How To Understand And Understand The Power System

Transcription

1 Contents CATALOGUE of PUBLICATIONS 09 August 2011 The catalogue lists the publications which can be purchased from CIGRE, by both members and non members. There are other documents, which are available for CIGRE members only. As part of membership benefits, CIGRE members may download most documents from the site free of charge. The catalogue lists: -The CIGRE Technical Brochures, which are comprehensive technical documents issued by CIGRE Study Committees. They are usually available in hard copy and electronic format, unless otherwise stated. -The sets of papers or discussion contributions from the most recent CIGRE Sessions and Symposia. A set of 4 CDs in which are recorded the contents of ELECTRA from 1967 to For each item in the Catalogue a short presentation of the contents is given, as well as the selling price and some details such as number of pages, file size You can also search and order CIGRE publications on-line on: Structure of the Catalogue Documents in the Catalogue are in four categories. Table of Contents There is a table of contents at the beginning of the Catalogue, with a total of 22 lines (19 for the Technical Brochures, 1 for the Sessions, 1 for Symposia and 1 for ELECTRA). A hyperlink gives direct access to the related part of the catalogue, to facilitate the search. Technical Brochures Within the overall area covered by CIGRE Study Committees (numbered A to D), brochures are listed under the different fields of interest of the SCs, but a number of brochures are relevant to more than one field. The first group of brochures are those of more general character, within the scope of CIGRE. Two more lists are given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs, A1 ; the other in alphabetical order, giving: title, number and field of interest.

2 The second group are the brochures dealing with the specific area of the first Study Committee, starting with the A Committees. A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines); then the group of brochures related to the field of A2 and so on up to D2 Information Systems and Telecommunications. Two more lists are given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs, A1 ; the other in alphabetical order, giving: title, number and field of interest. Set of Session Papers In this category are the sets of Session Papers and Proceedings of recent Sessions, given in chronological order. (Only the whole set can be bought, not an individual paper ) Set of Symposia Papers In this category are the sets of Papers presented at Symposia, and, when available, the Proceedings (discussions record). These documents are given in chronological (year) order. ELECTRA Papers 4 CDs record of the contents of the journal ELECTRA from 1967 to Ordering publications You can still use the order form, available on the website, but it is now much easier to use e-cigre ( VAT conditions: Not applicable. Special Mail: Standard delivery is by air-mail. On request delivery can be by special mail (courier): an extra charge of 15% will be added. Means of payment (cheque, transfer, credit card) are specified on the Order Form. - Enquiries should be directed to: publications@cigre.org, secretary-general@cigre.org, membership@cigre.org (for membership details) Intellectual ownership of CIGRE documents. All documents are protected by CIGRE copyright. Ownership of a CIGRE publication, whether in paper form or on electronic support only infers right of use for personal purposes. Are prohibited, except if explicitly agreed by CIGRE, total or partial reproduction of the publication for use other than personal or transfer to a third party Collective members are allowed to make the document available for internal use by their staff, reproduction or circulation on intranet or other company network. Commercial use or transfer outside the company is prohibited.

3 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 2 TECHNICAL BROCHURES CIGRE - General - CIGRE A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines A2 - Transformers A3 - High Voltage Equipment B1 - Insulated Cables B2 - Overhead lines B3 - Substations B4 - HVDC and Power Electronics B5 - Protection and Automation C1 - System Development and Economics C2 - System Operation and Control C3 - System Environmental Performance C4 - System Technical Performance C5 - Electricity Markets and Regulation C6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation D1 - Materials and Emerging Technologies D2 - Information Systems and Telecommunications List in numerical order List in alphabetical order SET OF SESSION PAPERS SET OF SYMPOSIA PAPERS ELECTRA PAPERS 217

4 2 TECHNICAL BROCHURES 2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE REF CIGRE CIGRE 25 CIGRE Sessions ( ) - General Bibliographic Index This document gives information about the first CIGRE Sessions It is organized in three main parts : List of papers from , List of authors and list of Papers published in ELECTRA. 181 pages, file: 11.4 MB REF CIGRE Ad Hoc WG Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group The report shows how the question was asked by the IEC, how the Ad Hoc Group was formed, how it worked, and what were the main results. It has been worded from seven detailed reports by 7 CIGRE Study Committees, which, in their own scope, have had the possibility of bringing parts of the answer to the specific problem. 33 pages, file: 2.7 MB REF CIGRE JTF IEEE/CIGRE Definition and classification of power system stability. Addresses the issue of stability definition and classification in power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and closely examines the practical ramifications. Aims to define power system stability more precisely; provide a systematic basis for classifying power system stability; and discuss linkages to related issues such as power system reliability and security. 30 pages, file: 2.31 MB REF. IAC 1998 CIGRE White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE Resulting from the work of the Study Committees over the past 20 years, this brochure shows the contribution of CIGRE to the development of electrical energy in the world. It includes an Executive Summary by the President of CIGRE. 94 pages, file: 5.5 MB

