BAĞLAÇLAR. 5. There is nearly always some evidence of vitamin deficiency, especially among the elderly, ----.

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1 BAĞLAÇLAR 1. As long as the victims are dry and reasonably well clothed, A) even natural disasters in cold countries could have been avoided B) the health hazards of having no place to shelter after an earthquake are small C) the need to provide emergency shelter after a disaster naturally varied greatly D) food shortages in the immediate aftermath of a disaster are almost unavoidable E) the distribution systems may seriously reduce the absolute amount of food available after a flood 2. When the body has been without adequate food for a long time, A) the digestive system suffers in the same way as an unused muscle B) herbs will be prescribed in order to increase the appetite C) this was a serious condition known as anorexia D) the process of food absorption could not be hurried E) an urgent condition was developing calling for a thorough medical investigation 3. Though frustration is a patent factor in eliciting aggressive behaviour, A) these implications could never be satisfactorily discarded B) the intensity of the reaction would have been accurately predicted C) both the availability and influence of aggressive models had been taken into consideration D) some children do not react aggressively to blocking and deprivation E) the intention has always been to cause injury to others , water-borne diseases such as cholera will never be stamped out. A) Though there has always been an abundant supply of water in these parts B) So long as the' natives are educated in the ways of hygiene C) Until their understanding of hygiene had been reinforced D) Unless there is a safe water supply E) If the mere boiling of water were adequate 5. There is nearly always some evidence of vitamin deficiency, especially among the elderly, A) which increased their nutritional requirements, making their usual diet insufficient B) even if patients had not developed a nutritional disorder C) however well nourished the community as a whole may appear to be D) while energy expenditure could vary enormously from person to person E) as official recommendations were being blatantly disregarded 6. The whole of society may suffer if its government is attacked; ----, the entire body is harmed if the brain is damaged. A) otherwise B) similarly C) on the other hand D) nevertheless E) however 7. Poisoning ---- drug overdose is a frequent and still increasing cause of admission to hospital. A) according to B) due to C) on behalf of D) in excess of E) in spite of , but some were traumatized by the pressure of blood leaking from the split artery. A) As soon as brain cells were damaged by the lack of blood B) Not only did some of the brain cells die from the lack of blood C) Providing brain cells died from the lack of blood D) When brain cells died as a result of a blockage in the artery E) Despite the fact that brain cells were damaged as a result of a blockage in the artery blood transfusion should be undertaken at once. A) As spontaneous improvement occasionally occurs B) Since all marrow elements were depleted C) When anaemia is so severe that life is endangered D) Though the diagnosis turned out to be incorrect E) As the haemoglobin level had been falling gradually for some time

2 10. The brain requires a very high rate of blood flow A) if one of the major arteries had become blocked B) why attention to respiratory functions is so important for patients with brain damage C) that it cannot store glucose or use anaerobic metabolism D) as its metabolic rate is very high E) which could have led to a rise in intracranial pressure 11. Though there were 1,100 cases of E. coli 0157 in Britain last year, A) the infection had been picked up at an unknown source B) fewer than 20 per cent were due to food poisoning C) fast-food companies have rarely been at fault D) a day out in the country might have been just as dangerous E) animals are undoubtedly the main threat 12. Though medication can alleviate the symptoms of depression, A) the prognosis fell short of expectations B) it had increased dramatically over the years C) it cannot extinguish the disease D) it would sometimes have a reverse effect E) they were sure to continue indefinitely 13. The bellies of countless African children are swollen severe malnutrition. A) contrary to B) besides C) apart from D) due to E) regardless of 14. In infants "low-level" lead exposure may produce serious impairment of mental development ---- there is any awareness of the intoxication. A) as if B) once again C) just as D) even if E) even before 15. The effects of hypothermia depend on ---- there is whole body exposure ---- exposure only of parts. A) both / and B) whether / or C) if / but D) so / as E) even / so 16. Cellulite forms where the body is least inclined to consume fat deposits, ---- reducing it takes persistent good dietary measures. A) whereas B) as if C) so D) whether E) even if 17. There is no reason why man, ---- the other animals, should have a monopoly on laughter ---- a social tool. A) in addition to / so B) compared with / such C) in opposition to / thus D) as opposed to / as E) on account of / just 18. Plastic bullets can cause serious wounds, A) but this is nothing compared to the possible effects of a non-lethal laser B) since the US military has a laser that will vaporize rioters' clothes C) if it could change the way the military and law enforcement authorities deal with civil disturbances D) unless the laser is more easily to control than tear gas E) even if the effects of chemical weapons such as pepper sprays can be carried away by winds , it takes about 6 to 12 weeks before laboratory tests can confirm a diagnosis. A) Once a person has been infected with HIV B) As people with AIDS frequently experience malnutrition and wasting C) Even if attention to nutrition cannot change the ultimate outcome of an HIV infection D) Since people with HIV infection are more susceptible to food-borne infections E) Although the exact vitamin and mineral needs of people with AIDS have not been determined 20. Fat digestion starts off slowly in the mouth, with some hard fats beginning to melt A) as far as enzymes have access to fat droplets B) when they reach body temperature C) until bile has entered the intestine and emulsified fat D) because in the stomach, fat floats as a layer above the other components of swallowed food E) in that the goal of fat digestion is to dismantle triglycerides into small molecules

3 21. An active, physically fit woman experiencing a normal pregnancy can continue to exercise throughout pregnancy, adjusting the duration and intensity A) unless she could stay out of saunas, steam rooms and hot whirlpools B) since a healthy pregnancy depends on a sufficient weight gain C) that a woman's body changes dramatically during pregnancy D) whereby staying active can improve fitness E) as the pregnancy progresses 22. Although relatively few people have outright food allergies, A) one of the most common of which is an allergy to gluten B) certain types of beans present just such a problem C) the problem had still to be thoroughly examined D) a great many have difficulty in digesting certain foods E) genetically modified food was not one of them 23. Since so many wounded Swedish soldiers had died for lack of medical treatment, A) many medical advances have already been achieved by Karolinska researchers B) research at the Karolinka Institute is run in a highly competitive way C) one of the most famous chemists of the time was the founder of the Karolinka Institute D) the field hospitals were full of injured soldiers after the war between Sweden and Finland E) the Karolinka Institute was set up by the Swedish government to train army surgeons , but some evidence suggests that it is an autoimmune diseases in which the body attacks its own tissue. A) In multiple sclerosis, the body produces abnormal antibodies B) Multiple sclerosis affects 300,000 people in the US alone C) The cause of multiple sclerosis stil remains a mystery D) Multiple sclerosis causes loss of coordination, tremor and partial or complete paralysis of parts of the body E) In multiple sclerosis, patches of myelin deteriorate at irregular intervals along axons 25. Because a single gene is only a small part of the total DNA in an organism, A) the first step is to cut the DNA with a restriction enzyme B) recombinant DNA can be introduced into cells of complex organisms C) isolating the piece of DNA containing a particular gene is like finding a needle in a haystack D) a cloned piece of DNA can be used as a research tool for a wide variety of applications E) the potential applications seem virtually limitless 26. Many human characteristics are quantitative traits; ----, they represent some measurable quantity ---- height A) for example / just as B) on the other hand / like C) moreover/as D) that is / such as E) in other words / as regards 27. Certain drugs and some molecules found in dust are small to be antigenic, ---- they do stimulate immune responses. A) both / and B) rather / even C) enough / thus D) neither / nor E) too / yet 28. In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) consists of a brain and a spinal cord, which are linked to the body's muscles and organs ---- the peripheral nervous system. A) with regard to B) instead of C) in case of D) by means of E) according to 29. Bacteria are ---- small that they can ---- be seen under a microscope. A) very / rather B) too / hardly C) as / thus D) so / only E) much / just our bodies are exposed to cold, their first rule of survival is to maintain the brain and internal organs at a temperature of 37 C. A) Since B) Although C) When D) Just as E) Until

4 31. Whereas extra training may not accelerate children s motor development, A) some of them were then given extra stimulation B) infants deprived of physical stimulation would have delayed motor development C) these are the ones who do not have the opportunity to move about D) some amount of practice is necessary for development to occur normally E) there had been several techniques for comparing the effects of maturation and learning 32. When glucose or fatty acids are limited, A) each antibody is designed to destroy just one invader B) cells are forced to use amino acids for energy and glucose C) plant proteins are of lower quality than animal proteins D) the body would have no storage site for extra amino acids E) in a normal, healthy individual, most diseases never have a chance to get started 33. Although some studies have found lowcarbohydrate diets to be effective, A) the obesity epidemic has fueled explosive growth in the weight loss industry B) Americans spend as much as $15 billion a year on lowcarbohydrate aids and foods C) few doctors will have recommended lowcarbohydrate