ESS1-3) 7.RP.A.2 Recognize and represent proportional relationships between quantities. (06-ESS1-1),(06-ESS1-2).(06-ESS1-3) 6.EE.B.6 Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. (06-ESS1-2) 7.EE.B.4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. (06-ESS1-2)

18 MS.History of Earth 08-ESS ESS ESS2-3. MS.History of Earth Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth s 4.6-billion-year-old history. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how analyses of rock formations and the fossils they contain are used to establish relative ages of major events in Earth s history. Examples of Earth s major events could range from being very recent (such as the last Ice Age or the earliest fossils of homo sapiens) to very old (such as the formation of Earth or the earliest evidence of life). Examples can include the formation of mountain chains and ocean basins, the evolution or extinction of particular living organisms, or significant volcanic eruptions.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include recalling the names of specific periods or epochs and events within them.] Construct an explanation based on evidence for how geoscience processes have changed Earth s surface at varying time and spatial scales. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how processes change Earth s surface at time and spatial scales that can be large (such as slow plate motions or the uplift of large mountain ranges) or small (such as rapid landslides or microscopic geochemical reactions), and how many geoscience processes (such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and meteor impacts) usually behave gradually but are punctuated by catastrophic events. Examples of geoscience processes include surface weathering and deposition by the movements of water, ice, and wind. Emphasis is on geoscience processes that shape local geographic features, where appropriate.] Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils and rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of the past plate motions. [Clarification Statement: Examples of data include similarities of rock and fossil types on different continents, the shapes of the continents (including continental shelves), and the locations of ocean structures (such as ridges, fracture zones, and trenches).] [Assessment Boundary: Paleomagnetic anomalies in oceanic and continental crust are not assessed.] Analyzing and Interpreting Data Analyzing data in 6 8 builds on K 5 and progresses to extending quantitative analysis to investigations, distinguishing between correlation and causation, and basic statistical techniques of data and error analysis. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for phenomena. (06-ESS2-3) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (08- ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2) ESS1.C: The History of Planet Earth The geologic time scale interpreted from rock strata provides a way to organize Earth s history. Analyses of rock strata and the fossil record provide only relative dates, not an absolute scale. (08-ESS1-4) Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches. (HS.ESS1.C GBE) (secondary to 06-ESS2-3) ESS2.A: Earth s Materials and Systems The planet s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth s history and will determine its future. (06-ESS2-2) ESS2.B: Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart. (06-ESS2-3) ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth s Surface Processes Water s movements both on the land and underground cause weathering and erosion, which change the land s surface features and create underground formations. (06-ESS2-2) Patterns Patterns in rates of change and other numerical relationships can provide information about natural systems. (06-ESS2-3) Scale Proportion and Quantity Time, space, and energy phenomena can be observed at various scales using models to study systems that are too large or too small. (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2) Scientific Knowledge is Open to Revision in Light of New Evidence Science findings are frequently revised and/or reinterpreted based on new evidence. (06-ESS2-3) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.B (06-ESS2-2); MS.LS2.B (06-ESS2-2); MS.LS4.A (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-3); MS.LS4.C (08-ESS1-4) Articulation of DCIs across grade-bands: 3.LS4.A (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-3); 3.LS4.C (08-ESS1-4); 3.ESS3.B (06-ESS2-3); 4.ESS1.C (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3); 4.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-2); 4.ESS2.B (06-ESS2-3); 4.ESS2.E (06-ESS2-2); 4.ESS3.B (06-ESS2-3); 5.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-2); HS.PS1.C (08-ESS1-4); HS.PS3.D (06-ESS2-2); HS.LS2.B (06-ESS2-2); HS.LS4.A (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-3); HS.LS4.C (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-3); HS.ESS1.C (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3); HS.ESS2.A (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3); HS.ESS2.B (06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3); HS.ESS2.C (06-ESS2-2); HS.ESS2.D (06-ESS2-2); HS.ESS2.E (06-ESS2-2); HS.ESS3.D (06-ESS2-2) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3) RST Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (06-ESS2-3) RST Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. (06-ESS2-3) WHST Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2) SL.8.5 Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. (06-ESS2-2) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3) 6.EE.B.6 Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3) 7.EE.B.4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. (08-ESS1-4),(06-ESS2-2),(06-ESS2-3)