5 2.2 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines REF SC 11 WG Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices. Preventive maintenance of generators is an important contribution to the improvement of their availability. The number and nature of the maintenance tasks as well as the periodicity depend largely upon the machine type, its design and its duty type. These practices are generally agreed between the manufacturer and the user. 38 pages, file: 1.5 MB REF SC 11/14 JWG 11/14.09 Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators. Several technical and economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC applications it is of great advantage to simplify the rectifier station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12 pulse converter groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in HVDC literature as "Unit Connection". Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros 230 pages, file: 12.9 MB REF SC 14 WG Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous machines.final report. It is not uncommon that HVDC convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and geographically close to each other. This follows from the fact that HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating station to a load centre or another part of the power system. Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In these cases the HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel which means that overall good design can be achieved by appropriate coordination. 43 pages, file: 1.42 MB REF SC 39/11 JWG 39/11 Exchange of services between large electricity generating plants and high voltage electric power systems. Public electricity supply systems have developed into very complex and interconnected systems, whose components are highly dependent upon each other. Careful management of the relationship between the components is crucial to the provision of a secure, reliable and economic supply of electricity to the end-user customer. 100 pages, file: 4.63 MB

6 REF SC A1 WG A EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators EL CID technique was originally dvised in UK and developed as portable test equipment for inspection and repair of rotating electric machine. The paper briefly discusses the technique, its benefits and its limitations. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 12 pages, file: MB REF SC A1 WG A Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating Machines Partial Discharges (PD) is a phenomenon which has been known for more than 100 years, which applications developed mainly in the 80s. PD testing for rotating machines has now gained widespread acceptance as a maintenance decision support tool and the purpose of this paper is to be a guidance document on the appropriate use of PD technology,for on-line measurements. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 12 pages, file: MB REF SC A1 WG A1.04 Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes The maintenance, inspection and testing of large hydrogen & water cooled turbo-generators is a significant cost of the ownership of such assets. This study surveyed international practices, and in so doing attempted to identify the reasons and justification for differences between recommended and actual practice. In addition, innovative and/or best practice maintenance procedures and strategies were explored. Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 80 pages, file: 0.6 MB REF SC A1 WG A1.10 Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures A large-scale failure in Hydro-generators is always a setback that costs both time and money. In order to prevent this or to reduce the consequences, the first step is to identify the most common failures, the extent of damage and the root causes. Based on statistical information of real cases, the TB analyzes those aspects, including the aid of monitoring systems. Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 22 pages, file: MB

7 REF SC A1 WG A1.09 Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding grounds on turbogenerators Stator earth faults are the most common anomaly in generators. The damage to the stator core depends on the ground-ing system. In this guide the effects of a stator phase to earthfault, analyzing stator winding grounding systems are reviewed,and calculation criteria of stator winding grounding is proposed,in order to reduce damages. Member Price: 20 Euros Non member Price: 40 Euros 20 pages, file: MB REF SC A1 WG A1.11 Guide for On-Line Monitoring of Turbo-Generators In the TB the definition and componence of the on-line monitoring system and types of systems for monitoring and information interpretation are presented. 21 parameters/components being monitored and the correspondent devices are described, stressing the benefit for using these systems as well as the reasons for their future development. Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 19 pages, file: MB REF SC A1 WG A1.04 Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update The report is an update of a former survey made in 1981 which was extended to explore new possibilities of experience gathering by covering the groups of Users, Manufacturers, Insurers and Consulting Companies. Answers received from 20countries allowed comparative analysis from similar aspects seen by the different groups. A total of 65 questionnaires provided a huge amount of data that is available for further surveys. Member Price: 125 Euros Non member Price: 250 Euros 165 pages, file: 2.72 MB REF. 454A 2011 SC A1 Hydrogenerators Fire Protection Update (Annex) This is the annex to the report which is an update of a former survey made in 1981 extended to explore new possibilities of experience gathering by covering the groups of Users, Manufacturers, Insurers and Consulting Companies. Answers received from 20 countries allowed comparative analysis from similar aspects seen by the different groups. A total of 65 questionnaires provided a huge amount of data that is available for further surveys. Member Price: Euros Non member Price: Euros 208 pages, file: 4.16 MB

