Load Balancing and Redundancy, Problems and Solutions Pre-presentation. Who? Markus Stoor, -93

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1 Pre-presentation Who? Markus Stoor, -93 What? Architect Where? Entra AB Load Balancing and Redundancy, Problems and Solutions Different design methods used to create redundant solutions aimed at optimizing loadbalancing and security

2 Why? Redundancy and availability, 24x7 Vertical scalability How? Server separation RR DNS HTTP redirect HW-address rewriting AT Address translation Layer 7 switching Server Separation + Extremely simple and cheap - Non-redundant - Only horizontal scaling - Non-flexible - Static loaddistribution - Balancing done per server

3 Round-robin DNS + Cheap - Balancing done per server - Semieffective loaddistribution - Misuse of Internet protocol (DNS) - Stateless - Scalability HTTP redirect + Stateful - HTTP protocol only - Confusing for user - Balancing degrading over time HW-address Rewriting + Client transparency + Scalability - Low-layer (L2)

4 AT Address Translation + Client transparency + Scalability - Expensive Layer 7 Switching + Client transparency + Stateful, even in higher ISO-layers + Accurate loaddistribution - Expensive - Complicated Other Terms Hot/cold standby Loadsharing Session state Clustering

5 Designing Distributed, Scalable and Secure Multilayer Software Architectures In order to achieve scalability and redundancy in multilayer architectures, several design considerations have to be taken into account Why? Functional separation Role separation Vertical scalability Redundancy Server specialization How? Classical 1-tier Common 2-tier Advanced 3-tier Other designs

6 1-Tier Traditional and easy design All system parts contained in one system Limited redundancy capabilities 2-Tier Common and fairly easy design Separation between frontend and backend Better scalability and redundancy than 1-tier More complicated design than 1-tier 3-Tier Advanced design Better possibilities for scalability and redundancy Possibilities to use specialized systems Large effort needed to create balanced design Redundancy sometimes difficult to achieve

7 Other designs 3½-Tier Mainframe backend??? Secure Programming How to avoid the most common programming security pitfalls, including examples of things not to do Why? Availability Keep your job :)

8 How? Designed security, not a patch! Know your programming language Know your operating environment Know your network protocols Input data realism, size and contents Networks Designed security, not a patch Know your network protocols Know you operating system ANSI C Buffer overflows, stack smashing Syscall return values Resource-races Soft link-following

9 Perl system() Characters with special interpretation Disallow unsafe or permit safe characters DB SQL-queries Serverside command execution Database user security, sa blank Cartesian products Webserver Filerestrictions for data and backup files HTML Forms, hidden variables Clientside based security = junk! GET versus POST Creation of secure session ID s

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