19 MS.Earth s Systems 06-ESS ESS ESS3-1. MS.Earth s Systems Develop a model to describe the cycling of Earth s materials and the flow of energy that drives this process. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the processes of melting, crystallization, weathering, deformation, and sedimentation, which act together to form minerals and rocks through the cycling of Earth s materials.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the identification and naming of minerals.] Develop a model to describe the cycling of water through Earth s systems driven by energy from the sun and the force of gravity. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the ways water changes its state as it moves through the multiple pathways of the hydrologic cycle. Examples of models can be conceptual or physical.] [Assessment Boundary: A quantitative understanding of the latent heats of vaporization and fusion is not assessed.] Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distributions of Earth s mineral, energy, and groundwater resources are the result of past and current geoscience processes. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how these resources are limited and typically non-renewable, and how their distributions are significantly changing as a result of removal by humans. Examples of uneven distributions of resources as a result of past processes include but are not limited to petroleum (locations of the burial of organic marine sediments and subsequent geologic traps), metal ores (locations of past volcanic and hydrothermal activity associated with subduction zones), and soil (locations of active weathering and/or deposition of rock).] Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. (06- ESS2-1) Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms. (06-ESS2-4) Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions Constructing explanations and designing solutions in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to include constructing explanations and designing solutions supported by multiple sources of evidence consistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theories. Construct a scientific explanation based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from sources (including the students own experiments) and the assumption that theories and laws that describe the natural world operate today as they did in the past and will continue to do so in the future. (08-ESS3-1) ESS2.A: Earth s Materials and Systems All Earth processes are the result of energy flowing and matter cycling within and among the planet s systems. This energy is derived from the sun and Earth s hot interior. The energy that flows and matter that cycles produce chemical and physical changes in Earth s materials and living organisms. (06-ESS2-1) ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth s Surface Processes Water continually cycles among land, ocean, and atmosphere via transpiration, evaporation, condensation and crystallization, and precipitation, as well as downhill flows on land. (06-ESS2-4) Global movements of water and its changes in form are propelled by sunlight and gravity. (06-ESS2-4) ESS3.A: Natural Resources Humans depend on Earth s land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, fresh water, and biosphere resources are limited, and many are not renewable or replaceable over human lifetimes. These resources are distributed unevenly around the planet as a result of past geologic processes. (08-ESS3-1) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (08-ESS3-1) Energy and Matter Within a natural or designed system, the transfer of energy drives the motion and/or cycling of matter. (06-ESS2-4) Stability and Change Explanations of stability and change in natural or designed systems can be constructed by examining the changes over time and processes at different scales, including the atomic scale. (06- ESS2-1) Connections to Engineering, Technology, and Applications of Science Influence of Science, Engineering, and Technology on Society and the Natural World All human activity draws on natural resources and has both short and longterm consequences, positive as well as negative, for the health of people and the natural environment. (08-ESS3-1) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A (06-ESS2-1),(06-ESS2-4),(08-ESS3-1); MS.PS1.B (06-ESS2-1),(08-ESS3-1); MS.PS2.B (06-ESS2-4); MS.PS3.A (06-ESS2-4); MS.PS3.B (06-ESS2-1); MS.PS3.D (06-ESS2-4); MS.LS2.B (06-ESS2-1); MS.LS2.C (06-ESS2-1); MS.ESS1.B (06-ESS2-1); MS.ESS2.D (08-ESS3-1); MS.ESS3.C (06-ESS2-1) Articulation of DCIs across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A (06-ESS2-4); 4.PS3.B (06-ESS2-1),(06-ESS2-4); 4.PS3.D (08-ESS3-1); 4.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-1); 4.ESS3.A (08-ESS3-1); 5.PS2.B (06-ESS2-4); 5.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-1); 5.ESS2.C (06-ESS2-4); HS.PS1.B (06-ESS2-1); HS.PS2.B (06-ESS2-4); HS.PS3.B (06-ESS2-1),(06-ESS2-4),(08-ESS3-1); HS.PS4.B (06-ESS2-4); HS.LS1.C (06-ESS2-1),(08-ESS3-1); HS.LS2.B (06-ESS2-1); HS.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-1),(06-ESS2-4),(08-ESS3-1); HS.ESS2.B (08-ESS3-1); HS.ESS2.C (06-ESS2-1),(06-ESS2-4),(08-ESS3-1); HS.ESS2.D (06-ESS2-4); HS.ESS2.E (06-ESS2-1); HS.ESS3.A (08-ESS3-1) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (08-ESS3-1) WHST Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (08-ESS3-1) WHST Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. (08-ESS3-1) SL.8.5 Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. (06-ESS2-1) 6.EE.B.6 Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. (08-ESS3-1) 7.EE.B.4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. (08-ESS3-1)