8 REF SC A1 WG A1.12 State of the Art in Efficiency of Hydro Generators Commissioned since 1990 The TB provides a broad overall view of substation equipment condition monitoring. It investigates the technology currently available and analyses the factors that need to be considered to determine the degree of application which will provide the optimum Value solution, taking into account the improved reliability and availability of modern HV substation equipment. 28 pages, file: 2.02 MB REF SC A1 WG A1.18 Life Extension of Large Electric Motors in Nuclear Power Plants The present work is based on a questionnaire about the practices of predictive and preventive maintenance as well as in the monitoring systems of large motors. It was verified that many of the motors manufactured in the 70 s are still operating in several power plants around the world. The implementation of predictive maintenance techniques and monitoring are of fundamental importance for extension of the operational life of old and new motors. Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 20 pages, file: 3.56 MB

9 2.3 A2 - Transformers REF SC 12 WG Thermal aspects of transformers. Contains chapters on : Heat run test procedure; Direct measurement of the hot-spot temperature; A survey of facts and opinions; Lifetime evaluation; Dissolved gas analysis; Analytical determination of winding hot spot factor; Experimental determination of power transformer hot spot factor; Survey of power transformer overload field practices. Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 180 pages, file: 6.22 MB REF SC 12 WG Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kv and above. This document has been prepared as an aid to customers and manufacturers of power transformers in the preparation of specifications for purchasing transformers. Its aim is to highlight some of the important topics that should be considered for includion in an enquiry document. Wherever possible guidance and other practical information about such topics are provided to explain their purpose and significance in transformer enquiries. Clearly it is not possible to address all the issues that may arise. Neither is the document in any way intended to be a complete and applicable specification. 75 pages, file: 3.33 MB REF SC 12 WG Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength. The effect of particles on the dielectric strength of insulating oil has long been recognized by researchers and much effort has been devoted in attempts to characterize this effect. However, only few experiments have been carried out with insulated electrodes and even then, the extrapolation from test set-up to full-size transformers is very difficult given the effect of the oil volume on the probability of breakdown. 44 pages, file: 1.8 MB REF SC 12/15 JWG 12/15.13 Static electrification in power transformers Interfacial phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane flow or rotating flow, filter methods; CIGRE test cell : method and device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage current, impact of liquid and solid insulating components; mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of temperature and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of methods. References. 84 pages, file: 4.24 MB

10 REF SC 12 WG Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100 MVA and 123 kv and above. A guide to customers of power transformers for conducting design reviews with manufacturers. A design review is a planned exercise to ensure there is a common understanding of the applicable standards and specification requirements, and to provide an opportunity to scrutinise the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the manufacturer's proven materials and methodology. The document does not include design limits or parameters. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 20 pages, file: MB REF SC 12 WG The short circuit performance of power transformers. Service conditions-questionnaire et conclusions. Design calculations: magnetic field and force calculations; mechanical stress calculations. Design review procedure; description of radial and axial forces; manufacturing issues; references. Monitoring: winding movement detection techniques, standardisation and optimisation techniques, problems of interpretation, winding slackness, on-line monitoring, recommendations, references. Includes: questionnaire, summary of responses, detailed information on failures. 44 pages, file: MB REF SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16 General overview on experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment The reliability of network components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers of electrical equipment and utilities. Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used in the field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to be an important characteristic of network components and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and exchanges of experience. 25 pages, file: MB REF SC A2 WG A2.18 Life management techniques for power transformers. Emphasis on common goals and benefits and a vocabulary of commonly used terms. A presentation of general knowledge and theoretical issues: basic failure concepts, condition, classification,recommendations on failure identification. Detailed appendices with examples and checklists, catalogue of defects and faults. A summary of dangerous effect of degradations factors is proposed. Methodologies. Diagnostic and monitoring techniques 130 pages, file: 0.99 MB

