Venerdì 14 dicembre 2012 Mattina - Aula Magna Università degli Studi di Messina

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1 Percorsi di Sostenibilità Ambientale Metodologie ed Esperienze TERRITORIAL OBSERVATORY ON SUSTAINABILITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO: A CASE STUDY Luigi Bruzzi Department of Physics, University of Bologna Venerdì 14 dicembre 2012 Mattina - Aula Magna Università degli Studi di Messina 1

2 THE NEED TO TAKE UNDER CONTROL THE SUSTAINABILITY OF A TERRITORY The local and global environmental situation is continuously changing Change in some cases is not perceived especially by the general public Continuous monitoring of sustainability is therefore imperative Air monitoring station What is happening in the Italian city of Taranto is a clear example of what is the result of not having taken under control the environmental effects produced by the big steel manufacturing plant located close to the urban area 2

3 WHAT HAS HAPPENED IN TARANTO According to the data published the amounts of pollutants released into the air in the year 2010 were : 4,000 tons of dusts, 11,000 tons of nitrogen oxide, 11,000 tons of sulphur oxide, 1,300 kg of benzene, 115 g of dioxins, 338 kg of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 172,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 8.6 Mt of carbon dioxide and many more other dangerous substances (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc.) Until the year 2010, even if those data were known by many people involved in environmental protection, only few people were complaining the situation. 3

4 CONTROLLING THE SUSTAINABILITY STATUS AND EVOLUTION The control systems concerning the environmental quality and the level of sustainability require specific tools, able to evidence the trends in both, positive and particularly important, in negative sense. To keep the sustainability of a given territory under control it is necessary to adopt indicators able to measure it; these parameters are usually referred to as sustainability indicators 4

5 THE SUSTAINABILITY OF A TERRITORY The concept of sustainability can be linked to a given human activity, or a local context, or even a product. A territory to be sustainable must satisfy the requirements requested by the principles of sustainable development. The theoretical requirement call for a system completely selfsustaining: it means that the resources available are enough to satisfy the need of the territory. In other words the ecological footprint is equal to the biocapacity. This is a very difficult result to be reached, especially for territories located in the western part of the planet. 5

6 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY In the course of history mankind has always tried to improve its wellbeing. The concepts of sustainability and wellbeing are to a certain extent overlapping. Wellbeing expresses a degree of satisfaction of its own life. Sustainability includes a strong component of social justice and solidarity among the individuals of this and the future generations. To be sustainable for a territory means to preserve its natural resources from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, respecting the rules of a intergenerational equity. 6

7 PRESERVE NATURAL RESOURCES FROM A QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE POINT OF VIEW natural resources preservation quantitative preservation qualitative preservation reduce consumption of not renewable resources reduce pollution reduce consumption of fossil energy (lighting, heating, transport, industry). use renewable energy sources reduce waste production biodiversity conservation CO 2 air water soil 7

8 WHAT IS AN INDICATOR? An indicator provides evidence that a certain condition exists or certain results have or have not been achieved. Indicators enable decision-makers to assess progress towards the achievement of intended outputs, outcomes, goals, and objectives. 8

9 REQUIREMENTS FOR SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS Sustainability indicators intend to offer information to local citizens and local authorities which are committed to achieve a sustainable model of development. The indicators for territorial sustainability must go beyond the functions typically performed by environmental parameters by taking into account also the economic and social dimensions 9

10 MAIN SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS Suitable indicators for a territorial observatory on sustainability should be able to describe: demographic data and working activities, physical characteristics of the territory, features of residential areas, types of mobility, production and use of energy, effects on climate related to forest, timber availability, agriculture, hunting and fishing, availability of water, quality of soil and subsoil, air quality, level of noise and radiation, waste management and recycling, presence of polluted sites, among the most important. 10

11 WHY A TERRITORIAL OBSERVATORY ON SUSTAINABILITY The reality of territories are very dissimilar in political, economic, social and environmental features. There is a need to keep under control the evolution of sustainability parameters in space and time. One of the most suitable tool to achieve this task is a Territorial Observatory on Sustainability (TOS) TOS is particularly suitable for local realities: the limited space and little number of inhabitants make the monitoring of indicators easier. 11

12 WHY A TOS IN SAN MARINO? The reality of the Republic of San Marino (RSM) fits well into TOS criteria: it has a small size (third smaller country of Europe), with a surface area of 60,5 km², and a limited number of inhabitants (30.000). RSM represents therefore a very suitable territory to test an innovative tool such as the TOS, aimed at studying and analyzing the economic, social and environmental sustainability. The constitution and operation of a TOS in RSM can represent a pilot project suitable to be applied to similar territorial realities such as municipalities, industrial areas, protected areas, etc. 12

13 SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR THE REPUBLIC OF SAN MARINO The first step of the study performed on the RSM was the identification of sustainability indicators characterizing the territory from economic, social and environmental point of view The selected indicators include: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the Human Development Index (HDI), specific indicators for energy, water, municipal waste and air quality, alongside with the carbon and ecological footprint 13

14 ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF SAN MARINO GDP of different country The value of GDP for RSM (year 2009) was 1,293 Million US $ PPA (purchasing power parity), corresponding to a GDP per-capita of 43,090 PPA $ US. The comparison with other countries shows an outstanding position of the RSM. GDP per capita of different country 14

15 SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) Since long time there is a diffused conviction that GDP per capita is insufficient to measure the wellbeing. To be satisfied of your life you need to be in good health, to have a high level of education and of course money. On the basis of these premises UNDP has introduced an new index, the HDI (Human Developed Index) containing information on health, education and money availability. 15

16 SAME HDI WITH DIFFERENT GDP Italy and Singapore have almost the same HDI, but there is much difference in GDP per capita. GDP is not enough to measure the wellbeing. HDI is a first step forward. 16

17 HOW TO CALCULATE HDI HDI is the result of a sum of three addends able to quantify three indicators: I 1 = health status (life expectancy at birth), I 2 = mean years of schooling and I 3 = gross national income per capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries. The formula to calculate HDI is: HDI = (I 1 + I 2 + I 3 )/ 3 To calculate the HDI, data from the Statistical Office of RSM were used The calculated value of HDI for San Marino was higher than 0.90, locating RSM again in an excellent position. For comparison, the HDI for Italy is (2009) 17

18 ENERGY INDICATORS Energy indicators are of paramount importance as they help determine essential parameters such as the dependence on imports, the CO 2 emissions and the amount of emitted air pollutants. Energy management of a territory small as that of San Marino, without native resources, is dominated mainly by imports from abroad. Imported supplies include electricity, natural gas - used for heating - and oil derivatives used for transport. For the RSM energy is a vital resource to support the social and economic development. It is therefore important to monitor the parameters that define the resource consumption and its proper use 18

19 ENERGY AVAILABILITY IS A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT FOR QUALITY OF LIFE 1 HDI versus TEP/Person (2007) HDI 0,9 Italy United States Arab Emirates Iceland Bahrain Qatar 0,8 Trinidad 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0, Tep/persona/anno 19

20 PRIMARY ENERGY FOR SAN MARINO The primary energy annual requirement for the Republic of San Marino is about 155 ktoe (reference year 2008). The primary energy consumption is characterized by an extensive use of petroleum derivatives and natural gas. This is due to structural components, such as the import of electricity (which constitutes about 38% of primary energy consumption) and the absence of nuclear generation and renewable sources. Consumi di energia primaria (tep). Anno di riferimento 2008 elettricità; 38,19% metano ; 29,37% combustibili fossili; 32,44% 20

21 PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA 21

22 CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM THE ENERGY SECTOR The RSM produces approximately 350,000 tons of CO 2 per year. The data collected over the past 20 years show a growing trend, about 1% per year. Italy, who is the supplier of energy to RSM, produces nearly 500 million tons of CO 2 per year. This is the expected result of relying on more than 90% of fossil fuels utilized for the typical end uses of energy: electricity, transport, heating and industry. In RSM fuel consumption and, thus, CO 2 emissions, are increasing following a general trend and comparable with the consumption of the neighbouring territories in Italy (Rimini and Emilia Romagna). 22

23 ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN SAN MARINO Consumi di energia elettrica (GWh) GWh anni 23

24 ELECTRCITY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN SAN MARINO AND ITALY Consumi elettrici pro-capite (kwh/ab) kwh/ab anni Italia San Marino 24

25 ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN SAN MARINO, IN ITALY AND NEIGHBOURING REGIONS Indice consumi elettrici finali pro-capite (MWh/ab) MWh/ab San Marino Italia Emilia Romagna prov.rimini indice consumi elettrici finali pro-capite 25