diets as a healthy way to weight loss D) others have found that they offer only short-lived benefits E) weight loss schemes have focused on reduced intake of carbohydrates since it can have an overall negative impact on a person s life. A) There was a feeling of inadequacy among the team members B) AIDS may cause depression indirectly C) He began to feel the work was too stressful D) She put off going to a doctor about the lump E) Some people are more ambitious than others 35. Anthropometric surveys in the US and Europe have shown that short people tend to overestimate their stature A) but body image is a person s mental picture of their physical appearance B) which took more effort for their height and weight C) while heavy people often underestimate their weight D) so some individuals perceive themselves as having lost almost no weight E) since this mental image affects lifestyle behaviour 36. People with anorexia nervosa imagine that they are themselves fat, A) even when they are dangerously underweight B) but among female athletes, anorexia nervosa may be as high as 66 per cent C) because family conflicts often play an important role in the development of anorexia nervosa D) as their first dietary objective is to stop weight loss E) although starvation brings other physical problems such as anaemia and impaired immune response 37. Haematocrit is commonly used to diagnose iron deficiency A) in case anemia is characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells B) even though it is an inconclusive measure of iron status C) even if low haemoglobin values signal depleted iron stores D) so long as the body cannot synthesize haemoglobin E) in view of the fact that other tests are more specific in detecting early deficiencies 38. Any injury forceful ---- to fracture the jaw may also injure the cervical vertebrae. A) so as B) as if C) even D) too E) enough

5 39. Cholesterol is notorious as a possible factor in heart disease, A) so that the body regulates lipoprotein levels in several ways B) because each type of lipoprotein serves a different purpose C) but about one in 500 babies inherits a disease called hypercholesterolemia D) although it circulates in the blood, mainly in particles called low-density lipoproteins E) yet it is essential for the functioning of all our cells 40. People of all sizes eagerly try the best diet ever on the market, A) in case they cannot afford to consult a physician B) hoping that this one will really work C) as some diets do not offer a safe and effective plan for weight loss D) in which they often offer distorted bits of legitimate research E) so that they do not have to conduct credible research on the benefits or dangers of their diet 41. A team of medical researchers were granted financial support to explore A) whether there was a connection between autism and a newly discovered class of nerve cells in the brain called mirror neurons B) although these observations must be taken into account in any final explanation of autism C) that the most conspicuous feature of this disorder has been a withdrawal from social interaction D) when further investigations also supported the existence of mirror neurons E) if they have continued to investigate mirror neurons in different species 42. Cancer cells are immortal; they can go on dividing indefinitely A) once the body s immune system normally recognizes a transformed cell as abnormal B) but chemotherapy is used to treat metastatic tumours C) as long as they have a supply of nutrients D) because this process has already been controlled E) insofar as many tumours, luckily, can be treated 43. Whenever doctors consider prescribing a drug, A) infrequent headaches or muscle strains can be relieved with over-the-counter drugs B) they must weigh the possible risks against the expected benefits C) infants and very young children are at special risk of adverse drug reactions D) it s necessary to accept a higher risk of a severe drug reaction to treat a life-threatening disease E) potential benefits and risks were seldom able to be determined with mathematical precision , but the question of its effect on health is less clear. A) Some early research indicated that cycles of weight loss and gain presented risks for blood pressure and cardiovascular disease B) The very thinnest and the very heaviest people seem to be at greatest risk for all-cause mortality C) Gaining weight is a risk for health D) Being severely obese places a person at an elevated risk for several types of health problems and premature death E) Obesity is undesirable from a social point of view 45. Because adults dislike hearing babies cry, A) infants sometimes stop crying if they have interesting things to watch B) the infant uses basic techniques for getting the caregiver to come closer C) babies learn very early to control their social environment D) they try various techniques for soothing them E) the crying of healthy newborn infants is fairly characteristic in both pitch and rhythm 46. Even though there is widespread publicity about the genetic causes of cancer, A) genetics actually plays a fairly minor role in the development of cancer B) scientists estimated that lung cancer was nine times higher among smokers than non-smokers C) epidemiologists generally agree that sufficient research evidence exists for infection D) the leading cause of cancer deaths for both women and men continues to be lung cancer E) these genes protect against cancer by providing the code for a protective protein

6 47. When people do not have insurance to obtain health care, A) this reluctance has consequences for the management of their diseases B) they are less likely to have regular medical attention and more likely to have a chronic health problem C) they need to be regularly checked for any serious disorder D) they have a wide experience of receiving health care, from the time they are children to the time they are adults E) medical dominance began to decline and other types of health care providers became more prominent 48. Even if tumours grow in and disrupt the brain, A) cancers are named according to the organ or tissue in which they originate B) cancer cells may continue to grow until they kill the organism C) they can often be removed completely by surgery D) certain brain diseases change the pattern of brain waves E) symptoms result when brain tissue is destroyed or pressure builds on the brain the immune system is intricate, its basic strategy is simple: to recognize the enemy, mobilize forces and attack. A) Although B) If C) Because D) In case E) When 50. Scientists are developing various countertechnologies, from vaccines made of DNA to proteins that prime our blood to attack the malaria parasite ---- it is still inside the mosquito. A) so long as B) as soon as C) while D) just as E) whether 51. According to geneticists, genetic testing (also called genetic screening) is useful ---- it is presented in such a way that people can understand what the limitations of the tests are and what the results mean. 52. Excess vitamin A can cause toxicity, ---- it is taken all at once (acute toxicity) ---- over a long period of time (chronic toxicity). A) whether / or B) not only / but also C) both / and D) neither / nor E) so long as / and 53. Recommendations to reduce cardiovascular disease risk include ---- screening intervention. A) neither / but B) as / as C) such /as D) some / just as E) both / and 54. At room temperature, unsaturated fats, such as those found in oil, are usually liquid, ---- saturated fats, such as those found in butter, are solid. A) whereas B) indeed C) moreover D) whether E) so far as 55. Japan, which is the world's second largest market for mobile phones, plans to limit their use ---- growing concern about the impact of electromagnetic radiation on the brain. A) in case of B) as a result of C) in spite of D) by means of E) in terms of two-thirds of the energy the average person spends in a day supports the body's metabolic activities. A) Already B) As C) At least D) Such as E) So 57. Though it is important to clear the whole area of a cancer, A) as much healthy tissue as possible must be left behind B) more cancerous cells could have been removed C) the brain tumor was the major exception D) with the laser a breakthrough in treatment seems likely E) statistically, the chances of recovery seem to be the same A) whereas B) only if C) even if D) so that E) before

7 58. Even if broccoli doesn't protect one from colon cancer, ---- A) some authorities continued to argue that it did B) one can't enjoy it more than twice a week C) several other vegetables were found to be equally rich in vitamins D) it certainly has other beneficial functions E) it might also increase the risk of heart trouble 59. As he is very advanced in age, A) the others scarcely seemed worried by it B) I wished I could have sent for his daughter C) they will operate on him only in the last resort D) no one will be prepared for such an event E) any other patient would have complained Bitterly 60. Some people may be obese A) that the real cause is under activity B) although they eat far too much C) because they spend too little energy D) if this would jeopardise health E) as often as they go on a new diet 61. His temperature has returned to normal A) until he goes off to another football match B) if he stays quietly at home for a day or two C) that he will take two more aspirins in the evening D) why we all worried so much about him E) so there is no need to call a doctor 62. Some studies report greater weight losses A) as if motivation can be taken into account B) which had already been confirmed C) when people eat or drink artificially sweetened products D) because the last meal of the day would be a light one E) though there is a "sugar-free" label on the packet obesity results basically from an excess of calories, in some instances, genetic background may be a contributing factor. A) Since B) However C) Nevertheless D) Even though E) Unless 65. As children vary so much in their individual requirements, A) it hasn't been useful to compare the development of the cousins B) one should not try to follow the book too closely C) we certainly hadn't encouraged them to eat any more D) I suppose he slept as much as he needed to E) in fact, they compare well with the so-called "average" child because so many of them are born premature or with low birth weights. A) Protein-energy undernutrition over a prolonged period of time produces many syndromes B) In children the condition kwashiorkor is characterized, among other things, by apathy and a distended stomach C) Protein-energy malnutrition impairs the immune response D) Protein-energy malnutrition is rampant among infants in Third World countries E) Over 10 million people died of undernutrition last year 67. The effect of "fast food" on personal health has been harmful A) if it has an adverse impact on the farm economy B) since it is based on refined foods stripped of nutrients C) why the rising costs of health care should be considered D) that such foods do not satisfy the body's basic needs E) so there has been a drop in the fruit and vegetable intake of the average person 63. Scientists wondered ---- Dolly, the cloned sheep would live a normal life span ---- simply live out the remaining years of the sheep from which she had been cloned. A) more / than B) so / that C) whether / or D) neither / nor E) just / as