11 REF SC B4/A2 JTF B4.04/A2.01 Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer performance A presentation of performance summaries with failure areas described and classified as bushings, valve windings, AC windings, static shields, load tap changers, core and magnetic shields or internal connections and leads together with short descriptions of the failures. Present transformer test methods are also evaluated for adequacy. Comparisons with the previous report are included. 30 pages, file: MB REF SC A2 WG A2.20 Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD) Guide designed to help transformer and asset managers perform economic evaluations of proposed solutions. A list of key parameters has been established covering technical, operational, economical, environmental and other strategic aspects that arose during the early development of the guide. Some models and flow charts have been included. Intended mainly for transformer managers/asset managers managing high-voltage electric systems. Includes 4 parts : Risk management, Specification & Purchase, Operation & Maintenance, Repair vs.replacement. Papier +CD 68 pages, file: 1.2 MB REF SC D1 TF D Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power transformers. The dryness and ageing state of the oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short and long term reliability of a power transformer since moisture has deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation ageing rates. Today the water content of the cellulose of a transformer in service is determined indirectly via moisture measured from oil samples according to IEC pages, file: 1.45 MB REF SC D1/A2 JTF D1.02/A2.11 Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved gas analysis in transformers. Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is widely used for monitoring faults in insulating fluid-filled HV equipment in service. New DGA laboratory extraction techniques have been introduced into revised IEC Publication and interpretation of DGA results have been deeply revised in 1999 in IEC Publication Following questions about the typical gas concentration and rates of increases observed in service, raised by IEC TC14 (transformers), a joint TF started in 2001 to clarify the isssue and examine other aspects of DGA interpretation which needed clarifications or improvements. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 32 pages, file: 1.6 MB

12 REF SC A2 WG A2.23 Guide on transformer lifetime data management Transformer lifetime data management is important for a cost efficient, risk minimized and efficient asset management and maintenance process in the utility. Based on transfromer engineering view an analysis is made, a generic data model derived and the related information technology aspects shown. The guide should support the interested professional and ease the decision of the utility regarding its lifetime data strategy. 90 pages, file: 2.19 MB REF SC D1 TF D Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers The guide describes the normal ageing processes in the cellulose of oil impregnated insulation systems for transformers. The various cellulose materials and their properties are described. New knowledge on oxidation and hydrolysis and the influence of the chemical condition of oil and of paper together with thermal stresses are described. Also possibilities for diagnostics and for maintenance of the cellulose are discussed. 88 pages, file: MB REF SC A2 WG A2.26 Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer Windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) The TB provides an introduction of the FRA test for detecting winding movement and presents recommendations for standardisation of good measurement practices. It also gives a description of typical responses and controlling factors, together with a collection of case examples, which illustrate how various types of winding movement can be detected by FRA. 67 pages, file: 3.6 MB REF SC A2 WG A2.27 Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition Assessment Facilities for Transformers Transformer on-line condition monitoring has been the subject of significant research and development over the past few years and it is becoming increasingly important that monitoring can be easily and safely applied to a transformer at whatever point in its lifetime. The brochure considers the benefits of possible standardisation of the interface between monitoring systems and the transformer with the aim to provide a guide to the specification of a transformer intended to be "condition monitoring ready". 27 pages, file: 0.7 MB

13 REF SC A2 WG A2.30 Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer Insulation Systems This TB describes moisture equilibrium and migration in oil-pape rinsulated power transformers. It gives in-depth knowledge of the main sources of moisture contamination, the solubility of water in oils, the adsorption in the cellulose, the physical background for moisture equilibrium and bubble evolution. Practical advice for moisture determination via equilibrium diagrams and for migration time constants, and moisture measurement techniques are provided. 53 pages, file: 1.3 MB REF SC A2 WG A2.32 Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation This document deals with various aspects of the problem with copper sulphide in transformer insulation. Possible mechanisms of copper sulphide formation and of failure are discussed, and also the influence of temperature, oxygen content, ageing of the oil, etc. Experiences of mitigation techniques are shared, and recommendations for owners of transformers and reactors are given. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 38 pages, file: 0.95 MB REF SC A2 WG A2.24 Thermal Performance of Transformers The modern economics situation has made loading of large transformers beyond the name plate rating relatively common. WG A2.24 was inaugurated to review how present knowledge, diagnostic tools, fibre optic sensors and DGA can be utilized to improve the thermal design and assure better understanding of the loading capabilities of transformers. Member Price: 45 Euros Non member Price: 90 Euros 104 pages, file: MB REF SC A2/B4 JWG A2/B4.28 HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service JWG A2/B4.28 monitored the reliability in service of HVDC Converter Transformers and the TB reports, over a period , an encouraging decrease in the failure rate. It also reviewed existing standard test specifications, with a view of representing the real service conditions. The importance of the Polarity Reversal (PR) test and the effect of the oil conductivity and the polarization time are stressed. The conclusion is that at this stage the existing test should not be modified. Member Price: 30 Euros Non member Price: 60 Euros 38 pages, file: MB

