CH. CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY CERTIFICATE

Transcription

1 CH. CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY CERTIFICATE Certified that the Ph.D. thesis entitled, "Daily Migrant Wage Labourers in Meerut: A Sociological Study" submitted by Mr. Kamal Kant Sharma (i) embodies the work of the candidate himself and, (ii) the candidate has worked under my supervision for the period prescribed under the ordinances of the University. It is also certified that this work has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university. Date: (J.K. PUNDIR) Professor of Sociology Supervisor

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work owes its inception, development and completion to the scholarly and expert guidance, original ideas, practical suggestions and above all encouraging and cooperative attitude of my supervisor Dr. J.K. Pundir, Professor, and former Head, Department of Sociology, C.C.S. University, Meerut. His unforgettable support and valuable suggestions have always helped me a lot in completing my work. I sincerely acknowledge my indebtedness to him. I am very grateful to Dr. Yogendra Singh, Professor & Head, and Mr. Y.P. Singh, Sr. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, C.C.S. University, Meerut. I am exceedingly grateful to Dr. Alok Kumar, Sr. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, C.C.S. University, Meerut and Dr. Ajit Singh Tomer, Sr. Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Meerut College, Meerut, whose extremely valuable suggestions and stimulating help created in me an urge and strong will for an independent research. I do not have words to express my indebtedness and gratitude to my parents Smt. Krishna Sharma and Shri Rajbeer Sharma for their blessings, affection and sacrifice because without their support the work could have never been supposed to get this shape. I am also thankful to my brothers, Mr. Naveen Kumar, Mr. Anil Kumar, Mr. Rajeev Kumar and Mr. Surendra Kumar, my dear sister Mrs. Shalini Sharma and my brother in law Mr. Pallav Sharma, my wife Jyoti Sharma, for all the care, help and encouragement which they have for me whole heartedly and striven their most to keep me in fine mettle in times of great stress and strain. I extend my sincere thanks to my Senior research scholars Dr. Pradeep Kumar, Dr. Rakesh Rana, Dr. Uday Pal Singh and Mr. Parvindra Kumar for their co-operation in this work.

3 I express my sincere thanks to my friends Ravindra Kumar Khari, Shama Praveen, Sushila, Satendra Singh and Dr. Sachin Kumar. I am grateful to Mr. Vinay Agarwal (Navneet Commercial College, Tej Garhi, Meerut) who typed my thesis very sincerely and carefully. Date: (Kamal Kant Sharma)

4 Daily Migrant Wage Labourers in Meerut A Sociological Study CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGES 1. The Problem An Overview of Literature Area of Study Daily Migrant Wage labourers in Meerut Case Studies Summary and Findings References i viii Appendices

5 Chapter Daily Migrant Wage Labourers in Meerut A Sociological Study DETAILED LIST OF CONTENTS Pages 1. The Problem Rationale of the problem Statement of the problem Area of Study (in Brief) Universe, Sample, Respondents Methods of Data Collection Methods of Data Analysis 6 2. Review of Select Literature Migration: Meaning, Concept, Characteristics and Types Causes of Migration Consequences of Migration Migrant Labourers: Concept and Select Studies Meaning and Concept of Migrant Labourers Labour Laws Related to Migrant Labourers Select studies on Migrant Labourers Area of Study Location and History Geographical area Population and Religion Educational Institutions Administration Health Services Entertainment Clubs and Social Organizations Mass-Media Economic Structure Daily Migrant Wage Labourers in Meerut Social Background Causes of Migration Socio-Economic Background and Causes of Migration 97

6 4.4. Awareness of Labour Law and Rights Source of Awareness Socio-Economic Background and Source of Awareness Case Studies Case Study-I Case Study-II Case Study-III Case Study-IV Case Study-V Case Study-VI Case Study-VII Case Study-VIII Case Study-IX Case Study-X Summary and Findings The Problem Concepts/Terms A Brief Overview of Literature Area of Study Universe, Sample, Respondents Methods of Data Collection and Analysis Findings Bearings of Empirical Research Limitations of the Study/Gaps in Research Difficulties/Lessons from Research 173 References i viii Appendices 1. Interview Guide 2. Map of Uttar Pradesh (Indicating Area) 3. Map of Meerut (Indicating areas)