8 whether there is whole body exposure or exposure only of parts. A) The effects of hypothermia depend on B) The reduction in the metabolic rate that accompanied the hypothermia C) Abnormal core body temperature above 40 C occurred D) Children have recovered totally after hours of submersion in icy waters E) There have been cases of successful resuscitation of those in hypothermia related coma what was once believed, it is now generally agreed that marijuana use is far from benign. A) In case of B) According to C) Contrary to D) Due to E) As far as great advances are being made in the treatment and prevention of neurological conditions, there is still a long way to go. A) Until B) Although C) However D) Whether E) Since 71. The colour of bone marrow changes from red to yellow ---- A) when fine channels carried fewer blood vessels B) that it no longer produces red blood cells C) since it is a substance that is found inside the cavity of bones D) though the long bones of the limbs have a great density and strength E) as lipids start to accumulate 72. The process ---- is a complex chain of events. A) by which an allergic reaction occurs B) which includes many environmental factors C) as if repeated exposure results in an increased sensitivity D) when there is a worsening of the symptoms E) since it seems to occur in families 73. Blood vessel constriction due to air pollution causes most problems to people A) when the levels of pollution were on the increase B) whose car exhaust fumes were particularly polluted C) who have, or are at risk of, heart disease D) if their blood vessels narrowed by two to four per cent E) that they have cardiovascular problems 74. Though they were almost certain there was no threatening disease A) they decided to take a CT scan of the brain B) that combination of symptoms would have been alarming C) the operation has been scheduled for the day after tomorrow D) few similar cases have attracted so much attention E) the condition seems to be improving without any intervention unless infection complicates the process. A) In cases of abrasion, regeneration without scarring occurs promptly B) There is no perforation of the skin C) The margins of an incision are usually relatively clean D) The immediate margins of a laceration are frequently hemorrhagic and traumatized E) When contusions are superficial, bleeding is usually evident almost at once because it may atrophy in response to a certain type of serious stress. A) An atrophied hippocampus and PTSD go together B) Different parts of the brain can be damaged in such conditions C) We use the hippocampus to manage explicit, conscious memory D) This particular part of the brain has attracted a lot of attention recently E) Memory problems may arise from subtle microscopic conditions

9 77. While cloned horses are currently banned from competing in top races, A) some people in the industry believe the ban will soon be lifted B) the world's first cloned horse could be born any day now C) various groups had been struggling for years to clone horses D) it seemed the obstacles had been overcome E) the big question was whether cloned horses could be healthy 78. Though the brain accounts for just one-fiftieth of our body weight, A) the lower brain is responsible for instinctive behaviour B) it consumes about a fifth of our oxygen and glucose supplies C) brain weight doubles during the first year of life D) mental decline is only inevitable with actual brain disease E) the brain has an organic logic all of its own 79. Since the prime aim of evolution was to make us fit for reproduction, A) even the tissues of the heart deteriorate with age B) this would involve resetting our biological clocks C) it might have been possible to extend our life spans by fasting D) aging is an even more relentless process E) it did not select for longevity 80. When the concept of the polypill was first made known, --- A) people just didn't know how to react B) it seems like a revolutionary step forward C) risk factors will only pick out those at highest risk D) the results of proper trials may tell a different story E) it certainly deserves to be given the chance of a clinical trial 81. Before allergic rhinitis and asthma became prevalent A) the link between the two disorders was not suspected B) very little research is being conducted in this field C) they also suffer more debilitating chest symptoms D) these people are at high risk of developing the latter E) the degree of inflammation should also have been taken into consideration , it might contribute towards the spread of various diseases. A) As long as the coins remain warm in the pocket B) Unless action had been taken to stop the spread of bacteria C) Until the metallic odour of the coins finally disappeared D) Since money, coins and notes alike, is passed from hand to hand E) Once the source of the disorder had been