Ecological Mangrove Restoration (EMR): Hydrologic Restoration is Critical, Planting Mangroves is Not

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1 Ecological Mangrove Restoration (EMR): Hydrologic Restoration is Critical, Planting Mangroves is Not Roy R. Robin Lewis III, MA, PWS President Coastal Resources Group, Inc. [501(c)(3) notfor-profit tax deductible organization] Salt Springs, Florida, USA July 31, 2014

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4 Rookery Bay Fruit Farm Creek USA Proposed Restoration Site January 21, 2011

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6 Area of Mangroves Worldwide 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 0 Giri et al million ha hectares CURRENT RATE OF LOSS = 150,000 HA/YR

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8 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MANGROVE RESTORATION Ecological Mangrove Restoration (EMR) versus Planting Only 1. Understand Autecology and Community Ecology 2. Understand Normal Hydrology of Mangroves 3. Assess Modifications to Hydrology or Added Stress? 4. Select the Restoration Site 5. Restore or Create Normal Hydrology, or Remove or Reduce Stress 6. Plant Mangroves Only As Needed SUCCESS! 1. Build a Nursery, Grow Mangrove Seedlings and Plant Mangroves (GARDENING) FAILURE**#!!*

9 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MANGROVE RESTORATION Ecological Mangrove Restoration (EMR) versus Planting Only 1. Understand Autecology and Community Ecology 2. Understand Normal Hydrology of Mangroves 3. Assess Modifications to Hydrology or Added Stress? 4. Select the Restoration Site 5. Restore or Create Normal Hydrology, or Remove or Reduce Stress 6. Plant Mangroves Only As Needed SUCCESS! 1. Build a Nursery, Grow Mangrove Seedlings and Plant Mangroves (GARDENING) FAILURE**#!!*

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11 Mangrove Planting (Not Replanting)? Application of the Principles of Ecological Mangrove Restoration Does Not Mean That Planting of Mangroves Has No Role in Restoration. But it Does Mean That Planting Should be Evaluated Carefully In Advance of Planting to Avoid Common Mistakes Like Planting at the Wrong Elevation, and the Principles of Plant Succession in a Given Area Applied

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16 This Site Was Propagule Limited Sensu Lewis 2005

17 Hillsborough Bay, Tampa, FL, USA. Cargill Fertilizer, Inc., Bayside Shoreline, 1980

18 Hillsborough Bay, Tampa, FL, USA. Cargill Fertilizer, Inc., Bayside Shoreline, 1992

19 Hillsborough Bay, Tampa, FL, USA. Cargill Fertilizer, Inc., Bayside Shoreline, 2003

20 Mangrove Planting (Not Replanting)? Application of the Principles of Ecological Mangrove Restoration Does Not Mean That Planting of Mangroves Has No Role in Restoration. But it Does Mean That Planting Should be Evaluated Carefully In Advance to Avoid Common Mistakes Like Planting at the Wrong Elevation, and Ignoring the Principles of Plant Succession in a Given Mangrove Area

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22 From Sampson and Rollon 2008

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24 20 Year Failed Effort To Restore Mangroves In The Philippines, USD$ 17.6 Million Spent for 44,000 Ha of Plantings From Sampson and Rollon 2008

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29 West Lake Mangrove Restoration Project, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA, 500 ha of hydrologic and major excavation methods of restoration, cost USD$6 million (1990 costs) and the design and development of the $1 million Anne Kolb Mangrove Park and Environmental Education Center 85

30 80 ha of Excavation of Dredged Material Deposits (Spoil) to Restore Mangroves, 420 ha of Hydrologic Restoration Through Channel Restoration

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33 Time Zero July

34 Time Zero + 27 Months 90

35 Time Zero + 78 months- January

36 March 5, 1997 (Time Zero months or 10.7 years)

37 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MANGROVE RESTORATION Ecological Mangrove Restoration (EMR) versus Planting Only 1. Understand Autecology and Community Ecology 2. Understand Normal Hydrology of Mangroves 3. Assess Modifications to Hydrology or Added Stress? 4. Select the Restoration Site 5. Restore or Create Normal Hydrology, or Remove or Reduce Stress 6. Plant Mangroves Only As Needed SUCCESS! 1. Build a Nursery, Grow Mangrove Seedlings and Plant Mangroves (GARDENING) FAILURE**#!!*

38 ECOHYDROLOGY

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40 Duration of Flooding as a % of the Tide Cycle? <30% >70% Duration of Drying as a % of the Tide Cycle?

41 10 AUG 94

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46 10 AUG 94 This is the result of a mangrove heart attack!

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48 From Valentine-Rose and Lyman 2011

49 From Valentine-Rose and Lyman 2011

50 Rookery Bay Fruit Farm Creek Proposed Restoration Site January 21, 2011

51 HOBO Water Level Logger (1" X 6 ") Titanium - $745 + shuttle and base station $400 = $

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54 Cross Bayou, Pinellas County, Florida, USA, October 7, 2003

55 Cross Bayou Site June 9, 1999 Under Construction

56 Cross Bayou Site September 4, 1999 Time Zero

57 Cross Bayou Site October 1, 2000 Time Zero Plus 13 Months

58 Cross Bayou September 3, 2002 Time Zero Plus 36 Months

59 Cross Bayou Site October 1, 2004 Time Zero Plus 60 Months

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61 Mean % Cover All Species Mean Cover (%) y = x R 2 = Time 0 T0+3 T0+6 T0+9 T0+12 T0+18 T0+24 T0+36 T0+48 T0+60 Sampling Period (months) Mean % Cover Spartina and other marsh species Mean % Cover Total (all spp.) Mean % Cover Mangrove (all spp.) % Cover All Species Success Criterion % Cover Mangrove Success Criterion Linear (Mean % Cover Total (all spp.)) From Lewis et al 2005