26 ENERGY INTENSITY EVOLUTION IN SAN MARINO ANDAMENTO DELL'INTENSITA' ENERGETICA ( ) tep/milioni ppa US$ ANNI intensità primaria intensità finale Energy intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy;it is the ratio between energy and GDP 26

27 CO 2 EMISSIONS PER CAPITA IN SAN MARINO, ITALY AND NEIGHBOURING REGIONS Indice di produzione di CO2 pro-capite (tonn/ab). Anno di riferimento tonn CO 2 /ab San Marino Italia Emilia Romagna Prov.Rimini Indice di produzione di CO2 pro-capite (tonn/ab) 27

28 AIR QUALITY INDICATORS Air quality indicators taken as reference were: concentration in the air of many pollutants such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, particulate matter (PM 10, PM 5, PM 2.5), benzene, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc. The measurements were carried out with mobile and stationary measuring stations. The preliminary analyses have included the concentrations in air of the PM 2.5, O 3,COandNO 2. The preliminary results on measurements of air pollutants demonstrated the ability of the monitoring system to give reliable information on the air quality in significant positions of the RSM territory. 28

29 WATER CONSUMED IN SAN MARINO m

30 WATER CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA IN SAN MARINO, ITALY AND NEIGHBOURING REGIONS l/ab.eq/g l/ab al giorno San Marino 2008 l/ab.eq al giorno Cervia 2008 l/ab al giorno Italia 1999 l/ab.eq al giorno prov.rim ini

31 SOLID WASTE PRODUCED IN SAN MARINO tonnellate rifiuti indifferenziati raccolta differenziata totale rifiuti prodotti Solid waste production/capita is 626 kg/inhab (San Marino), 675 kg/inhab (Emilia Romagna) and 820 kg/inhab (Rimini Province) 31

32 TOWARDS INDICATORS ABLE TO MEASURE THE WELLBEING In the last years indicators measuring the wellbeing have started to be developed. These indicators should be able to measure the wellbeing or happiness of a human community The first step forward was the introduction of the HDI. Recently, studies and analyses have been developed, attempting to express the level of wellness of a given society through a larger number of parameters than those included in the calculation of HDI. This possibility has been the subject of a study made by the Commission entitled Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, instituted in 2008 and chaired by the Nobel Prize Joseph Stiglitz 32

33 A NOVEL APPROACH TO WELLBEING INDEX The proposal to introduce an index related not only to the economy, as it is the case for the GDP, is not new. The need of a novel approach to guide the development was premonitory stated in 1968 by Robert Kennedy, who prophetically warned: "Yet the gross national product does not allow (to evaluate) for the health of our children, the quality of their education, or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages; the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. 33

34 HOW TO MEASURE PROGRESS AND WELLBEING The Human Development Index combines life expectancy data and years of schooling with standard of living indicators. Standard of living is calculated by adjusting GDP with purchasing power parity. The index then ranks 177 member countries by its HDI result. The Happy Planet Index includes life expectancy at birth, life satisfaction, and ecological footprint. It does not indicate the happiest country in the world but the relative efficiency with which nations convert natural resources into happy lives for their inhabitants. 34

35 THE WELLBEING INDEX PROPOSED BY ISTAT AND CNEL More recently an important initiative was taken from two Italian important public institutions: ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica) and CNEL (Consiglio Nazionale dell'economia e del Lavoro). Starting from the previous 8 indicators the study proposes to introduce some more four to a total of 12 The 12 dimensions of wellbeing: environment, health, economic wellbeing, education, working activities, social relationships, safety, subjective wellbeing, landscape and cultural heritage, research and innovation, quality of services, politics and innovation. Each one of these dimensions constitutes a domain in which an average of 11 high quality statistical indicators for each domain are included for a total of

36 Your Better Life Index (OECD) Your Better Life Index is designed to let you visualise and compare some of the key eleven factors It s an interactive tool that allows you to see how countries perform according to the importance you give to each of 11 topics that make for a better life. The OECD Better Life Initiative allows understanding what drives well-being of people and nations and what needs to be done to achieve greater progress for all. Housing Income Jobs Community Education Environment Civic Engagement Health Life Satisfaction Safety Work-Life Balance 36

37 GDP IS GROWING, HAPPINESS IS CONSTANT GDP per capita Happiness index 37

38 HAPPINESS AND GDP TREND IN USA 38

39 GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, HAPPINESS, WELLBEING 39