recognized 83. The first outbreak of SARS in southern China stopped abruptly A) that a hot environment is not suitable B) as soon as the weather began to warm up C) though distinguishing between SARS and influenza proved problematic D) unless transmission is due to people touching contaminated surfaces E) so one was at risk of picking up SARS after admission to hospital 84. Primates enjoy good visual discrimination in all lighting conditions A) unless its cells are full of melanin granules B) though the retina has lined the inside of the eyeball C) after early mammals were able to generate their own body heat D) because they have a duplex retina E) though their cone photometers would adapt to the surrounding brightness 85. It is as if children with serious illnesses lose their childhood ---- they have to grow up quickly. A) so that B) whereas C) until D) while E) since

10 86. His criticism of the ancient Greeks is largely ---- their reluctance to back up theories with experiments. A) on account of B) in case of C) according to D) in spite of E) compared with 87. Hopefully, ---- science can provide evidence of the physical damage done to a neglected young brain ---- money will be poured into preventing the neglect in the first place. A) more / even so B) the more / the more C) either / or D) so / as E) as if / so 88. The capacity of the kidneys to alter their excretion of sodium, ---- changes in sodium intake, is enormous. A) apart from B) in addition to C) with reference to D) in response to E) so far as 89. The doctors are pleased with the progress he is making; ---- they expect him to make a full recovery. A) nevertheless B) in fact C) even so D) but E) as a rule 90. Many severe hormone resistance syndromes are ---- inherited defects in membrane receptors. A) in terms of B) in case of C) due to D) in view of E) in place of 91. Health is not merely the absence of disease and infirmity, ---- complete physical, mental and social well-being. A) as for B) as well as C) as if D) including E) but also , but it is not enough to stop malaria. A) The parasites infect the red blood cells B) The shapes of these proteins were constantly changing C) A malaria vaccine would have to fulfill two functions D) Encouraging the immune system to create antibodies is useful E) Antibodies cannot access the insides of cells where the parasites are usually to be found 93. As the signs of pneumonia are relatively subtle in ICU patients, A) gastric colonization may also influence the development of pneumonia B) the diagnosis is often fairly complex C) ventilated patients were never at risk D) this is particularly true of patients with congestive heart failure E) exposure to bacteria cannot always be avoided 94. As soon as a diagnosis of vasculitis has been established, A) this would amount to aggressive therapy B) a decision regarding therapeutic strategy must be made C) in general, aggressive therapy should be avoided D) the drug will be discontinued immediately on remission E) this produced an adequate response almost immediately 95. Because of the long-term requirement for a diet, A) it must be tailored to a person's tastes and habits B) the protein would have been of high quality C) foods high in fiber should have been used liberally D) it is unwise to allow severe diets to be followed for more than 16 weeks E) the weight loss would have been slower 96. Though the idea that food is addictive is far from mainstream, A) on the contrary, the evidence was inconclusive B) more research on the subject was essential C) their debate is certainly an interesting one D) their behaviour was nevertheless predictable E) many nutritionists regard it as plausible , the heart pumps only 4 to 6 liters of blood each minute. A) When a person is at rest B) If there is an extreme increase in cardiac output C) Once it has returned by way of the veins to the ight atrium D) As it has the ability to adapt to change E) Until the volume of blood pumped by the heart had been regulated 98. Many of the children in institutes for the blind in Africa aren't blind at all, A) as, without glasses, they cannot see to get around B) since glasses are not available C) but they do need glasses D) if only more eye-care workers could be trained E) though this is also true of many underdeveloped countries

11 99. Patients with medial epicondylitis should be started on physical therapy A) unless rest were of first importance B) if surgical release of the flexor muscle had been necessary C) in which case surgical intervention is usually successful D) once the pain has subsided E) as there was pain over the medial side of the elbow , it became clear that a microbe transmissible by sexual contact and blood was the most likely etiologic agent. A) Though AIDS was first recognized in the US in the summer of 1981 B) As the epidemiologic pattern of AIDS unfolded C) If the definition of AIDS were complex D) Until the rapid spread of AIDS worldwide can be held in check E) Since the etiologic agent of AIDS is HIV the body has manufactured antibodies against a particular antigen (such as the measles virus), it remembers how to make them the next time it is attacked by the same antigen. A) Until B) Once C) Unless D) Even though E) Whereas 102. Some researchers believe schizophrenia is a single disorder, ---- others believe it is a syndrome based on numerous underlying diseases. A) if B) since C) even so D) while E) unless 103. Anyone who wonders ---- the newborn baby senses touch or experiences pain should watch the baby s reaction to a heel prick for a blood sample. A) whereby B) whether C) until D) in case E) what 104. Although AIDS still has no cure, A) the devastating effects of HIV infection seemed unstoppable B) remarkable progress has been made in understanding and treating HIV infection C) a specific dietary strategy for the treatment of the disease has not been devised D) the severity of wasting may determine the duration of survival E) the causes of malnutrition and wasting in HIV infection are related to the disease itself 105. By comparing urinary creatinine excretion to standards for sex and height, ---- if muscle mass is adequate or depleted. A) it is concluded B) it has been understood C) one can determine D) the physician can assume E) we are convinced 106. Just as the human mind allows a person to develop a concept of intellectual self, A) each cell in a person s body has molecules on its surface that are unique to that specific person B) the function of the immune system is to defend the body against invaders C) virtually any organ can be attacked by the immune system, including the kidneys, lungs, heart and brain D) the immune system provides a concept of biological self E) the immune system is composed of cells and soluble substances 107. Once people have been diagnosed with cancer, A) therapists could have used relaxation methods to assist them in coping with some of the negative aspects of cancer treatments B) they can affect their survival time by adapting a fighting spirit, having strong emotional and social support or attending group counselling sessions C) attempts by their partners to protect them from the reality of their illness were not helpful D) at least half of those treated with chemotherapy had experienced nausea, fatigue, depression, sleep problems and loss of appetite E) family history and ethnic background are factors in many types of cancer 108. Because the visual system is not well-developed at birth, A) newborn babies ability to change focus is limited and they are very nearsighted B) a nearsighted adult with 20/30 vision will be able to see at 20 feet C) newborn infants can distinguish the sound of the human voice from other sounds D) developmental psychologists would have designed some ingenious procedures to study the mental capacities of young infants E) parents noticed with delight that the baby had begun to make eye contact

12 109. Hypnosis was first used as a surgical anaesthetic in India in 1845, A) if doctors had used hypnosis for patients who are allergic to anaesthetics B) since hypnotized patients will recover more quickly, with less pain and with fewer side effects C) although hypnosis as an alternative to sedation is making a comeback in the operating room D) but it was quickly abandoned with the introduction of ether the following year E) even if studies using advanced scanning technology have shed new light on how hypnosis works to block pain 110. Most researchers find the new method of generating human embryonic stem cells promising, A) even if they held the possibility of regenerating body parts B) as it might lead to new and possibly better stemcell lines C) so that stem cells can become any other kind of cell D) if this had led to healthier children E) since this procedure was introduced more than a decade ago , analysts had to rely on a more primitive urine screen for this purpose. A) Unless drugs opened the way to a better system B) Although an athlete could beat the test by ingesting artificial testosterone throughout the testing period C) If later screens for testosterone levels matched the preliminary results D) Only if the body were able to make testosterone from an artificial compound E) Before the carbon isotope radio (CIR) urine test became standard protocol for testing athletes for doping 112. The vast majority of smoking-related cancer deaths are from lung cancer A) although smoking may also be responsible for deaths from cancers of the lip, pharynx, pancreas, trachea and kidney B) because the rate of smoking in the US has slowly declined since the mid-1960s, especially among men C) but weight gain would have been quite modest for most people who had stopped smoking D) if group counselling had been successful in helping people to quit smoking E) even if many nonsmokers find the smoke of others to be a nuisance and even irritating to their eyes and nose physical activity can enhance physical functioning, reduce anxiety, stress, and depression, it also poses some hazards to one s physical and psychological health. A) Although B) Since C) Whether D) In case E) Unless surgeons in France had performed the first partial face transplant late in November, psychologists began to question whether the patient was mentally stable enough to handle the stressful, high-risk procedure. A) Suppose that B) So long as C) As soon as D) Because E) If people have been diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD), they typically enter a cardiac rehabilitation programme to change their lifestyle and thereby avoid subsequent CVD. A) Whereas B) After C) While D) Even though E) As if 116. In veterinary medicine, federal governments and professional associations keep data on animal euthanasia and, ---- the research results obtained so far, have developed guidelines and procedures. A) in the hope of B) as of C) in case of D) in accordance with E) on behalf of 117. Even after a drug has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), A) such drugs are occasionally studied first in a small number of healthy volunteers B) comprehensive premarketing studies detected adverse reactions about once in every 1,000 doses C) many drugs are rejected at this stage, too D) the manufacturer must conduct postmarketing surveillance and report any previously undetected adverse drug reactions E) it was 3 years before the drug came onto the market 118. Because symptoms of sleep apnea occur during sleep, A) severe apnea can result in headaches, excessive daytime sleepiness and slow mental activity B) they must be described by someone who observes the person sleeping C) snoring is associated with episodes of gasping and choking D) most people have been treated successfully and can now sleep comfortably E) people who snore are advised to sleep on their side or face-down

13 119. Even when a cell becomes cancerous, A) antigens released into the bloodstream by some cancers are sometimes called tumour markers B) it is a cell whose biological function has been altered C) a fully functioning immune system can t always destroy all these cancer cells D) the immune system may regard these cells as foreign E) the immune system can often destroy it before it replicates 120. While some drugs, once absorbed, tend to stay within the watery tissues of the blood and muscle, --- A) others concentrate in specific tissues such as the liver and kidneys B) drugs penetrate different tissues at different speeds C) all drugs are either metabolized or excreted intact D) these drugs accumulate in the fatty tissues E) they rapidly circulate through the body 121. Armed with gene sequences and the latest gene chip technologies to measure the activity of thousands of genes simultaneously, A) high-risk groups can be targeted with more aggressive screening programmes B) antibody-based therapies have an inherent limitation C) the tissue that surrounds a tumour plays a crucial role in its development D) anti-cancer drugs have been largely a matter of dosing people and waiting to see what happens E) researchers are now several years into the task of mapping which ones grow abnormally 122. Although the cause of Reye s syndrome is unknown, A) most doctors are unaware of its effects B) people who take aspirin have an increased risk of bleeding C) certain viruses, such as influenza A or B or varicella virus, may be involved D) the doctor would perform a liver biopsy and spinal tap to diagnose it E) no specific treatment can be proposed to prevent 123. Cancer cells are often perceived as all having the same potential to proliferate and spread within the body, A) because cancer treatments must target cancer stem cells to eradicate the disease B) but in many types of cancer, only a small subset of tumour cells has that power C) where the study of stem cells is shedding light on cancer treatments today D) so one among thousands of tumour cells may be a cancer stem cell responsible for driving the disease E) since current treatments focus on killing the greatest number of cancer cells 124. For any pain syndrome, surgery is the most extreme approach and is usually recommended A) because it has its own potential dangers and possibilities for complications B) in case the pain starts suddenly and stays in a particular area of the back C) only when all the other means of treatment have failed to produce a positive result D) unless back surgery is only partially successful in repairing tissue damage E) as long as drugs, skin stimulation and surgery can all be effective for controlling pain 125. Bulimia nervosa occurs with equal prevalence in various social classes and ethnic groups, A) while people who have this disease are distressed by it B) but both eating disorders occur far more often in women than men C) even though anoxeria nervosa has a mortality rate of 5% to 10% D) since an antidepressant drug can often help control the disease E) whereas anorexia nervosa appears primarily among the upper classes 126. People with extensive burns have an increased risk of infection A) so that a new layer of epidermis grows slowly from the edges of the burned area B) whereas many people who have been burned need to take an analgesic, often a narcotic, for at least a few days C) although damaged red blood cells in the injured area may make the burn bright red D) because the damaged skin opens up the body to invasion by harmful organisms E) but life-threatening burns require immediate care, preferably at a hospital equipped to treat burns

14 SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ BAĞLAÇLAR CEVAP ANAHTARI 1) B 2) A 3) D 4) D 5) C 6) B 7) B 8) B 9) C 10) D 11) B 12) C 13) D 14) E 15) B 16) C 17) D 18) A 19) A 20) B 21) E 22) D 23) E 24) C 25) C 26) D 27) E 28) D 29) D 30) C 31) D 32) B 33) D 34) B 35) C 36) A 37) B 38) E 39) E 40) B 41) A 42) C 43) B 44) E 45) D 46) A 47) B 48) C 49) A 50) C 51) B 52) A 53) E 54) A 55) B 56) C 57) A 58) D 59) C 60) C 61) E 62) C 63) C 64) D 65) B 66) D 67) B 68) A 69) C 70) B 71) E 72) A 73) C 74) A 75) A 76) C 77) A 78) B 79) E 80) A 81) A 82) D 83) B 84) D 85) E 86) A 87) B 88) D 89) B 90) C 91) E 92) D 93) B 94) B 95) A 96) E 97) A 98) C 99) D 100) B 101) B 102) D 103) B 104) B 105) C 106) D 107) B 108) A 109) D 110) B 111) E 112) A 113) A 114) C 115) B 116) D 117) D 118) B 119) E 120) A 121) E 122) C 123) B 124) C 125) E 126) D