SORPTION ISOTHERM S A Catalogu e. Kurt Kielsgaard Hanse n

Transcription

1 TECHNICAL REPORT 162/86 SORPTION ISOTHERM S A Catalogu e Kurt Kielsgaard Hanse n THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMAR K D EPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIN G B UILDING MATERIALS LABORATORY

2 TECHNICAL REPORT 162/8 6 SORPTION ISOTHERM S A Catalogu e Kurt Kielsgaard Hanse n Building Materials Laborator y The Technical University of Denmar k December 1986

3 Kurt Kielsgaard Hanse n Sorption Isotherm s A Catalogu e 1. udgave, 1. oplag December 1986/KKH :es Building Materials Laborator y The Technical University of Denmar k Technical Report 162/8 6 Copyright : The author Printing : LTT Tryk, DT H Key word s Sorption isotherms, data base, curve fitting, moistur e Abstrac t In the present catalogue sorption isotherms for more than 1 materials ar e plotted. A page of the catalogue shows both data values and a figure wit h data points and approximated curves. The data base has been built up using an IBM PC.

4 V CONTENT S Pag e 1. WATER CONTENT PARAMETERS 1 2. THE SORPTION ISOTHERM Hygroscopic Moisture The Shape of the Sorption Isotherm Adsorption and Desorption Temperature Influence 5 3. USE OF SORPTION CURVES 5 4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS DESCRIBING THE SORPTION ISOTHERM The Model Used in This Work 7 5. CATALOGUE SOURCES 8 6. REGISTRATION METHOD 1 7. SUMMARIZING REMARKS LITERATURE CONTENTS OF THE CATALOGUE 14 Catalogue pages for sorption isotherms for different materials

5 PREFAC E Moisture fixation and moisture transport in building materials are studied a s part of a long-term research program at the Building Materials Laboratory. The present catalogue dealing with sorption isotherms forms a part of th e base which the future moisture transport programs will use. The catalogue i s made by use of an IBM Personal Computer where the information about individual materials composes a data base. This data base can be exchange d with other institutions via a diskette, and the data base can be updated whe n new results are available. The present work is part of the project "Moisture in Building Materials" whic h has been carried out at the Building Materials Laboratory during 1985 an d The project has been supported by the Danish Technical Researc h Council (J. No B-153). Anders Nielse n Project Leader

6 i v SUMMAR Y The connection between the equilibrium moisture content in a building materia l and the relative humidity of ambient air at constant temperature is called a sorption isotherm. It is well known that most hygroscopic materials exhibi t hysteresis in the adsorption and desorption isotherms. In this catalogue sorption isotherms for more than 1 materials are plotted. Measured sorption values published in different literature sources are put int o a data base, and for each set of values the best curve through desorptio n and adsorption measuring points, respectively, are fitted using the extende d Posnow equation. A page of the catalogue shows both data values and a figure with data points and approximated curves. An IBM PC has been used to build up the data base which is stored on a diskette marked SORPTION. The necessary data input and plotting program s for the data base as well as programs for curve fitting of data points are als o stored on the diskette. The programs have been discussed in a separat e report where the execution of the programs is described, too.

7 WATER CONTENT PARAMETER S The water content of a material can be described by e.g. the water to dr y mass ratio, the water content per m 3, the capillary degree of saturation, an d the vacuum degree of saturation /1/. In the present catalogue the water to dry mass ratio (moisture ratio, water content in weight percent) is used. The ratio (u) is determined by weighing a material sample (m 1 kg) and drying at 15 C until the mass is constant (m 2 kg). u can be calculated a s u _ m 1 m 2 m 2 (1) Using p for the dry density, the water content per m 3, w, is calculated by w = p u (2 ) The capillary degree of saturation in a material, S cap, is the water conten t measured in proportion to the amount of water which the material can contai n after spontaneous water suction. The vacuum degree of saturation in a material, is the water conten Svac' t measured in proportion to the amount of water which the material can contai n after complete saturation by use of vacuum and overpressure. Sca p and Svac can be calculated by the equations given in /1/. The relative humidity, Øpore' in the pores of a porous material must also b e regarded as a water content parameter. Øpore expresses directly the activity of the water in the material, which is an important measure in durability judgments. Through the water content in the material can b Øpore e evaluated by means of the sorption isotherms as described below. 2. THE SORPTION ISOTHER M 2.1 Hygroscopic Moistur e In air with a certain relative humidity (RH or Ø) and temperature (T) a porous building material after a while will reach a state of equilibrium with th e

8 2 environment, i.e. the partial vapor pressure and the temperature of the water vapor in the pores of the material will be quite the same as in ambient air. The porous material will exchange water with the ambient air until the poin t of equilibrium is reached. The maximum hygroscopic moisture content of any porous material is significantly less than the maximum moisture content which the body can acquir e in suction, cf. Figure 2. For example, the maximum hygroscopic moistur e content, uh, in red brick is about 1 weight percent, but the maximum wate r content, is of the order of 2-3 weight percent. umax, 2.2 The Shape of the Sorption Isother m The connection between moisture content and relative humidity at equilibriu m at a constant temperature is called the sorption isotherm or simply the isotherm. Through the years a lot of isotherms have been found for differen t vapors and gases which have been adsorbed in different materials. Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller /2/ have grouped the isotherms in five differen t classes as shown in Figure 1. I III Relative humidity, Ø - $ 1 Figure 1. Different types of isotherms according to Brunauer, Emmet, an d Teller /2/. The isotherm Types I and II are the most common. Moisture fixation in porous building materials almost always gives S-shaped isotherms of Type II.