20 MS.Weather and Climate 06-ESS ESS ESS3-5. MS.Weather and Climate Collect data to provide evidence for how the motions and complex interactions of air masses results in changes in weather conditions. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how air masses flow from regions of high pressure to low pressure, causing weather (defined by temperature, pressure, humidity, precipitation, and wind) at a fixed location to change over time, and how sudden changes in weather can result when different air masses collide. Emphasis is on how weather can be predicted within probabilistic ranges. Examples of data can be provided to students (such as weather maps, diagrams, and visualizations) or obtained through laboratory experiments (such as with condensation).] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include recalling the names of cloud types or weather symbols used on weather maps or the reported diagrams from weather stations.] Develop and use a model to describe how unequal heating and rotation of the Earth cause patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation that determine regional climates. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on how patterns vary by latitude, altitude, and geographic land distribution. Emphasis of atmospheric circulation is on the sunlight-driven latitudinal banding, the Coriolis effect, and resulting prevailing winds; emphasis of ocean circulation is on the transfer of heat by the global ocean convection cycle, which is constrained by the Coriolis effect and the outlines of continents. Examples of models can be diagrams, maps and globes, or digital representations.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the dynamics of the Coriolis effect.] Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. [Clarification Statement: Examples of factors include human activities (such as fossil fuel combustion, cement production, and agricultural activity) and natural processes (such as changes in incoming solar radiation or volcanic activity). Examples of evidence can include tables, graphs, and maps of global and regional temperatures, atmospheric levels of gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, and the rates of human activities. Emphasis is on the major role that human activities play in causing the rise in global temperatures.] Asking Questions and Defining Problems Asking questions and defining problems in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to specifying relationships between variables, clarify arguments and models. Ask questions to identify and clarify evidence of an argument. (08-ESS3-5) Developing and Using Models Modeling in 6 8 builds on K 5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems. Develop and use a model to describe phenomena. (06- ESS2-6) Planning and Carrying Out Investigations Planning and carrying out investigations in 6-8 builds on K-5 experiences and progresses to include investigations that use multiple variables and provide evidence to support explanations or solutions. Collect data to produce data to serve as the basis for evidence to answer scientific questions or test design solutions under a range of conditions. (06-ESS2-5) ESS2.C: The Roles of Water in Earth s Surface Processes The complex patterns of the changes and the movement of water in the atmosphere, determined by winds, landforms, and ocean temperatures and currents, are major determinants of local weather patterns. (06-ESS2-5) Variations in density due to variations in temperature and salinity drive a global pattern of interconnected ocean currents. (06-ESS2-6) ESS2.D: Weather and Climate Weather and climate are influenced by interactions involving sunlight, the ocean, the atmosphere, ice, landforms, and living things. These interactions vary with latitude, altitude, and local and regional geography, all of which can affect oceanic and atmospheric flow patterns. (06-ESS2-6) Because these patterns are so complex, weather can only be predicted probabilistically. (06-ESS2-5) The ocean exerts a major influence on weather and climate by absorbing energy from the sun, releasing it over time, and globally redistributing it through ocean currents. (06-ESS2-6) ESS3.D: Global Climate Change Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as understanding of human behavior and on applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. (08-ESS3-5) Cause and Effect Cause and effect relationships may be used to predict phenomena in natural or designed systems. (06-ESS2-5) Systems and System Models Models can be used to represent systems and their interactions such as inputs, processes and outputs and energy, matter, and information flows within systems. (06-ESS2-6) Stability and Change Stability might be disturbed either by sudden events or gradual changes that accumulate over time. (08-ESS3-5) Connections to other DCIs in this grade-band: MS.PS1.A (06-ESS2-5); MS.PS2.A (06-ESS2-5),(06-ESS2-6); MS.PS3.A (06-ESS2-5),(08-ESS3-5); MS.PS3.B (06-ESS2-5),(06-ESS2-6); MS.PS4.B (06-ESS2-6) Articulation of DCIs across grade-bands: 3.PS2.A (06-ESS2-6); 3.ESS2.D (06-ESS2-5),(06-ESS2-6); 5.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-5),(06-ESS2-6); HS.PS2.B (06-ESS2-6); HS.PS3.B (06-ESS2-6),(08-ESS3-5); HS.PS3.D (06-ESS2-6); HS.PS4.B (08-ESS3-5); HS.ESS1.B (06-ESS2-6); HS.ESS2.A (06-ESS2-6),(08-ESS3-5); HS.ESS2.C (06-ESS2-5); HS.ESS2.D (06-ESS2-5),(06- ESS2-6),(08-ESS3-5); HS.ESS3.C (08-ESS3-5); HS.ESS3.D (08-ESS3-5) Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (06-ESS2-5),(08-ESS3-5) RST Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic. (06-ESS2-5) WHST Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources; assess the credibility of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and providing basic bibliographic information for sources. (06-ESS2-5) SL.8.5 Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. (06-ESS2-6) MP.2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. (06-ESS2-5),(08-ESS3-5) 6.NS.C.5 Understand that positive and negative numbers are used together to describe quantities having opposite directions or values (e.g., temperature above/below zero, elevation above/below sea level, credits/debits, positive/negative electric charge); use positive and negative numbers to represent quantities in real-world contexts, explaining the meaning of 0 in each situation. (06-ESS2-5) 6.EE.B.6 Use variables to represent numbers and write expressions when solving a real-world or mathematical problem; understand that a variable can represent an unknown number, or, depending on the purpose at hand, any number in a specified set. (08-ESS3-5) 7.EE.B.4 Use variables to represent quantities in a real-world or mathematical problem, and construct simple equations and inequalities to solve problems by reasoning about the quantities. (08-ESS3-5)