Tayloring The CRM to Archaeological Requirements

Transcription

1 Tayloring The CRM to Archaeological Requirements Martin Doerr Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas ARIADNE is funded by the European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme

2 The Scholarly Process Phases of the scholarly process: collecting and organizing evidence (observation and primary sources) connecting facts via involved items interpreting facts contextualizing and hypothesis building presenting results - publication Problem: Billions of facts, artefacts and documents possibly shed light on the past in unexpected contexts across all disciplines and sciences A research infrastructure must primarily: enable homogeneous access to all known facts allow for restricting search (querying) to facts likely to contribute to context and/or hypothesis trace provenance of knowledge (dependency, reliability, precision) allow for correcting/ refining facts in a scientific discourse 2

3 Research Infrastructure The Scholarly Process in a Digital World Refer interpret present Publications Stories exhibitions Search, correlate, integrate Johanson's Donald Johanson Expedition Cleveland Museum of Natural History Ethiopia Hadar Discovery of Lucy Lucy AL Layer of Latest stage of Knowledge discover collect aggregate update Evidence layer Things Sources Collections Corpora 3

4 Approach for Fact Connection A Global Ontology allows for integrating and connecting evidential data and derived facts the CIDOC CRM is a good starting point The CIDOC CRM (ISO21127) is about people and things meeting in space-time, parts and wholes, use, influence and reference. It is not specific about circumstances of observation, find and measurement, states of matter and geometry. It has no notion of input-output or derivation, only of influence Therefore we have organized 4 interdisciplinary meetings We have analyzed types of archeological data sets, identified gaps and set priorities. Then, we have been creating extensions of the CRM (and proposing improvements) collaboratively 4

5 Types of Data Types of archaeological data sets : About things and finds : o Archive/Museum/SMR collection registries: collection level description o Archive/Museum collection databases and corpora : documentation of objects collected by subject, such as o fine arts, sculpture, numismatic, epigraphy, particular excavations, particular culture o Description and declaration of archaeological sites or monuments ( SMR ) o Architectural drawings About finding : o Survey records o Remote sensing (see also measuring ) o Excavation records: daily context/layer/phase/find descriptions, description of larger structures, images 5

6 Types of data sets cont d: About measuring things (during excavation, conservation, other specific research): o o o o Imaging methods (X-ray, seismic, photogrammetry, laser, 3D surface/density models) Physical analytical investigation records: o measurements of C14, thermoluminescence etc. o mineralogical/chemical analysis: lithic, metallurgic, ceramic, bone Biological analytical investigation records. o archaeobotanic observations and measurements o physical anthropological data, osteological data (health state of human remains) o DNA analysis Analytical reference data: o calibration/ reference sets of analytic data: C14, tree ring,.. o material provenance reference sets o archaeobotany: species, seeds, pollen, tissues o DNA reference Types of Data 6

7 Types of Data Types of data sets cont d : Integrated hypothesis building: o GIS: Find distributions, landscape, visibility analysis, resources and land use o spatiotemporal distribution of cultures etc. o synthetic data: Simulations (population behavior, land use etc.) o virtual reconstructions o quantitative statistical analysis About administration: o protection zones o conservation planning o excavation licenses 7

8 CIDOC CRM Top-level Classes E55 Types refer to / refine E28 Conceptual Objects E39 Actors E18 Physical Thing participate in affect or / refer to location E2 Temporal Entities E52 Time-Spans at E53 Places 8

9 CIDOC CRM Temporal Entities E68 Dissolution E64 End of Existence E69 Death E6 Destruction E81 Transformation E67 Birth E4 Period E5 Event E63 Beginning of Existence E66 Formation E65 Creation E83 Type Creation E12 Production E2 Temporal Entity E3 Condition State E11 Modification E9 Move E80 Part Removal E 79 Part Addition E10 Transfer of Custody E8 Acquisition E17 Type Assignment E7 Activity E87 Curation Activity E14 Condition Assessment Generalization E13 Attribute Assignment E86 Leaving E15 Identifier Assignment E16 Measurement E85 Joining 9

10 Historical Events as Meetings t Brutus was present at! Caesar s mother was present at! Caesar was present at! was present at! was present at! Brutus dagger coherence volume of Caesar s death coherence volume of Caesar s birth? Forum Romanum, Rome S 10

11 Exchanges of Information as Meetings t coherence volume of second announcement Victory!!! coherence volume of first announcement 2 nd Athenian other Soldiers Victory!!! runner 1 st Athenian coherence volume of the battle of Marathon Marathon Athens S 11

12 Observation and Measurement as Meetings t coherence volume of rendering 3D model coherence volume of mesh-creation scanner meshdata 2 nd Computer museum object scan-data operator 1 st Computer coherence volume of acquisition Museum It-Lab S 12

13 Outcome: CRM compatible Extensions CRMgeo: a Spatiotemporal model integrates CRM with OGC standards a complete model of phenomena occupying spacetime integrates geometry- and semantics-derived topological relations CRMsci: a Scientific Observation model (descriptive sciences) generalizes over INSPIRE, OBOE, SEEK, Darwin Core generalizes concepts of units of matter and their genesis introduces concept of observation and data evaluation also validated in geology and biodiversity CRMarchaeo: an Excavation model introduces concepts of stratigraphy and excavation CRMdig: a model of Digital Provenance outcome of project 3D-COFORM being adapted to CRMsci 13