9 - 3 - The shape of the equilibrium isotherm can be divided into three parts depend - ing on the type of fixation, see Figure 2. At low RH the water molecules are bound in one layer to the surface of th e pores by hydrogen bond or van der Waal forces. When all surfaces of th e pores are covered with one layer of molecules, the building of the next laye r starts. The transition is marked by the fact that the curve is straight. The thickness of the adsorbed water layer increases to a third or possibly a fourth layer with an increasing pore humidity. Capillary condensation is th e last mechanism that takes place. The saturation water vapor pressure abov e curved surfaces decreases depending on the curvature of the meniscus a s expressed in the so-called Kelvin equation. This means that at a given R H all the pores with a certain radius will be filled with water. Maximum wate r content, u ma x Capillary domain : Water uptake b y suction, wate r pressure o r condensatio n One laye r of molecules More layers of molecules Capillar y condensa - tio n Hygroscopi c moisture. Water uptak e fro m ambient ai r Relative humidity, Ø - $ 1 Figure 2. The typical course of an equilibrium moisture curve or sorptio n isotherm. The curve shows connected values of RH of the am - bient air and water content of the material at equilibrium at a constant temperature. At high relative humidities the course of the sorption curve becomes uncertai n because of different hysteresis phenomena. Experimentally it is very difficul t to maintain a constant RH above 98% which means an uncertainty in the different experiments reported in the literature. For these reasons the curv e fitting in the present catalogue stops at 98% RH.

10 2.3 Adsorption and Desorptio n Figure 3 shows a sketch of a sorption isotherm of a building material. Equilibrium established during drying gives a desorption isotherm, and equilibrium established during wetting gives an adsorption isotherm. Two boundar y curves show a hysteresis loop. The desorption isotherm always lies abov e the adsorption isotherm at the same temperature. Different equilibrium conditions of the two curves can be reached either by breaking off the adsorption followed by desorption as ABC in Figure 4 or by breaking off desorption followed by adsorption as DEF. ABC and DEF are called scanning curves. C Y C V 1.- c9 Relative humidity, Ø - $ 1 Figure 3. Typical adsorption and desorption isotherms showing hysteresis. c c U Relative humidity, Ø - % 1 Figure 4. Example of scanning curves.

11 Temperature Influenc e The equilibrium water content in the material is dependent not only on th e relative humidity of the ambient air, but also on the temperature of the air. The position and the shape of the sorption isotherm are influenced by th e temperature. At higher temperatures a correspondingly higher energy leve l causes an easier release of the water molecules. For this reason the "warm " isotherms lie under the "cold" ones. As an example sorption isotherms fo r wood at different temperatures are shown in the catalogue. The temperatur e influence of the isotherms will be taken up for discussion in a separate re - port. 3. USE OF SORPTION CURVE S The sorption isotherms are necessary in analyzing the moisture condition s of a structure such as drying or wetting calculations or judging the equilibrium state. Exampl e Lime sandstone having a dry density of 17 kg/m 3 is delivered with a production moisture content of 11% related to dry mass. The stones are use d as an internal wall with a thickness of 11 mm. How much water must b e dried from 1 m 2 before the wall is in equilibrium with 5% RH, 2 C? O n the desorption curve an equilibrium moisture content of 1.5 weight percen t is found. The amount of water to be removed is Au = 11% - 1.5%. Per m 2 is calculated Aw = volume dry density t o = ( ) = kg wate r This result can be used in the design of the drying process. 4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS DESCRIBING THE SORPTION ISOTHER M A lot of theories have been put forward concerning calculation of the adsorption of gases and vapors on solids. Among the most well-known theories ar e the Langmuir /3/ and the BET isotherms /2/, but also other models will be

12 6 mentioned here. The models are useful in curve fitting of experimental sorption data for use in computer calculations. Langmuir assumes that the adsorption takes place in a single molecular laye r (compare with Type I isotherms in Figure 1). The equation made by Langmuir looks like u = a'b6 (3 ) 1+b 4) where a is moisture content absorbing a complete monolayer, and b is a coefficient proportional to the temperature. The BET theory is built on the Langmuir theory, and it postulates that th e polymolecular adsorption isotherm can be composed by a series of simultaneous Langmuir adsorption isotherms built up by single molecular layers. Fro m the equilibrium condition for the sorption of 1st, 2nd,..., n'th layer th e following equation for the adsorption isotherm can be set u p a b'dc 1 -(n+1) 4) n + n. Ø n+1 ] u= (1 -s) C1 + (b-1) 4) - b. cf, n +1 ] (4 ) For n + co, the equation can be calculated to a b Ø u = (1-) C1 + (b-1) 4) ] (5) For n = 1, the Langmuir isotherm is found. The BET equation can be use d to describe the lower part of the isotherm up to about 4% RH. Lykow /4/ has given some empirical equations for calculation of isotherms. A second degree approximation has been suggeste d u =a Ø ' 5 u = Ao + B 4) 2 for < Ø < 35% RF for 35% < Ø < 94% RF (6a ) (6b ) A criticism against the shown set of equations says the dividing point of 35 % RH will not hold for many materials. A variable dividing point in the range of 2-4% RH seems to be more useful.

13 Further, in the range of 1-9% RH, Lykow assumes the equilibrium moistur e content can be calculated satisfactorily by use of the following empirical equation u = G Ø H-4) (7 ) where G and H are material coefficients dependent on the temperature and th e properties of the materials. Lykow claims the Posnow equation gives the best approximation in the rang e 3-1% RH. The formula is derived from experiments with woo d 1 u 1 u h B In Ø (8 ) where u h is the maximum hygroscopic moisture content, and B is a tempera - ture dependent factor. (Notice that an error may occur in Equation 8 as Lykow /4/ gives a "+" in front of the last term on the right side, but then w e get a negative u for low Ø.) Equation 8 can be rewritte n u = u h (1 - IåØ ) -1 (9 ) where d = 1/(u h B). The constants for u h and B given by Lykow (Table V in /4/) are by the present author used to calculate d for the following case s (given by Lykow), wood after previous drying, pine, and wood. Doing thi s calculation, d is found to be.3,.35, and.47, respectively. The d- values are used for comparison purposes in Section 4.1 below. 4.1 The Model Used in This Wor k Freiesleben Hansen in /5/ gives an empirical equation for adsorption/desorption isotherms for hardening concret e wher e = exp(a (1 - ( L-) 4 -n ) ) h (1 ) u = (u n /u h ) n non-evaporable water conten t maximum hygroscopically bound water by adsorptio n empirically fixed exponen t relative humidit y water to dry mass ratio

14 - 8 - According to Freiesleben Hansen, A can be determined experimentally. Using Equation 1 to curve fitting of measured sorption values, it can be appropriate to reorganize the equation t o u =u h (1 - IÅØ )-1/ n = u h exp((- ) ln(1 - n IÅ ) ) (12) Equation 12 is applied in this catalogue. A is for beech, birch, and a standard wood curve from the Technological Institute /13/ for n - 1. As mentioned above, d in Equation 9 can be calculated to based o n the values given by Lykow and consequently, when d = A, the two equation s seem to be identical for n = 1. The introduction of n into Equation 11 make s it applicable to describe both the desorption and the adsorption values fo r most materials in the range 2-98% RH. As mentioned earlier, the fixation of water in porous building materials give s S-shaped isotherms of Type I I, see Figure 1. By use of the same equatio n describing all materials both in desorption and adsorption in the range 2-98 % RH, the S-shape can be hidden in some cases. Firstly, the equation does no t include the range -2% RH, secondly, the approximation can deviate fro m measured sorption values for higher relative humidities. For concrete, Ahlgren /6/ has measured desorption values which show a jump in the desorptio n curve, and this jump of course cannot be described by a common expressio n as Equation 11. The adsorption isotherms of concrete are further discussed in /7/ where a curve fitting equation is given for relative humidities in the range 2-1% based on the composition of the concrete, i.e. cement content per m 3 cc ), water to cement ratio (w/c), and degree of hydration (. The calculatio n R H equation is also shown in /8/ where in addition the desorption isotherms o f concrete are sketched dependent on w/c and a. 5. CATALOGUE SOURCE S Our main source for the present catalogue is the work of Ahlgren /6/. Thi s thesis surveys the literature concerning determination of isotherms for differ - ent adsorbates and adsorbents. A result of the studies is that the desorptio n

15 - 9 - isotherms very seldom are determined, especially isotherms of Type II whic h are interesting in connection with building materials. For adsorbates othe r than water vapor, especially adsorbates like gas, this absence of measure - ments depend mostly on difficulties in the experimental work. The conclusio n of the problem may be filling the material with so much adsorbate that th e absolutely highest lying desorption isotherms are determined. For buildin g materials this filling with water vapor may not be a problem. Ahlgren's survey concludes that fully systematical determinations of both desorption an d adsorption isotherms for the same material are missing. In most reference s only the adsorption isotherms are given, and in many cases it is not indicate d if the curves refer to adsorption or to desorption. To remedy the above mentioned findings, Ahlgren constructed an apparatu s for precise determination of the equilibrium moisture content of materials fo r different relative humidities. The maximum error is calculated to.2% RH a t high relative humidities. The experiments are started determining the de - sorption isotherm. To reach the highest boundary curve the material sampl e is filled with water before the start of the experiments. Afterwards the equilibrium moisture content is determined in the apparatus at relative humiditie s in the range 98-2% RH. Before determination of the adsorption isotherm th e material sample is dried in an evacuated exsiccator with a drying material. The adsorption isotherms thereafter have been determined between the sam e limits for relative humidity as for desorption isotherms. Ahlgren has determined a lot of sorption isotherms representing the most utilized porous building materials. Both desorption and adsorption isotherms ar e determined for the majority of the materials. The thorough experimental wor k and reporting made the measuring results of Ahlgren positively credible an d most of the measuring results shown in /6/ are included in the present catalogue. Tveit /9/ has determined isotherms at different temperatures. The equilibrium moisture content at high relative humidities is determined during adsorption while equilibrium moisture contents at low relative humidities are deter - mined during desorption. These equilibrium moisture contents are bound together to an isotherm. As the hysteresis is smallest at low relative humidities, the curves correspond mostly to adsorption isotherms. In pursuance

16 - 1 - of the above mentioned mix of desorption and adsorption measuring results i n the same curve, the measuring results of Tveit are not comparable with othe r measuring results, and therefore they are not included in the catalogue. Lück /1/ has given sorption values for a series of building materials in addition to paper, leather, textiles, tobacco, coke, and food. Sorption value s for a series of these materials are included in the catalogue, but unfortunatel y the reference does not indicate whether these are desorption or adsorptio n values. Also Krischer Ill/ has given sorption values for a series of building material s in addition to paper, textiles, tobacco, potatoes, coke, and artificial materials. The temperature dependence for wood and potatoes in particular at tempera - tures between 2 C and 8 C has received special treatment. Sorption value s for a series of these materials are included in the catalogue, among these the temperature dependence of the wood curves. Krischer mentions all the sorption isotherms shown to be desorption curves. Included in the catalogue are measuring results for lacquer and paint, san d and gravel, soft rot decayed pine, brick with salt, and impregnated wood. The references are shown in connection with each curve. The same material is illustrated by sorption values from various sources. Thi s gives the possibility to evaluate the precision of the sorption isotherms. 6. REGISTRATION METHO D The catalogue of sorption isotherms has been built up using an IBM PC. Th e data base can easily be distributed to other interested institutes by mailing a diskette. The necessary programs for the data base, i.e. data input and plotting programs as well as programs for curve fitting of data points are also stored o n the diskette which is marked SORPTION. The programs are described i n /12/, which also explains in detail how to operate them. It has been attempte d to write the programs as a dialogue. The program asks about input, and the

17 programmer types his answers, followed by a press on The input for m is simplified in this way, and at the same time all input of data appears i n the correct order. The data input program DATAIND is organized so that the input of data point s can be made either by using the keyboard of the PC, or via digitizing usin g an HP plotter as a digitizer table. The sorption values for most of the mate - rials in the data base are entered via digitizing*. Each material at each temperature level gets a material file in the data base. The data input is carried out in the following way. Firstly, the title of th e material, the density, and the temperature are read, in the next place sorption values (,,u) for desorption and adsorption curves together with possibl e scanning curves, then possible additional material characteristics, and finall y reference, date, and initials. if density and temperature are not known, a (zero) must be written in both places. (No C sorption curves appear i n the present edition of the catalogue.) The desorption values must be entere d with decreasing Ø, and the adsorption values must be entered with increasin g Ø, while the scanning curves must be supplied in the measured order. Using this concept for data input, the sorption values are written in the catalogu e page in the measured order. If the reference does not indicate either desorption or adsorption values, the sorption values must be put in with increasin g Ø The curve fitting to create the best curve through desorption and adsorptio n measuring points, respectively, is performed by the programs DESORPF an d SORPF using Equation 12. Using DESORPF, u h, n, and A in Equation 12 ar e determined directly for desorption values, while SORPF is used for adsorptio n values and difficult desorption values. In SORPF, u h is iterated, and n an d A are determined directly. The use of Equation 12 till now has been foun d suitable to describe the desorption isotherms as well as the adsorption isotherms. The iterated constants, uh, n, and A, must be inserted manually in the material file, and after this operation the file can be used to plot a catalogu e * If the literature reference has given more measurements of u for the same Ø, the input of th e u-values are done correctly, but a little displaced about the correct (l)-value. This is don e because in the beginning of the fitting work we tried with a polynomial representation whic h does not allow more u-values for the same Ø. Unfortunately, the polynomial representation di d not succeed and was left in favor of the above given exponential model, but the small displace - ments were not corrected as to be seen in the present catalogue. The small displacements wil l not have any practical significance.

18 page using the program UDTEGN. The catalogue page shows both sorptio n values and a figure with data points and curves. The scanning points ar e bound together with straight lines because DESORPF and SORPF are not created for curve fitting of these points. 7. SUMMARIZING REMARK S A data base for sorption isotherms has been built up by use of an IBM P C with the appurtenant catalogue plotted as this report. The necessary data input and plotting programs in addition to programs for curve fitting of data points are given in a separate report /12/ also describing the execution o f the programs. By putting the sorption catalogue on a PC one gets the advantage of updating and easy distribution to other interested institutes. The curve fitting to create the best curve through desorption and adsorptio n measuring points, respectively, has been difficult because the literature ha s discussed the sorption isotherms only for selected materials. This repor t refers to some mathematical models describing the isotherms, and it show s that the model made by Freiesleben Hansen can be considered as a furthe r development of the Posnow equation. The use of the above model has bee n found suitable to describe both the desorption and the adsorption isotherms. In some cases a few more sorption values would give a more precise curv e fitting. Different sources are used in the catalogue. As a principal rule the measured desorption and adsorption values and the scanning points given by th e reference are put into the material file of the data base, and these data point s are then used in the curve fitting. In older literature often only a sorptio n curve is given, but neither measuring results nor an indication about desorption or adsorption are stated. Nevertheless, such sorption curves are included in the catalogue primarily to present as many materials as possible, but also to show the link to the food science (Luck /1/ and Krischer /11 /). Ahlgren /6/ has been the main source. His results include determination o f the desorption isotherm, drying of the samples, and the determination of th e adsorption isotherms. The thorough experimental work and reporting mak e the measuring results of Ahlgren positively credible, and most of the measuring results shown in /6/ are included in this catalogue.

19 LITERATUR E /1 / Nielsen, Anders : "Moisture in Building Materials. 1. Moisture Fixation " (in Danish), Building Materials Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Technical Report 147/85, /2/ Brunauer, S., Emmet, P.H., and Teller, E. : "Adsorption of Gases i n Multimolecular Layers", Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 6, /3/ Langmuir, I., Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 4, /4/ Lykow, A.W. : "Transporterscheinungen in kapillarporösen Körpern", Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, /5/ Freiesleben Hansen, P. : "Coupled Moisture/Heat Transport in Cros s Sections of Structures" (in Danish), Beton og Konstruktionsinstitutte t (BKI), /6/ Ahlgren, Lennart : "Moisture Fixation in Porous Building Materials" (i n Swedish), Division of Building Technology, The Lund Institute of Technology, Report 36, Lund, Sweden, /7/ Hansen, Kurt Kielsgaard : "Calculation of Adsorption Isotherms of Concrete" (in Danish), Building Materials Laboratory, Technical Universit y of Denmark, /8/ Herholdt, Aage D., et al. : "Beton-Bogen" ("The Concrete Book") (in Danish), Aalborg Portland, /9/ Tveit, Annanias : "Measurements of Moisture Sorption and Moisture Permeability of Porous Materials", Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo, /1/ Lück, Winfried : "Feuchtigkeit. Grundlagen, Messen, Regeln", R. Oldenburg, München, Wien, /11 / Krischer, D. : "Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Trocknungstechnik", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg, /12/ Hansen, Kurt Kielsgaard : "Sorption Isotherms". Program and User Documentation for the Programs DATAIND, SORPF, DESORPF, and UDTEG N from the diskette SORPTION (in Danish), Building Materials Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Technical Report 163/86, /13/ Thomassen, Thomas : BYG-ERFA 81916, The Building Center, Copenhagen, 1981.

20 CONTENTS OF THE CATALOGU E MATERIALS FILE NAME + REMARK S ASBESTOS AND ASBESTOS BOUND MATERIAL S ASBESTOS \A_B \ASBESTO K ASBESTOS-CELLULOSE CEMENT \A_B\ASBCEC ASBESTOS CEMENT \A_B\ASBCEM ASBESTOS CEMENT \A B\ASBCEM2.2 3 AERATED CONCRETE, see cellular concret e BRICK BRIC K BRIC K BRIC K BRIC K BRIC K BRICK with sal t \A_B\BRICK \A_B\BRICK \A_B\BRICK \A_B\BRICK2.2 3 \A_B\BRIC K \A_B\BRICKS A CELLULAR CONCRET E CELLULAR CONCRET E CELLULAR CONCRET E CELLULAR CONCRET E CELLULAR CONCRET E CELLULAR CONCRET E \C\CELCON2.23 \C\CELCON \C\CELCON2.5 \C\CELCON2.5 1 \C \C ELCON 2.51 CEMENT MORTA R CEMENT MORTAR w/c =.7 CEMENT MORTAR w/c =.8 \C\CEMMOR2.7 \C\CEMMOR2.8 * * CONCRET E CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/ c CONCRETE w/c \C\CONCRE2.4 \C\CONCRE2.4 4 \C\CONCRE2.4 8 \C\CONCRE2.5 2 \C\CONCRE2.5 5 \C\CONCRE2.5 8 \C\CONCRE2.6 1 \C\CONCRE2.6 5 \C\CONCRE2.6 6 \C\CONCRE2.7 2 COR K COR K CORK AND CORK MEAL \C\COR K \C\CORK 2.2 o Extension on file name relates to density. * Extension on file name relates to w/c. + File name refers to the diskette market SORPTION.

21 DRYING MATERIAL S MAGNESI UMPERCHLORAT E SILICAGEL inorganic \M_U\MAGNESPE.8 \M U\SILICAGE EXPANDED CLA Y EXPANDED CLAY \D K \EXPCLA2.91 EXPANDED POLYSTYREN AND FOAM MATERIAL S EXPANDED POLYSTYREN \D_K\EXPPOL2.3 1 URETHANE FOAM \M U\UREFOA2.2 5 FOOD, CORN, AND TOBACC O GELATIN E POTATOE S RUS K RY E STARC H TOBACC O WHEAT \D K\GELATIN E \M_U\POTATO S \M_U \RUS K \M_U\ RYE2 \M_U \STARC H \M_U \TOBACC O \V Z\WHEAT2 GRAVEL, SAND, SOIL, AND COK E COK E DILUVIAL SAND fin e GRAVEL -8 mm Nymoell e KAOLI N KIESELGUH R KIESELGUH R \C\COK E \D_K\DILUSAN D \D_K \GRAVE L \D_K\KAOLIN K \D K\KIESELG K \D-K\KIESELG U GYPSU M GYPSU M GYPSU M PLASTER OF PARI S \ D K\GYPSUM \D_- K\GYPSUMK.13 4 \M U\PLASTE2.124 LACQUER AND PAIN T E.P. PAIN T LACQUER - 1 LACQUER - 1 P LACQUER - 2 LACQUER - 2 P LACQUER - 4 NC-LACQUE R NC-LACQUER P VINYL LACQUER \D K\EPPAIN T \L \ - LACQUE I \L \LACQUEI P \L \LACQUE 2 \L \LACQUE2 P \L\LACQUE 4 \L\LACQUEN C \L\LACQUNC P \L\LACQUEV

22 LEATHE R LEATHE R \L\LEATHE R LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRET E LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRET E LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRETE \L \LWCONC2 \L\LWCONC2.64 LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRETE \L\LWCONC2.67 LIGHT-WEIGHT CONCRETE \L\LWCONC2.12 SIPOREX \M_U\SIPOREXK.76 YTONG Siporex \V Z \YTONGKRI.52 LIME MORTAR AND LIME RENDERING LIME CEMENT MORTA R \L\LICEMO2.55 LIME MORTAR \L\LIMMORTK.18 LIME RENDERING \L\LIMPLASK.16 LIMESTONE AND LIME-SANDSTONE LIME-SANDSTON E \L \LIMSAN2.17 LIME-SANDSTONE \L \LIMSAN2.18 LIME-SANDSTONE \L\LIMSAN2.183 LIMESTONE grey \ L\LIMEST LINOLEUM AND PLASTIC CARPET LINOLEUM CARPET 2 m m \L.. \LINCAR2.12 PLASTIC CARPET (PVC) 3 mm \M U\ PLACAR2.12 MINERAL WOOL GLASS WOO L GLASS WOO L ROCK WOOL \D_K\GLWOOL2.18 \D_K\GLASWOO L \M_U\ ROWOOL2. 42 PAPER AND SODA FILTER PAPE R NEWSPRIN T SODA CELLULOSE CELLULOSE \D_K\FILTPAP E \M_U\NEWSPRI N \M_U\SODACEL L PAINT see lacque r RUBBE R RUBBER \M_U\RUBBE R