14 REF SC A2/B4 JWG A2/B4.28 HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for conducting design reviews for HVDC converter transformers A design review provides a common customer-manufacturer understanding of the applicable standards and specification requirements. It is an opportunity to scrutinize the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using the manufacturer s proven materials and methodology. This document prepared by A2/B4.28, is based on the existing guide (TB 204) while expanding to address specific aspects associated with the HVDC Converter Transformer, such as higher harmonic or transient waveforms. Member Price: 20 Euros Non member Price: 40 Euros 22 pages, file: MB REF SC A2 WG A2.35 Experiences in Service with New Insulating Liquids The group of alternative transformer insulating fluids covered in this brochure, namely synthetic esters, natural esters and silicone fluids, have been in widespread use for several years. These are increasingly being used in various applications and especially at higher power ratings. This TB covers a comprehensive range of topics in sufficient depth to give the reader an informed picture of the properties, applications and end user experiences of these fluids. Member Price: 65 Euros Non member Price: 130 Euros 95 pages, file: 1.16 MB REF SC A2 WG A2.34 Guide for Transformer Maintenance Maintenance, availability and reliability are closely related and the transformer user has to specify a maintenance level that will ensure an acceptable reliability. This guide will help users to define and apply best maintenance: best practice, component selection, checking and testing in order to evaluate condition, time intervals for the various actions, advanced maintenance activities, human and material aspects of transformer maintenance. Member Price: 67,5 Euros Non member Price: 135 Euros 123 pages, file: 2.13 MB

15 2.4 A3 - High Voltage Equipment REF SC 34 WG Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers. For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on transmission systems. One of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of improved transient performance, as compared with the conventional CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster fault clearance times. 173 pages, file: 10.4 MB REF SC 38 TF An annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation equipment. ( ). Contains sections concerning : Insulation co-ordination; Switchgear; Shunt reactors; Surge arresters; Power transformers; Current and voltage measuring equipment, Station design and operating experience, Testing facilities, Index of authors. 56 pages, file: 3.78 MB REF SC 33/14 JWG 33/14.05 Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations. This guide for metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations is a supplement to the application guide for insulation coordination and arrester protection of HVDC converter stations published in Electra No.96 (Oct. 1984). It gives basic information about metal oxide material and basic arrester characteristics which will be of value when designing and specifying an arrester protective scheme and specifying the arresters. 38 pages, file: 3 MB REF SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09 Monograph on GIS very fast transients. With the introduction of GIS a new type of overvoltages called "fast transients" was created. They contain frequencies far above those arising in conventional open-air substations and have thus caused unexpected problems for the GIS insulation or the insulation of other equipment connected to it. Member Price: 80 Euros Non member Price: 160 Euros 208 pages, file: 14.4 MB

16 REF SC 13 WG Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and testing. Parts 1 & 2. The brochure deals mainly with line-charging current switching for voltages 72.5 kv and above, by circuitbreakers and switches, provided the latter have a limited time spread between pole contact parting. The report does not deal with medium-voltage line-charging current switching even if the basic phenomena are the same. 60 pages, file: 2.56 MB REF SC 13 WG Interruption of small inductive currents. This brochure contains the ELECTRA articles prepared by WG13.02 and it aims at presenting the theoretical background to IEC The test circuits and test procedures prescribed in the IEC report differ somewhat from those proposed by Since they are in principle equivalent, the IEC proposals have been adopted in this brochure. When new experience is available this is taken into account. Member Price: 80 Euros Non member Price: 160 Euros 232 pages, file: 11.2 MB REF SC 23 WG Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer. The document is a set of papers issued in Electra expected to be complete enough and useful for manufacturers or users of equipment : i.e. General considerations; Design and construction; Checking and monitoring; Failure survey; Endurance - testing - life test; Non standardised stresses and Quality assurance. 75 pages, file: 4.26 MB REF SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08 Session 1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical equipment for AC applications and its effects on insulation coordination. State of the art report. The present report prepared after three WG meetings, presents the state of the art of the diagnostic methods available today, to the WG members knowledge, to verify the dielectric conditions of insulating materials used in electrical equipment for AC applications. The WG has taken into account as much as possible all the previous work on the subject performed with CIGRE SC and WG and references to the relevant papers have been made. 34 pages, file: 3.25 MB

17 REF SC 33 WG Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems. The development of the zinc oxide varistors to be applicable to the protection of transient overvoltages in HV systems, introduced an equipment with qualities very much different from the qualities of the up to then well known surge arresters with silicon carbide resistors and series spark gaps. The correct application of this new type of surge arrester needed more detailed knowledge about the transient behaviour of the system and the arrester stresses caused by the system during different operating conditions. 87 pages, file: 8.41 MB REF SC 33 WG Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of external insulation. This Guideline deals with the dielectric strength of external insulation, namely air gaps and insulators, with special reference to transient overvoltages. The aim is to illustrate the general trends in dielectric strength as a function of the most important influencing parameters and to give methods and criteria for its evaluation. 87 pages, file: 3.04 MB REF SC 13 WG Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuitbreaker failures and defects in service. The studies include items such as : Use of diagnostics; Maintenance policy; System reliability study data; Kind of operating mechanism; Comparison of metal enclosed versus non metal enclosed reliability; Impact on testing; SF6 gas leakages. Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros 176 pages, file: 9.56 MB REF SC 38 WG Ultra high voltage technology. The brochure presents the state of the art of UHV technology with focus on : UHV system planning, performance and reliability aspects; UHV transmission lines; UHV substations and equipment; UHV testing facilities and new technology. 31 pages, file: 2.65 MB

18 REF SC 13/14 WG 13/14.08 Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final Report. HVDC multiterminal (MTDC) Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC substations. The particular advantage of the meshed system is that this exchange can continue even when one of the interconnecting lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the performance of MTDC systems can be improved by installing HVDC circuit-breakers at appropriate locations. 115 pages, file: 2.7 MB REF SC 13 WG 13.CC.03 Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks. Items considered : TRV and circuit configuration ; TRV for the first, second and third pole to clear ; Collection of TRV field data ; TRV under short line fault ; TRV in case of transformer fed faults ; TRV in cade of series reactor limited faults ; TRV in case of faults at the secondary side of transformers ; clearing faults near capacitor banks ; arc-circuit interaction ; topology of test circuits to represent realistic system conditions. 113 pages, file: 5.67 MB REF SC 13 WG State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling. A comprehensive overview on the state of the art. An edition which is a compilation of three reports: Practical application of arc physics in circuit-breakers. Survey of calculation methods and application guide ; Applications of black box modelling to circuit-breakers ; and, Survey on analytical and graphical tools for circuit-breaker behaviour description. 90 pages, file: 6.03 MB REF SC 33 TF Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge. The performance of insulators used on overhead lines and overhead distribution lines and in outdoor substations is a key factor in determining the reliability of power delivery systems. The insulators not only must withstand normal operating voltage, but also must withstand overvoltages that may cause disturbances, flashovers and line outages. The reduction in the performance of outdoor insulators occurs mainly by the pollution of the insulating surfaces from air-borne deposits that may form a conducting or partially conducting surface layer when wet. Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 170 pages, file: 2.46 MB

19 REF SC 13 WG Life management of circuit-breakers. Current life experience of high and medium voltage circuit-breakers of older and current design; determination and evaluation of residual life expectancy, possibilities and procedures; risk assessment; possibilites for life extension such as monitoring, maintenance procedures, availability and maintainability; testing; economic impact taking into account additional expenditures of preventive measures, reduction of reliability etc; legal, environmental and strategic aspects; changes in network condition. Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 140 pages, file: 7.87 MB REF SC 13 WG User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5 kv and above. Condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques are playing an increasingly important role in the design, life cycle cost evaluation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and end of life determination of substation equipment. Users need guidance on the applicability and implications of the various techniques and how their benefits can be evaluated.the report gives guidelines for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques covering all switching technologies and including disconnectors and earthing switches as well as circuit-breakers. Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 160 pages, file: 0.91 MB REF SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16 General overview on experience feedback methods in the field of electrical equipment The reliability of network components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers of electrical equipment and utilities. Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used in the field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to be an important characteristic of network components and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and exchanges of experience. 25 pages, file: MB REF SC A3 WG A3.10 Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage systems Contains 4 major parts : - Part A : Fault current limiters - state of the art; B: Functional specification for a fault current limiter; C: Fault current limiters - system demands; D: Fault current limiters - testing. An extensive reference list regarding limiting technology is included as part of the brochure. 80 pages, file: 1.39 MB

20 REF SC A3 WG A3.12 Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems This brochure gives a summary of the results of the survey whicgh was conducted on the frequency and nature of the failures. It gives a world wide overview of the experience with different technologies. 34 pages, file: MB REF SC A3 WG A3.07 Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects Part 3 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers" It deals with generic technological ad economic aspects. Benefits are considered in relation to the cicuit breaker,the switched load and the whole power system.additional costs and disadvantages are discussed when appropriate. 33 pages, file: MB REF SC A3 WG A3.07 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further applications including unloaded transformer switching Part 2 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers". This part complements part 1 and discusses switching cases which are less developed or still subject of theoritical development. It also reports on the possibility of using the technique to uprate existing installations (uprating and retrofitting) 55 pages, file: 2.52 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.07 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Planning,Specifications & Testing Part 1 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers". This part gives guidance to the user on how to approach controlled switching projects and, in particular, how to study,specify, and test circuit breakers and controller systems. 55 pages, file: 1.13 MB

21 REF SC A3 WG A3.11 Guide for application of IEC and IEC Part I The Guide for Application of IEC and IEC provides background information on the requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker application but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of utility, consultant and industrial engineers and, to facilitate its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first dealing with general subjects and the second with making and breaking tests. 108 pages, file: 1.8 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.11 Guide for application of IEC and IEC Part II The Guide for Application of IEC and IEC provides background information on the requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker application but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of utility, consultant and industrial engineers and, to facilitate its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first dealing with general subjects and the second with making and breaking tests. Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros 185 pages, file: 2.55 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.12 Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-Breaker Controls Systems Working Group A3.12 has investigated the reliability of circuit breaker control systems (conventional and digital) and made recommendations on how to improve their reliability and performance. Six components were found to account for 88% of reported failures. The failure causes of these components have been analyzed and corrective actions identified to improve reliability are presented. 53 pages, file: 0.96 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.13 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part I: The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated above 1 kv. DG and its further growth give evidence that the effects and impact of DG on the system s behavior cannot longer be neglected. It results in higher short-circuit currents, other patterns of power flows, different voltage profiles and voltage variations, protection and control issues, potential islanding, synchronisation, safety issues, fault location, black-start conditions, system restoration, etc., reported in the TB. Member Price: 35 Euros Non member Price: 70 Euros 90 pages, file: 2.9 MB

22 REF SC A3 WG A3.13 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part II: The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV Equipment. Interconnections between major networks are becoming increasingly important but more difficult to achieve. Existing overhead lines (OHL) have to be up-rated whilst more compensated lines, cables or HVDC connections are applied. Several up-rating methods are used: utilize the dynamic (cyclic) loading capacity, increase the operating voltage, apply compensation, phase shifting transformers, FACTS and HVDC systems, apply new designs for lines. The impact for HV equipment are investigated and reported in the TB. 162 pages, file: 5.35 MB REF SC B4/A3/B3 JWG B4/A3/B3.43 Increased System Efficiency by Use of New Generations of Power Semiconductors The TB presents the present developments of power semiconductors, with lower losses, higher switching frequency, converter modularization, and their new application areas, in order to propose and evaluate new or enhance equipment for increased system efficiency. Member Price: 45 Euros Non member Price: 90 Euros 120 pages, file: 6.7 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.16 Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on Protection System WG A3.16 focuses on the interaction between fault current limiting (FCL) technologies, both existing and novel, and different protection systems in MV and HV. A set of criteria are derived to qualify the potential impact of each type of FCL on the various protection principles. Basis for this investigation are the FCL characteristics as defined in TB 239 (WG A3.10). Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 77 pages, file: 2 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.22 Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kv AC To answer demand for standardisation in the field of UHV, WG A3.22 surveyed the current state of the art in the field of UHV technology. The findings and recommendations are presented in the TB and form the basis for the future work needed in a number of different technical areas. Member Price: 90 Euros Non member Price: 180 Euros 224 pages, file: 8 MB