14 Challenge: Integrating Special and General (not core & application profiles!) Access all data from any level by property generalization Few concepts, high recall CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) Dublin Core Thing Actor was present at Special concepts, high precision MIDAS Event used object happened at Acquisition CDWA automatic data export Data 14

15 CIDOC CRM extension suite CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) Few concepts, high recall CRM Event Thing Actor was present at happened at Special concepts, high precision CRMSci CRMArcheo CRMDig 15

16 CRMSci (part of) CRM Concept E7 Activity E55 Type E1 CRM Entity CRMSci concept E13 Attribute Assignment P2 has type O16 observed value E55 Type S5 Inference Making S4 Observation O9 observed property type S9 Property Type S8 Categorical Hypothesis Building E55 Type O20 sampled from type of part E53 Place O4 sampled at S7 Simulation or Prediction S2 Sample Taking S1 Matter Removal S6 Data Evaluation O1 diminished O2 removed O11 described O3 sampled from S19 Encounter Event O8 observed S21 Measurement O24 measured S15 Observable Entity S10 Material Substantial O10 assigned dimension O12 has dimension E54 Dimension O19 has found object S12 Amount of Fluid O6 forms former or current part of O5 removed O15 occupied S13 Sample S11 Amount of Matter S14 Fluid Body E18 Physical Thing 1

17 E16 Measurement CRMSci (part of) E7 Activity S4 Observation Encounter Event S19 Encounter Event Scope Note: Activities of S4 Observation (substance) where an E39 Actor encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at a particular place in or on surrounding matter. This knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case we would talk about a discovery. S21 Measurement S19 Encounter Event O21 has found at E53 Place O19 has found object E18 Physical Thing E92 Spacetime Volume S20 / E26 Physical Feature O22 partly or completely contains E25 Man-Made Feature E27 Site S22 Segment of Matter O23 is defined by 1

18 CRMarcheo: Modelling stratigraphic units comprises physical features (S20) that are either stratigraphic deposit units (A2) or Stratigraphic Interfaces (A3) A8 Stratigraphic Unit A3 Stratigraphic Interface A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit 18

19 CRMarcheo: Modelling Excavation Activities AP4 created surfaces1 with stratigraphic method A1 Excavation Process Unit A1 Excavation Process Unit AP4 created surfaces2 with spit method A3 Stratigraphic Interface A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit A7Embedding 19

20 Modelling stratigraphic units A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit comprises connected portions of terrain or other solid structure on, in, or under the surface of earth or seafloor exhibiting some homogeneity of structure or substance and completely bounded by surfaces or discontinuities in substance or structure with respect to other portions of the terrain or surfaces of objects/finds may contain physical objects. can be attributed to a single genesis event or process and have the potential to be observed. is regarded to exist as long as a part of its matter is still in place with respect to a surrounding reference space A3 Stratigraphic Interface comprises coherent parts of the boundary surface of one or more stratigraphic units, which appears as result of a common genesis event or process. In particular it may be due to a removal process, which may be part of the genesis process of a Stratigraphic Unit or not... confines (AP12) partly or completely the surface (A3 Stratigraphic Interface) of an A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit. One A3 Stratigraphic Interface may confine two or more A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Units. 20

21 CRMarcheo: Observing Physical Constellations A2 Deposit Unit (1) AP11 has physical relation A8 Stratigraphic Unit above above above A2 Deposit Unit (2) above A2 Deposit Unit (4) fills A3 Interface [19] cuts A2 Deposit Unit (18) fills A3 Interface [3] cuts cuts A2 Deposit Unit (15) 21

22 CRMarcheo: Derivation of Temporal Relations AP14 justified by AP13 has stratigraphic relation (is stratigraphic relation of) AP11 has physical relation A4 Stratigraphic Genesis AP7 produced (was produced by) A8 Stratigraphic Unit A8 Stratigraphic Unit 34 above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 37 above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 36 above A8 Stratigraphic Unit 35 22

23 CRMarcheo: Stratigraphic Genesis S18 Alteration E7 Activity AP13 has stratigraphic relation S17 Physical Genesis A5 Stratigraphic Modification Event A1 Excavation Process Unit AP1 produced A4 Stratigraphic Genesis AP9 took matter from S10 Material Substantial S20 Physical Feature AP7 produced AP8 disturbed S11 Amount of Matter AP11 has physical relation A8 Stratigraphic Unit AP10 is part of A9 Segment of Matter AP24 is or contains remains of A2 Stratigraphic Deposit Unit A3 Stratigraphic Interface E18 Physical Thing AP12 is confined by 23

24 Conclusions Besides others, we have analyzed special collection databases (numismatic etc.) 5 different national methods of excavation recording 10 different kinds of analytical investigation, including DNA, thermoluminescence etc, temporal gazetteers and therauri of periods We have consulted and collaborated with archaeologists, physicists, chemists, microbiologists, biologists and other specialists and observed a surprising analogy of procedures, which we could model as generic concepts. Now we have a coherent global ontology for deep integration of scientific and cultural-historical evidence and facts, probably the most elaborate and generic currently existing for descriptive sciences. We have submitted these extensions to CIDOC for approval and recommendation, and work on further validation and quality of documentation. 24

25 Acknowledgement ARIADNE is a project funded by the European Commission under the Community s Seventh Framework Programme, contract no. FP7-INFRASTRUCTURES The views and opinions expressed in this presentation are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Commission.