23 SANDSTON E SANDSTONE red \M U\SANDST2.27 TEXTIL E ACETATE \A B\ACETAT E COTTON \C\COTTO N JUTE \D_K\JUT E JUTE WEB \D K\JUTWEB2.1 LINEN \L\LINE N 6-POLYAMID \M_U\ POLYAMI D SILK \M_U\SIL K WOOL \ V_Z\WOOL WOOL \V Z\WOOLLY K WOOD AND DECAYED WOOD BEEC H \A_B\BEECH2.75 BIRCH \A_B\BIRCH2.6 OAK \M_U\OAK2.78 OREGON PINE \M U \OREPIN2.56 PINE \M~_U \PI NE2. 51 PINE Sapwood \M_U\PINE1 SPRUCE \M_U\SPRUCE2.42 SOFT ROT DECAYED PINE \M_U\SOFTROT W WOOD \V_Z\WOOD2 WOOD 2C \V_Z\WOODSA2 WOOD 4C \V_Z\WOODSA4 WOOD 6C \V_Z\WOODSA6 WOOD 8C \ V_Z\WOODSA8 WOOD measured by 6C \V_Z\WOODme6 WOOD measured by 8C \V Z \WOODme8 WOOD BASED MATERIAL S BOARD hard \A_B\BOARDH2O.1 BOARD oil-hardened \A_B\ BOARDO2. 15 BOARD porous \A B\BOARDP2.3 BOARD semi-hard \A~_B\BOARDS2.78 PLYWOOD \M U \PLYWOO2.6 WOOD-PARTICLE BOARD \V~_Z\WOODPB2.61 WOOD PULP \ V Z \WOODPULP WOOD, IMPREGNATED PINE IMPR. W. B.F.P. \A_B\ BOLFPRO F PINE IMPR. W. BOLIDEN K33 \A_B\BOLIDK3 3 PINE IMPR. W. C.F. \C \CELCURE F PINE IMPR. W. K33+M \DJK \K33MINA L PINE IMPR. W. MINALITH \MU\MINALITH.51

24 ASBESTOS kg/m 3. C 4J c cu. 9 i measured desorption value s relative humidity + - % Ø u u= 9.49E-1)(exp ((-1/.92) 3ln (1-ln (Ø) / 8.22E-1) ) Density and temperature not indicated. Krischer,. : Die wissenschaftlichen Grundlage n der Trocknungstechnik. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. Gottingen. Heidelberg Date : Initials : KKH File : \A..J\ASBESTO K

25 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK. Building Materials Laborator y 4-1 c a ) " 1 2 ASBESTOS-CEL. CEMENT 151 kg/m 3 2. C + E measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 1.26E+1xexp ((-1/.9) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 8.6E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.53E+1xexp ((-1/2.92) xln (1-ln ()/ 1.83E-2) ) 1 measured scanning value s Ø u Asbestos-cellulose cement. Open porosity=43%. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \AJ\ASBCEC2.15 1

26 c 1 4 U L 1 2 a ASBESTOS CEMENT 188 kg/m 3 2. C c measured desorption value s 4 6 relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 1.2E+1*exp ((-1/1.17) *ln (1-ln (Ø) / 9.E-1) ) 8 1 o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.51E+1xexp ((-1/4.85) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 4.56E-3) ) 1 measured scanning values Ø u measured scanning value s Ø u Asbestos cement, lightly pressed, 18 kg/m3, open porosity =37X. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn.. Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File: A_Ø\ASBCEM2.18 8

27 ASBESTOS CEMEN T 23 kg /m 3 2. C c 1 4 U 1 2 a. 4- ) rn 1.r., I B c ~ c U 6 L ~ 2 ~ N.~ OE measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - Ø u u= 1.54E+1xexp ((-1/3.99) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 4.48E-2) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.65E+1xexp ((-1/7.36) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 5.8E-4) ) X Asbestos cement, heavily pressed, 23 kg/m3, open porosity=3%. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : A_Ø\ASBCEM2.2 3

28 BRICK 168 kg/m 3 2. C ~ C U. 9 n. 5 "c. 4 ö. 3 u cu. 2 c_ ~. 1.,-, E measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 1. 13E+xexp ((-1/1.85) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 7.48E-2) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.82E+OOxexp ((-1/5.24) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 2.79E-5) ) Open porosity=4%. Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : brick2.16 8

29 BRICK 186 kg/m 3 2. C ~. 8 a.5 ~ IIIIIIIIII -- ~ I + +. ' Å measured desorption value s relative humidity $ - % u u= 8.11E-1 exp ((-1/2.9) xln (1-ln () / 1.4E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s u u= 1.15E+exp ((-1/4.76) xln (1-ln () / 4.45E-4) ) OPEN POROSITY 31 % Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \A_8\BRICK2.18 6

30 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK. Building Materials Laborator y BRICK 189 kg/m 3 2. * C 4J C. 9 U a,. 8. L. 7 rn.,, 3. 6 D. 5 + n u N. 1 e measured desorption value s relative humidity - X Ø u u=.76xexp ((-1/2. 14) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.21E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s $ u u= 1.63xexp ((-1/4.93) xln (1-ln () / 7.97E-5) ) Open porosity 31%. Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File: brick2.189

31 BRICK 23 kg/m 3 2. C 4-) C cu U a~ Q. ~. 5 m. 4.~, cu E i measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - Ø u u= 5.36E-1xexp ((-1/1.23) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 3.91E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.82E+xexp ((-1/6.8) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.36E-6) ) X Open porosity 14%. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : brick2.2 3

32 BRICK kg/m 3 4- C. 9 U o. 8 a.c. 7 on. 6 ~ I i O. C. 5 c r-- J ~ L f m. 1.~, E. t 2 measured soro :ion value s! I 4 6 relative humidity $ % ( u u= 8.3E-Olxexc ((-1/.83) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 3.52E-1) ) 8 1 Density and temperature not indicated. Luck, Winfried : Feuchtigkeit. Grundlagen, messen, regeln. R. Oldenbourg. Munchen. Wien Date : File : bric k

33 BRICK with sal t 168 kg/m C ~ ca ) U C- 2 O. E 2 4 R relative humidity Ø - % o measured adsorption value s Ø u u=.e+*exp ((-1/1.) *ln (1-1n (Ø) / 1.E+) ) From Alslev church. Nielsen, Anders : Undersoegelse af teglproeve r fra Alslev kirke. Laboratoriet for Bygnings - materialer. DTH Date : File : \ab\bricksa

34 4-i c w U CELLULAR CONCRETE 23 kg/m 3 2. C C- M 2 O. ~ ~ - ~ - ~ i ~ ål - ~ u 2 ~ ~-. -- ~ r/ / ~ ~% -+~- ; ~r _I O - o Ir i ~/ -1--? ~ /11L ~+-._.-,-._ measured desorption value s relative humidity $ - % Ø u u= 2.51E+2xexp (( 1/1.24) xln (1 ln (Ø) / 4.52E-3) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 2.65E+2xexp (( 1/1.39) xln (1 ln (Ø) / 6.14E 4) ) Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : CELCON2.23

35 CELLULAR CONCRETE 475 kg/m 3 2.O C 2.w measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 1.64E+2*exp (( 1/1.31) *ln (1 ln (Ø) / 5.3E 3) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 2.E+2*exp ((-1/1.28) *ln (1 ln (Ø) / 1.91E 3) ) Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : celcon2.475

36 CELLULAR CONCRET E 5 kg/m 3 2. C ij c " 3 L m a. 25 L o).r., a.) 2 D 1 5 C O -IJ ö 1 U N L -;--, u) O E measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 8.29E+Oixexp ((-1/1.57) *ln (1-ln (C/ 5.65E-3) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.23E+2xexp ((-1/1.89) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 3.31E-4) ) Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : 3-1-B5 File : celcon2.5

37 CELLULAR CONCRETE 5 kg/m 3 2. C L o a 3 ~ _c:n Tl; 2 5 E b measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 9.27E+1xexp ((-1/1.24) Eln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.2E-2) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.6E+2xexp ((-1/1.56) )ln (1-ln (Ø) / 5.72E-4) ) Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : celcon2.51

38 CELLULAR CONCRETE 51 kg/m 3 2. C. e measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - Ø u u= 2.32E+1*exp ((-1/1.15) xln (1 ln ()/ 1.18E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 7.88E+1xexp ((-1/2.29) xln (1 ln (Ø) / 3.75E-4) ) 1 measured scanning values X 2 measured scanning value s Ø Ø u u Open porosity 79%. Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File: \c\celcon2.51

39 CEMENTMORTAR w/c =.7 2 kg/m 3 2. * C örn 4 + I I i + measured desorption value s relative humidity $ - Ø u u= 5.74E+Oxexp ((-1/.47) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.67E+) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 6.29E+xexp ((-1/1.99) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 6.3E-2) ) X Cement mortar 1 :4, w/c=.7, wn/c =.2. Ahigren. Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden Date : File : \C\CEMMOR2.7

40 CEMENTMORTAR w/c =.8 2 kg/m 3 2. C E measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 6.7E+xexp ((-1/.31) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 2.5E+) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u = 7.5E+xexp ((-1/1.4) xln (1-ln () / 7.83E-2) ) Cement mortar 1 :4, w/c=.8, open porosity=22%. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \c\cemmor2.8

41 CONCRETE w/c=.4 23 kg/m 3 2. C 3 D ~ 2 aci -4-) c u n) 1 c. 4-, = u) I o E r relative humidity Ø - % o measured adsorption value s u u= 4.82E+xexp ((-1/1.51) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.17E-1) ) Concrete K 5 P, C = 52 kg/m3, w/c=.4, wn/c=.1 5 lo=2%, max size of stones-32 mm. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn.. Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : concre2.4

42 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C ~ E 2 + measured desorption value s 4 6 relative humidity - % u u=.e+xexp (( 1/1.) xln (1 ln () / 1.E+) ) o measured adsorption value s u u= 4.65E+xexp (( 1/2.67) xln (1 ln () / 4.89E 2) ) 1 measured scanning values measured scanning value s u u Concrete K 35 P. C=334 kg/m3, std., w/ c =.44, wn/c=.24,1=4.3%, max size of stones=32 mm. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \C\CONCRE2.44

43 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C 2 + measured desorption value s 4 6 relative humidity Ø - % Ø u u= 4.76E+*exp ((-1/.18) *ln (1-ln (Ø) / 4.85E+) ) 8 1 o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 4.79E+*exp ((-1/1.13) *ln (1-ln (Ø) / 2.14E-1) ) Concrete K 3 P, C=32 kg/m3, std. w/c=.48, wn/c=.2, lo=3,9%, max size of stones=32 mm. Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date: File : \C\CONCRE2.4 8

44 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C ~ ö~ 4..., relative humidity Ø - % o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 4.5E+Nexp (( 1/1.63) *ln (1 ln (Ø) / 1.3E-1) ) C=3 kg/m3, w/c=.52, wn/c=.22. Bergstroem, S. G., Ahlgren, L. : Calculation o f Absorption Isotherms for Concrete. NORDIS K BETONG 1969 :2. Date : File: \C\CONCRE2.52

45 y C U L 5. 4-) Ö) 4,4 3 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C i + I - - ~ ~ ~ ~ _ : : t- ~_ ~ ,.. -_= - J~, - ~ ~ I ~. -- ~ I ~ I 1 -- i - E ~ 2 4 I measured desorption value s relative humidity Ø - % u u= 5.41E+xexp ((-1/.27) xln (1-ln (4) / 4.51E+) ) o measured adsorption value s u u= 6.3E+4exp ((-1/3. 11) xln (1-ln (4) / 2.65E-2) ) 1 measured scanning values 2 measured scanning value s u u CONCRETE, C=4 kg/m3, w/c=.55, wn/c=.2 3 lo=5.3%, max size of stones=32 mm. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : concre2.5 5

46 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C relative humidity Ø - o measured adsorption value s Ø u u = 4.93E+xexp (( 1/1.4) xln (1 ln (Ø) / 1.14E 1) ) Concrete K 3 P, C=36 kg/m3, std., w/c=.58, wn/c=.16, 1=1.9%, max size of stones=32 mm. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \C\CONCRE2.5 8

47 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2O.O C ~.. CT 4.~, relative humidity Ø - % o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 4.6E+)(exp ((-1/1.62) %ln (1-ln (Ø) / 9.13E-2) ) C=28 kg/m3, v/c=.61, wn/c=.25. Bergstroem, S. G., Ahlgren, L. : Calculation o f Absorption Isotherms for Concrete. NORDIS K BETONG 1969:2. Date : File : \C\CONCRE2.61

48 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK, Building Sorption of water in building material s Materials Laborator y CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C 2 + measured desorption value s 4 6 relative humidity 4 - % I 1 Ø u u= 4.84E+xexp ((-1/.62) )Eln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.45E+) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 5.16E+xexp ((-1/2.76) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 3.14E-2) ) 8 1 Concrete K 25 P, C=284 kg/m3, std., w/c-.65, wn/c=.24, 1=.24, max size of stones-32 mm. Ahigren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : Initials: KKH File: \C\CONCRE2.65

49 CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C d J v 4..-~ +.~, E measured desorption value s relative humidity t - % Ø u u= 4.43E+xexp ((-1/.74) xln (1-ln ()/ 8.24E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 4.4E+OOxexp (( 1/2.4) *ln (1 ln (Ø) / 5.37E 2) ) Concrete K 2 P, C=237 kg/m3, std., w/c=.66, wn/c=.24, 1=5.8%, max size of stones=32 mm. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \C\CONCRE2.66

50 4., C U 5 a ~.c.'., CONCRETE w/c= kg/m 3 2. C 4 3 ~ c + c measured desorption value s 4 6 relative humidity 4 % Ø u u= 4.59E+xexp (( 1/.89) xln (1 ln ()/ 5.74E 1) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 6.33E+xexp (( 1/2.4) xln (1 ln (Ø) / 1.16E 2) ) 8 1 Concrete K 15 P, C=22 kg/m3, std., w/c=.72, wn/c =.24, lo=4,5%, max size of stones=32 mm. Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \C\CONCRE2.72

51 CORK kg/m 3. C E x measured sorption value s relative humidity ø - % Ø u u= 2.6E+xexp ((-1/.66) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.23E+) ) Density and temperature not indicated. Luck, Winfried : Feuchtigkeit. Grundlagen, messen, regeln. R. Oldenbourg. Munchen. Wien Date : File : cork

52 CORK AND CORK MEAL 2 kg /m 3 2. C 1 4' c 8 4.) c 6 E.) ~ L 4 N 2.~, E 2 + measured desorption value s 4 6 relative humidity $ - % Ø u u= 2.56E+1xexp ((-1/1. 4) Mln (1-ln (Ø) / 1.8E-1) ) o measured adsorption value s Ø u u= 1.49E+1xexp ((-1/2.26) xln (1-ln (Ø) / 6.4E-2) ) 1 measured scanning value s Ø u Ahlgren, Lennart : Moisture fixation in porou s building materials. Div. of Build. Techn., Lun d Inst. of Techn. Report 36, Lund, Sweden, Date : File : \C\CORK2.2

53 MAGNESIUMPERCHLORATE 8 kg/m C -P C g ti [- a ) 8 C. d-$ L ).,. i 7 a E relative humidity Ø - % o measured adsorption value s Ø u u=.e+*exp ((-1/.) *ln (1 ln (Ø) /.E+) ) Bertelsen, Niels Haldor : Diffusionsmaaling me d kopmetoden paa roedgran. Build. Mat. Lab., Techn. Univ. of Den., Rep. 129/ Date: File : \m u\magnespe.8