23 REF SC A3 WG A3.18 Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors applied to High Voltage Circuit-Breakers Voltage grading capacitors are accessories for HV circuit-breakers used to control the voltage distribution across each interrupting chamber of multi-unit circuit-breakers. The TB reviews utility service experience and all aspects of their operating environment. Based on Recommendations are given with regard to commonly accepted environmental, electrical and mechanical test procedures. Member Price: 25 Euros Non member Price: 50 Euros 73 pages, file: 1.45 MB REF SC A3 SC A3 State of the Art of Instrument Transformers The WG launched by SC 12 (Transformers) in the mid-90s, and later transferred in 2002 to SC A3, has completed this state of the art of Instrument Transformers at the start of the 21st century a few years ago, without publishing a formal report. It has been felt that the results, of significant value for designers and users, deserve publication as a TB. 134 pages, file: MB REF SC A3 WG A3.19 Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3-phase shortand long-line fault clearing Faults on high voltage overhead lines are recognised to impose onerous transient recovery voltage (TRV) conditions upon the interrupting circuit-breakers and the Standards test the most critical line fault clearing conditions by means of the short-line fault duties. As recent studies have highlighted potentially more severe TRV conditions when clearing three-phase faults, at a long distance, WG A3.19 was established to assess whether these conditions may be regarded as covered by the existing Standards. Member Price: 65 Euros Non member Price: 130 Euros 150 pages, file: 2.03 MB REF SC A3 WG A3.21 Aspects for the Application of Composite Insulators to High Voltage ( 72kV) Apparatus This TB considers the influence of active internal parts such as contacts and conductors on the design and testing of polymeric insulators. The influence of internal parts on the external electric field, long and short term electrical performance, thermal, mechanical and chemical interactions are considered. Recommendations are made regarding standardisation of these aspects. Environmental and economic spects are also addressed. Member Price: 85 Euros Non member Price: 170 Euros 110 pages, file: 3.87 MB

24 REF SC A3 WG A3.22 Background of Technical Specifications for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kv AC TB 362 collates background information for UHV specifications and presents recommendations for the international specification and standardization of UHV equipment. Aspects such as insulation co-ordination (including the use of surge arresters), switching phenomena for circuit-breakers, disconnectors and earthing switches, and testing are addressed. Some subtle modifications to earlier conclusions and recommendations are incorporated in this document however these are both minor and limited. Member Price: 150 Euros Non member Price: 300 Euros 282 pages, file: MB

25 2.5 B1 - Insulated Cables REF SC 21 WG Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency Loads. The document provides methods for calculating rating factors for cyclic loads and for calculating the response of a cable to a suddenly applied step function load. 35 pages, file: 2.6 MB REF SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16 Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report. The number of HVDC projects using long DC cables is increasing, mostly for submarine power transmission. A larger number of such HVDC schemes are already in operation or in planning stage. The economic design of DC cables is very important, because the cost of DC cables is high in proportion to the total cost of HVDC submarine cable transmission. 58 pages, file: 2.56 MB REF SC 21 WG Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and terminology. This work categorises the types of accessory designs available for use on HV cables with extruded insulation for AC transmission voltages of 60 kv and above. The typical types of extruded cable insulation being low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene rubber (EPR). Member Price: 60 Euros Non member Price: 120 Euros 100 pages, file: 5.89 MB REF SC 36/21 JWG 36.01/21 Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems without ferromagnetic component. Considerable work has been done on the magnetic fields due to overhead lines, but relatively little has been published on the fields from underground cable systems. The report details the levels of magnetic field that occur in various typical situations. The analysis is restricted to underground cable systems without ferromagnetic component; for which analysis is relatively easy. 30 pages, file: 1.29 MB

26 REF SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01 Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground cables. Report and Guidelines. It is intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document when overhead and underground options for transmission circuits are being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with the relevant authorities. The comparison is made under the following headings : system planning and operation, environmental, technical, cost and future perspectives. 68 pages, file: 3.82 MB REF SC 21 WG Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concepts". Contains the technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of CIGRE WG22.06 involved in reliability based design of overhead transmission lines for many years. Member Price: 70 Euros Non member Price: 140 Euros 280 pages, file: 6.3 MB REF SC 21 WG Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable systems Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on the practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without integrated sensors, information on safety aspects, selection of measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations. Description of 8 PD methods with representative impression in present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate and more distant future. Fundamental and practical information. User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site PDD. 60 pages, file: MB REF SC 21 WG Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded and self-contained fluid filled cable systems. The focus of general public concern on the environment results in the use of underground lines being considered since they offer alternative or interesting complementary solutions for the bulk transmission of electrical energy. This leads to the installation of underground cables in some areas, where overhead lines would automatically have been considered in the past. 150 pages, file: 1.5 MB