7 CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE RURAL- URBAN MIGRATION IN MEERUT * Kamal Kant Sharma ** Ravindra Kumar Khari Research Scholar, Part-time Lecturer (Sociology) Department of Sociology, D.N. (P.G.) Colleg, Gulaothi C.C.S. Univ. Campus, Meerut (Bulandshahr) Introduction: In the recent years migration and labour in developing countries have received considerable attention from social scientists. Migration associated to the growth of Urban centres in Indian during their developmental process is considered by scholars as a normal and healthy byproduct as well as industrial expansion: as a response by the rural population to the prospect of bettering themselves. As such the present trends of global economy break the isolation of nations and brings not only co-operation but also competition and conflict in their relationships. N. Raghunath Reddy (1996) states that the new economic policy effect the poor adversely and thereby register a rise in poverty and unemployment among rural labourers. J.K. Singh (1996) States that the labourers are exploited more in organized sector of the nation, Increase in the process of development have also increased the exploitation of labour. U. Tataji (1986) takes up the issue of the absorption of the migrant labour force in the formal and informal sectors of the urban economy and the pattern of work organization. The major point of criticism streams from the way the migrants get themselves recruited to certain lower level jobs, and the nature of the work organization which does not permit an easy entry into them. In the light of these various apprehensions about migration of labour, sociological are suggesting that the present economic trends will effect all social categories on which its implication are likely, require empirical documentation of

8 facts. Thus it becomes important to explore the impact of current situations on migrant labour in Indian society, particularly in rural to urban migration. The present study in an attempt to deal with the following objectives related to the rural urban migration. Objectives: 7 What are the causes of their migration from village to town? 8 What are the consequences of the migration for the rural areas? 9 What are the changes that have taken placed in the nature of employment of the Rural labourers? Area of Study: The present study will be conduct in Meerut City. Meerut district is one of the most important districts of North Western region of the state of Uttar Pradesh which lies between the holy river Ganga and Jamuna and it is very close to the national capital Delhi. Meerut district has been a centre of varied activities throughout the course of history. Meerut leapt into international prominence during the revolt of 1857, known are the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, also known as First War of Independence against East India Company's efforts of building up the British Empire in India. According to the 2001 Census, the total population of Meerut district was 29,97,361. The rural and urban populations were 18,35,645 and 11,61,716 respectively. Urban population is divided into two parts Meerut Mahapalika and Containment Board. Data Base: The study is based on the primary data collected from the migrant households residing under the limits of Meerut Mahapalika and Cantonment Board of Meerut,

9 through a questionnaire schedule. Out of the total migrants only hundred have been selected randomly as sample migrants for the interview. Table 1: Causes of Migration Causes Migrants Security Service Business Others Total Upper Caste Backward Scheduled Caste Others Total Cause of Migration: This study explored that there are four main causes of migration in this city i.e. business, service, security and in search of job. It reveals that more than one third (38%) of the total migrants have been migrated for the business purposes (Table-1). Followed by the migrants for service (27%), security problems (22%) and in search of physical work (13%). It is worth noting that security problem in height (40%) among scheduled castes migrants followed by others (30%) backwards (16%) and upper castes (15%). It is also observed that the upper castes migrants feeling insecurity either by dacoits or by the own kith and kins due to property clashes and the other hand scheduled castes migrants feel insecure due to social class conflicts while backwards suffering from both the problems. It is worth noting that in the most of the migrants (82.5%) of upper castes and backward caste (73.3%) migrated to this city for business or service purposes while the majority of the scheduled castes (73.3%) migrants came to this city in search of job (labour work) for their livelihood. Consequences of Migration:

10 The above observation reveal that the one sided flow of population has not only created the spetial imbalances in the population distribution but also has adversely effected the rural areas and urban centred. Brain of the rural areas which is prepared by the villages through their own limited source of income by doing hard work, drain towards the city because there is no use of their brain in the rural areas. Economically sound persons of the villages also more towards the city due to insecurity, lack of proper educational, medical and other basic facilities and to earn more and more money. In the same way the skilled and unskilled labour force of the village also moves towards the town for their livelihood because they did not have the job opportunities in their native village. Thus the rural areas losing their money, mind and manpower. On the other hand the high concentration of population in the urban centres also create various problems of housing, insanitation, transportation etc. The Meerut Mahapalika and Containment Board fails to provide the proper civic amenities to all of its citizens. It also creates the air, water and noise population which adversely affected the health of the people. Change in Last years: The majority of the labourers says that lost of changes have been seen in last years. But now new machines and tools have been invented for work so the work which used to be completed by labourers can now completed by 5-7 labourers. Due to contractors also less work is provided. References: Reddy, N. Raghunathan

11 1996 : "Rural Development in Andhra Padesh: An Historical Perspective", The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 15, No.4 (July), pp: Singh, J.K : "Dynamics of Rural Development", Rural Development, Vol. 5, No.4 (Oct.), pp Tataji, U : Rural Urban Migration and Work Organization in a Slum", in M.S.A. Rao (ed.) Studies in Migration: Internal and International Migration in India, Delhi, Manohar Publication, pp: