Anhang. Häufige Abkürzungen Sachverzeichnis 1167

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1 Anhang Häufige Abkürzungen 1164 Sachverzeichnis 1167

2 1164 Anhang Häufige Abkürzungen A ABC ACTH ADP Ala d-ala ALAT AMP AMPK ANF Arg ASAT Asn Asp ATP ATPase AVP Adenin ATP bindende Kassette adrenocorticotropes Hormon Adenosindiphosphat Alanin (A) d-aminolävulinat Alanin-Aminotransferase Adenosinmonophosphat AMP-abhängige Proteinkinase atrialer natriuretischer Faktor Arginin (R) Aspartat-Aminotransferase Asparagin (N) Asparaginsäure (D) Adenosintriphosphat Adenosintriphosphatase Arginin-Vasopressin Da DHF DNA DNase Dopa Dopamin ECM EDRF EDTA eef EGF ELISA EPO ER EST Dalton Dihydrofolat Desoxyribonucleinsäure Desoxyribonuclease Dihydroxyphenylalanin Dihydroxyphenylamin extracellular matrix endothelium-derived releasing factor Ethylendiamin-Tetra-Acetat eukaryoter Elongationsfaktor epidermal growth factor; epidermaler Wachstumsfaktor enzyme linked immunosorbent assay Erythropoietin endoplasmatisches Retikulum expressed sequence tags BMP bp BSE BPG C CaM CAM camp CCK/PZ CD cdk cdna CDP CFTR CK CMP CoA COMT CoQ CRBP CREB CRH CT CTP Cys bone morphogenic protein Basenpaare, base pairs bovine spongiforme Encephalopathie Bisphophoglycerat Cytosin Calmodulin cell adhesion molecule 3,5 -cyclo-amp Cholecystokinin/Pankreozymin Differenzierungscluster (cluster of differentiation) Cyclin abhängige Proteinkinase (cyclin dependent kinase) komplementäre DNA Cytidindiphosphat cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Kreatinkinase Cytidinmonophosphat Coenzym A Katechol-O-methyltransferase Coenzym Q (Ubichinon) zelluläres Retinol-Bindungsprotein camp response-element binding protein corticotropin releasing hormone (Thyreo-) Calcitonin Cytidintriphosphat Cystein (C) FAD FGF FMN Fru Fuc G G-CSF GABA Gal GAP GDP GH GIP GK Glc GlcN GlcNAc GLDH GLP Gln Glu GLUT Gly GM-CSF GMP GOT GPI GPT Flavinadeninnucleotid fibroblast growth factor Flavinmononucleotid Fructose Fucose Guanin granulocyte colony-stimulating factor -Aminobutyrat Galactose GTPase aktivierendes Protein Guanosindiphosphat Wachstumshormon (growth hormone) gastrisches inhibitorisches Peptid Glucokinase Glucose Glucosamin N-Acetyl-Glucosamin Glutamatdehydrogenase glucagon-like peptide Glutamin (Q) Glutaminsäure (E) Glucose-Transporter Glycin (G) granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Guanosinmonophosphat Glutamat-Oxalacetat-Transaminase Glycosyl-Phosphatidyl-Inositol Glutamat-Pyruvat-Transaminase

3 Häufige Abkürzungen 1165 GRE glucocorticoid responsive element GSH Glutathion GSSG Glutathion-Disulfid GTP Guanosintriphosphat Hb Hämoglobin HDL high density lipoprotein His Histidin (H) HIV humanes Immundefizienz-Virus HK Hexokinase HLA humanes Lymphozytenantigen HMG-CoA -Hydroxy, -Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA HPLC Hochleistungsflüssigkeits-Chromatographie (high performance liquid chromatography) HPTE 5-Hydroperoxyeikosatetraenoat Hsp heat shock protein Hyp Hydroxyprolin I B Inhibitor von NF B IDL intermediate density lipoprotein IEMA immunoenzymatischer Assay IFN Interferon Ig Immunglobulin IGF insulin-like growth factor IGF-BP IGF-Bindungsprotein IL Interleukin Ile Isoleucin (I) IP 3 Inositol-(1,4,5)-Trisphosphat IRMA immunoradiometrischer Assay ITP Inosintriphosphat Jak Januskinase kb Kilobase kj Kilojoule Michaeliskonstante K M LCAT Lecithin-Cholesterin-Acyltransferase LDH Lactat-Dehydrogenase LDL low density lipoprotein Leu Leucin (L) LH luteotropes Hormon LH-RH LH-releasing hormone Lys Lysin (K) M-CSF macrophage colony-stimulating factor MAG Myelin-assoziiertes Glykoprotein Man Mannose MAPK Mitogen aktivierte Proteinkinase MAPKK MAP Kinase Kinase MBP Myelin-basisches Protein MDR Multidrug-Resistenz Met Methionin (M) MHC major histocompatibility complex MMP Matrix-Metallproteinasen MOG Myelin-Oligodendrozyten-assoziierte Glykoproteine mrna messenger-rna mirna Mikro-RNA MSH Melanozyten-stimulierendes Hormon NAD + Nicotinamid-Adenin-Dinucleotid NADP + Nicotinamid-Adenin-Dinucleotid- Phosphat NANA N-Acetyl-Neuraminsäure NF- B nuclear factor B NGF nerve growth factor NMR Magnetische Kernresonanz (nuclear magnetic resonance) NO Stickstoffmonoxid OMP Orotidinmonophosphat OPG Osteoprotegrin OPGL Osteoprotegrin Ligand P i anorganisches Orthophosphat PALP Pyridoxalphosphat PAMP Pyridoxaminphosphat PAPS 2 -Phosphoadenosin-5 -Phosphosulfat PCR Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (polymerase chain reaction) PDE Phosphodiesterase PDGF platelet-derived growth factor PDH Pyruvat Dehydrogenase PDK1 phospholipid-dependent kinase 1 PDI Proteindisulfid-Isomerase PEP Phosphoenolpyruvat PEP-CK Phosphoenolpyruvat Carboxykinase PET Positronen-Emissionstomographie PFK Phosphofructokinase PG Prostaglandin Phe Phenylalanin (F) PI3K Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3-Kinase PIH prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIP 2 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphat PK Proteinkinase PMP peripheres Myelinprotein po 2 Sauerstoff-Partialdruck POMC Pro-Opiomelanocortin PP i anorganisches Pyrophosphat PRL Prolactin

4 1166 Anhang Pro Prolin (P) PRPP Phosphoribosyl-Pyrophosphat PTH Parathormon PTHrP parathormone-related protein RANK receptor for activation of nuclear factor B RANKL Ligand für RANK RAR Retinoat-Rezeptor RER rauhes endoplasmatisches Retikulum RFLP Restriktionsfragmentlängen- Polymorphismus RNA Ribonucleinsäure RNase Ribonuclease rrna ribosomale RNA RXR Retinoat-X-Rezeptor SCID severe combined immunodeficiency scrna small cytoplasmic RNA SDS Natriumdodeylsulfat (sodium dodelcyl sulfate) Ser Serin (S) SH2 src-homologie 2 sirna small interfering RNA snrna small nuclear RNA STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription STH somatotropes Hormon T T 3 T 4 TBP TF TGF TGN TH THF Thr TMP TNF TRH trna Trp TSH TTP TXA Tyr U UDP UDPG UMP UTP Val VLDL vwf Thymin Trijodthyronin Thyroxin TATA-Box Bindungsprotein Transkriptionsfaktor transforming growth factor Trans-Golgi-Netzwerk T-Helferzellen Tetrahydrofolat Threonin (T) Thymidinmonophosphat Tumornekrose Faktor thyreotropin-releasing hormone transfer-rna Tryptophan (W) Thyreoidea-stimulierendes Hormon Thymidintriphosphat Thromboxan Tyrosin (Y) Uracil Uridindiphosphat Uridindiphosphat-Glucose Uridinmonophosphat Uridintriphosphat Valin (V) very low density lipoprotein von-willebrand-faktor YAC yeast artificial chromosome

5 1167 A Sachverzeichnis (F) verweist auf Formelbilder in einer Abbildung A AAA-ATPasen 183 Aktivität, Proteasomen 321 A-(Aminoacyl-)Stellen, Ribosomen 293, 294 (F) AAX-Proteinase, Hemmstoffe 311 AB0-System Bluttransfusion 965 A-Bande, Muskulatur, quergestreifte , 1008 ABCA1 183 Mutation/Defekt 186 HDL-Mangel 186 ABC(ATP-binding cassette)-familie 692 ABCB2/3 322 ABCG5/8 canaliculäre Membran 1097 Cholesterinsteine 1101 Sterole, Resorption 1071 ABC-Transporter 184, 322 Defekt 323 Adrenoleukodystrophie 323 Mukoviszidose 313 Tangier-Erkrankung 581 MDR-Protein (multi drug resistance) 184 P-Glycoprotein 184 Sterole, Resorption 1071 Sulfonylharnstoff-Rezeptor 816 ABH-Antigen, Biosynthese, Glycosyltransferasen 965 Abklatsch (blot), Proteine, separierte 63 Abl-Onkogen 1143 Bruchpunkt 1154 Leukämie, chronisch-myeloische (CML) 1154 Abl-Tyrosinkinase 1143 Abwehr Bakterien Cytokingene, Einbau 1161 Mikroorganismen (un)spezifische 1135 Viren 342, ACAT 7 Acyl-CoA-Cholesterin- Acyltransferase Acceleratorglobulin 985 Accelerin 985 ACE (Angiotensin-I-Conversions- Enzym) , 318, 910 somatisches 910 ACE-Hemmer Captopril 134 Renin-Überproduktion 911 Acetacetat 408, 441 Abbau 484 Aminosäuren, verzweigtkettige, Abbau Ballaststoffe 651 Dehydrierung 484 Dissoziationskonstante K 15 Energiestoffwechsel, Gehirn 1024 Ketonkörper, Biosynthese 409 Nahrungskarenz 521, 529, 641 Niere, Energiegewinnung 910 pk S -Wert 15 Resorptions-/Hungerphase, Leber 1086 Standardpotential 103 Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus 833 Tyrosinabbau 471 (F) Acetacetyl-CoA Ketonkörper, Biosynthese 409 Mevalonat, Biosynthese 565 (F) Acetaldehyd 650 Alkoholabbau 1100 Ethanolstoffwechsel, Leber 1100 Hefezellen 363 Acetessigsäure 7 Acetacetat Aceton 408, 943 Ketonkörper, Abbau/Biosynthese 409 Acetylcholin 759, 765, 1034, Abbau 1040 ADH-Freisetzung 920 Bindung 1039 Kationenkanal, Öffnung 1040 Katecholaminsekretion 828 Mucinsekretion 1064 Pankreassekretion 1065 synaptische Vesikel 1035 Wiederaufnahme 1040 Acetylcholinantagonisten 1042 Acetylcholinesterase AcChE H, AcChE R bzw. AcChE T 313 kinetische Konstante 123 Phosphatidylinositol, Verankerung 312 Spleißen, alternatives 313 Acetylcholinesterasehemmer 1040 Acetylcholinrezeptor(en) 1039 Acetylcholin, Stoffwechsel 1040 G-Protein-gekoppelter 783, 1040 muscarinischer 1040, 1065 Histaminproduktion 1064 Salzsäureproduktion 1064 nicotinischer 182, 765, 766 (F), Katecholaminbiosynthese 828 Myasthenia gravis 1040 Superfamilie 1036 Acetylcholin-Transporter, synaptische Vesikel 1035 Acetyl-CoA 391, 405, , , 480 (F), , 571, 704, 943, Acetylcholin, Stoffwechsel 1040 Synthese 1039 Aminosäuren, nicht essentielle, Stoffwechsel 440 verzweigtkettige, Abbau Carboxylierung, Biotin-abhängige 410 (F), 943 Cholesterin, Biosynthese 564, 864 Citratzyklus 704 Decarboxylierung 1025 energiereiche Verbindungen 479 Fettsäuren, Biosynthese 413, 519, 704 (β-)oxidation 405, , 522 Gluconeogenese 391 Glycolyse 364 Insulin 818 Ketonkörper, Biosynthese 409, 704 Lipidstoffwechsel 704 Lysinabbau 476 Melatonin, Abbau/Biosynthese 1043 Mevalonat, Biosynthese 565 (F) Muskulatur 392 Oxidation 485 Pyruvatdehydrogenase (PDH) 522 Hemmung Reaktion mit Oxalacetat 482 Thioesterkonfiguration 479 Tryptophanabbau 472 Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase 111, 570, 706 Carboxylierung, Biotin-abhängige 410 Dephosphorylierung 132 Fettsäurebiosynthese 413, , 520 Glucose 417 Hemmung, de-novo-fettsäurebildung 647 Induktion 647 Inhibitor, Acyl-CoA 417 Insulin 417 Insulinbiosynthese 819 Lipogenese 517 monomere 417 Nahrungskarenz 527 Phosphorylierung 132, 417 AMP-abhängige Proteinkinase, Aktivierung 527 polymere 417 Acetyl-Coenzym A 7 Acetyl-CoA β-d-n-acetyl-galactosamin 23 (F) β-d-n-acetyl-glucosamin 23 (F) Acetylierung Biotransformation 1091 Histonproteine Lysinreste 273 Pantothensäure 704 reversible, Histone 273 Acetylierungstyp, langsamer 1094 β-d-n-acetyl-mannosamin 23 (F) Acetylneuraminsäurestoffwechsel, CTP 540 Acetylsalicylsäure Cyclooxygenase-Hemmung 134 Prostaglandinbiosynthese 424 Thrombosen, Prophylaxe 978 Acetyltransferase (ACT) 799 Defekt 200 Mukop0lysaccharidose 178 Achondrodysplasie, FRG-3- Rezeptor, Mutationen 740 Aciclovir 350 Acidität, titrierbare, Urin 908 Acidose 7 Azidose Ackererde, Cancerogenese 1158 Aconitase Citratzyklus 480, 482 cytosolische 483 cis-aconitat 480 (F) ACP (Acyl-Carrier-Domäne/ -Protein), Fettsäuresynthase 410 (F), 412 (F) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 7 AIDS Acrodermatitis enteropathica 673 Acroleyl-β-Aminofumarat 473 Tryptophanabbau 472 (F)

6 1168 Anhang ACTH (adrenocorticotropes Hormon, Corticotropin) 758, , 863 Cushing-Syndrom, ektopisches 869 Halbwertszeit 849 Hypercortisolismus 869 Sekretion, Interleukin Tumormarker 1159 ACTH-ähnliche Polypeptide, Plazenta 884 Actinomycin D 269 (F) DNA-Replikation, Hemmung 236 Transkription, Hemmung activator protein-1 (AP-1) 1115 Activine 7 Aktivine Acumentin 974 Acycloguanosin 350 DNA-Polymerase 351 Acycloguanosin-Monophosphat 350 (F) Acycloguanosin-Triphosphat 350 (F) Acyladenylat, Fettsäureabbau 404 Acylcarnitin 406 (F), 517 elektromechanische Koppelung 1012 Fettsäureabbau 406 Fettsäurebiosynthese 417 Acyl-Carrier-Domäne/-Protein 410 (F), 412 (F) Acyl-CoA 178, 405, 406 (F), 517 Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylase, Inhibitor 417 Fettsäureabbau 404 Fettsäurebiosynthese 413, 417 Glucose-Fettsäurezyklus 522 Phosphatidylcholin, Acylierungs zyklus 557 (F) Thiokinase 519 Triacylglycerine, Biosynthese 402 (F) Spaltung/Resynthese Acyl-CoA-Cholesterin-Acyltransferase (ACAT) 578 Acyl-CoA-Dehydrogenase 506 Fettsäuren, β-oxidation 405, 498 peroxisomale, Fettsäureoxidation 408 Acyl-CoA:Retinol-Acyltransferase (ARAT) Acyl-CoA-Synthetase 519 Fettsäureabbau 404 Fettsäuren, langkettige, Biosynthese 411 Triacylglycerine, Biosynthese 403 Acyl-CoA-Transferase, Ceramid, Bio synthese 560 Acylglycerine 32 Resorption 1071 Acylierung(en) Fettsäuren, gesättigte 310 Membran-Anker 310 Pantothensäure 704 Phosphatidylcholin 557 Proteine 310 Acyltransfer, Fettsäuren, langkettige, Biosynthese 411 Acyltransferase, Phosphatidylcholin, Acylierungszyklus 557 ADAM-(adistengrin-like and metalloproteinase) 317 ADAMTS (ADAM with thrombospondin motifs) 317 Adaptine 193 AP-1-Adaptin 201 AP-2-Adaptin 201 Plasmamembran 195 AP-3-Adaptin 201 Membranbeschichtung 193 Plasmamembran 195 Transport, vesikulärer 193 adaptive Immunantwort Adaptorproteine (AP) 43, 193, 198, 788 SH2-/SH3-Domänen 735 Zonula adherens 198 ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity) 1117 Addison-Syndrom 869 Hypoaldosteronismus 927 Addition, Protonen 19 Adenin DNA 149 Reutilisierung 597 trna, Aminoacylierung 291 (F) 292 (F) Adeninnucleotid-Carrier 492, 493 (F), 494 Adeninnucleotide Biosynthese, Regulation 594 Coenzyme 145 Nomenklatur 144 Adenin-Phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), Purinbasen, salvage pathway 597 Adenohypophyse 843, 845 Hormone 845 Zellen 845 Adenom-Karzinom-Übergang, colorektale Tumoren, sporadische 1152 Adenosin , 1044 Glycogenolyse, Myokard 385 Purinabbau 599 (F) Adenosin-5 -monophosphat 7 AMP Adenosin-5 -triphosphat 7 ATP Adenosindesaminase (ADA) Geschwindigkeitskonstante 107 Mangel, hereditärer 604 Purinabbau 599 Adenosindiphosphat 7 ADP Adenosin-3,5 -monophosphat, cyclisches 7 camp Adenosinnukleotidtranslokase, Transport, sekundär aktiver 185 Adenosin-5 -triphosphat 7 ATP 5 -Adenosylcobalamin 111 Adenosylhomocystein 557 Adenosyl-5 -phosphosulfat (APS) 941 Adenoviren 329 Adsorption 335 Aufbau 327 Aufnahme 333 Persistenz 343 Rezeptoren 333 Adenylatcyclase 519, , 783 (F), 825 Aktivierung 774, 780, 830 Nahrungskarenz 529 Calcitoninrezeptoren 937 elektromechanische Koppelung, Myokard 1014 GABA B -Rezeptor 1040 Glycogenstoffwechsel, Regulation 381 Hemmung 774, 780 α 2 -Rezeptoren 528, 830 Hormone 781 Isoformen 782 Nahrungskarenz 526 Parathormon 936 Salzsäuresekretion 1063 Serotoninrezeptoren 1043 T Adenylatcyclase-System Inaktivierung, ATPase-Aktivität 383 Rezeptoren Stimulierung 781 Adenylatkinase 491 Reaktion 105 Adenylosuccinat, AMP-/GMP-Biosynthese 588 Adenylosuccinatlyase 588 IMP-Biosynthese 589 Nucleosiddi-/-triphosphate, Synthese 589 Purinnucleotid-Synthese 597 Adenylosuccinat-Synthetase 588 Hemmung, Mercaptopurin 134 Nucleosiddi-/-triphosphate, Synthese 589 Purinnucleotidzyklus 597 Aderlässe, Eisenablagerungen 666 ADF (Aktin-Depolymerisierungsfaktor) ADH (antidiuretisches Hormon, Vasopressin bzw. Pitressin) 845, , 905, 918, 919 (F) Angiotensin II 920 Barosensoren 920 Biosynthese 920 Blutdruckabfall 920 Blutdruckanstieg 919 Durstgefühl 920 Freisetzung, Schwelle 919 Gefäßwirkungen 919 Genstruktur 920 G-Protein, Aktivierung 780 G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren 783 Halbwertszeit 849 Hypophysenhinterlappen 919 Natriumhaushalt 922 Plasmaosmolarität 919 Sekretion, gesteigerte 921 Urinvolumen 905 V 1 -Rezeptoren 919 V 2 -Rezeptoren 919 Volumenmangel 920 Wasserhaushalt, Regulation 918 Wasserrückresorption 919 Wirkungsmechanismus, Sammelrohr 905 Adhäsion, Plasmamembran 195 Adhäsionsmoleküle/-proteine , 1113 Axotomie 1047 Fibronectin 732 Adipocytokine, Insulinresistenz 835 Adiponectin AMP-abhängige Proteinkinase, Aktivierung 527 Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus 835 adipose triglyceride lipase 7 ATGL Adipositas 425, 523 Begleiterkrankungen 640 BMI-Wert 638 Energieausbeute 634 Energiebilanz, positive 632 Glucocorticoide 640 Hypercholesterinämie 583 Hyperlipoproteinämie 581 Hypothyreose 640 Leptin 524 Leptingen 639 Leptinrezeptor-Gen 639 Melanocortin-4-Rezeptor-Gen 639 metabolisches Syndrom 640 Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus 834 UCP2 634 Adipozyten GLUT gynoide 830 Adjuvans, Totimpfstoffe 349 A-DNA 149, 150 (F) Struktureigenschaften 149 ADP (Adenosindiphosphat) 104 ATP-Bildung 106 Isocitratdehydrogenase, Aktivierung 485 Muskelarbeit 531 Muskelkontraktion 1010 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) 388 Phosphorylierung 106

7 Sachverzeichnis 1169 A ADP-Rezeptoren Blutstillung, zelluläre 980 thrombozytäre, Hemmstoffe 978 ADP-Ribose, N-glycosidische Bindung 701 ADP-ribosyliertes Protein, Poly- ADP- Ribosylierung 702 ADP-Ribosylierung, Nicotinamid 701 ADP-Ribosylierungsfaktor 310 ADP-Ribosyltransferase 702 Adrenalin 463, 468, 758, 826, 1038, Abbau 831 ADH-Freisetzung 920 Biosynthese 111 Fettgewebe, braunes 520 Katecholaminabbau/-biosynthese 827 (F), 831 (F) Lipolyse 520 Nahrungsaufnahme, hemmende Wirkung 643 Reninfreisetzung 911 Rückkoppelung, negative 828 Stress 636 Urin 915 Wirkungsverstärkung, Cortisol 867 adrenerges System, Katecholamine 829 adrenocorticotropes Hormon 7 ACTH Adrenodoxin 508 adrenogenitales Syndrom 869 Hypoaldosteronismus 927 Adrenoleukodystrophie 323 Adrenozeptoren 829 α 1 -Adrenozeptoren α 2 -Adrenozeptoren β 1 -Adrenozeptoren β 2 -Adrenozeptoren β 3 -Adrenozeptoren Adipozyten, gynoide 830 Adsorption, Viren advanced glycation end products 7 AGEs Äthergruppe 5 (F) Ätherlipide Biosynthese 558 Peroxisomen 205 Ätherschwefelfraktion 915 AF-1/2 687 Afadin, Zonula adherens 198 AFB 1-8,9-epoxid 1095 (F) AFB 1 -DNA-Addukt 1095 (F) Affenmensch, Porphyria cutanea tarda 618 Affinitätschromatographie, Proteine 60 Afibrinogenämie 985 Aflatoxin 1094, 1095 (F), 1158 (F) Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) 1095 (F) AFP 7 α-fetoprotein Agammaglobulinämie, Typ Bruton 1136 Agarose-Gelelektrophorese 165 DNA 169 AGEs (advanced glycosylation end- products) 394 (F) Arteriosklerose 394 Diabetes mellitus Rezeptoren 319 Agglutinate, Antikörper 1119 Agglutination, Erythrozyten 965 Aggrecan 317, 728 Hyaluronsäure, Aggregate Knorpel 738 aglanduläre Hormone 759 β 1 A-Globulin, Immunelektrophorese 995 A-Glycosyltransferase 966, 967 (F) Agmatin 438, 460, 1076 β1-agonisten, elektromechanische Koppelung, Myokard 1014 Agrin 728, 730, 1009 Ahornsirupkrankheit AHR, Biotransformation 1092, 1093 (F) AICAR (5-Aminoimidazol-4- carboxamid ribonucleotid) 587 (F) Purinbiosynthese 587 (F), 588 AICAR-Transformylase, IMP-Biosynthese 589 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) 1136 Aspartatproteinase, Hemmstoffe 315 AIR (5-Aminoimidazolribonucleotid) 587 (F) Carboxylierung 943 Purinbiosynthese 587 (F), 588 AIR-Carboxylase, IMP-Biosyn these 589 AIRC-Gen 589 AIR-Synthetase, IMP-Biosynthese 589 Akromegalie 850, AKT-1, Muskelaufbau/-abbau 1017 Aktin 214, 302, 974, β-aktin 213 γ-aktin 213 Cytoskelett 207 Erythrozytenmembran 956 Filamente, dünne Funktionen Muskulatur, quergestreifte 1002 Stressfasern 735 Aktin-assoziierte Proteine Tropomyosine 1006 Troponine 1006 Aktin-bindende Proteine 974 Aktinbindungsstelle, Myosinkopf 1011 Aktin-Depolymerisierungsfaktor (ADF) Aktinfilamente 176 (F), Cytoskelett Erythrozytenmembran 956 fokale Kontakte 212 Integrine 734 Listeria 214 Neurone 1029 Shigella 214 Thrombozyten 977 Aktingifte 214 Aktinine, α-aktinin 213, 1008 Aktionspotentiale Calciumkanäle, spannungsregulierte 1036 Neurone 1030, 1032 Aktivatoren, Enzyme 124 Aktivatorproteine, Lysosomen 200 aktives Zentrum Chymotrypsin 108 Enzyme 108 Pyridoxalphosphat 434 Aktivierung Gene metabolische, Biotransformation Proteolyse, limitierte 133 Aktivierungsenergie 107 Biokatalysatoren 107 Erniedrigung 20 Aktivierungsenthalpie, freie 107 Aktivine 759, 790, 846, 872 Aktivin A/B 873 Aktivinfamilie Aufbau 873 TGF-β-Superfamilie 872 Akt-Kinase 7 Proteinkinase B Akustikusneurinom 1147 Akutphase-Antwort/-Reaktion , 992 Akutphase-Proteine 975, 995, 1089, 1104 α 1 -Antitrypsin 997 Bildung 997 Ferritinspiegel 663 Immunantwort Plasmaproteine 996 Akzeptorarm, trna 289 δ-ala (δ-aminolävulinat) 609 (F), 615 (F) Hämbiosynthese 608, 609 (F) Porphyrie, erworbene 619 δ-ala-dehydratase-mangel 616 Alanin 45 (F), 47, 439, , 451, 486 β-alanin 49 (F), 410 (F), 438, 601 Pyrimidinabbau 601 (F) Abbau 454 Amino-/Carboxylgruppen, Dissozia tionsverhalten 50 Aminosäuren, nicht essentielle, Stoffwechsel 440 Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Muskulatur 453 Aufnahme, Insulin 820 Bedarf des Menschen 439 Biosynthese 454 Muskulatur 453 energetisches Äquivalent 637 Gluconeogenese 444 Harnstoffzyklus 448 Leber 447 isoelektrischer Punkt 49 pk-wert 49 Plasmakonzentration 445 Resorption, tubuläre 906 Stoffwechsel Stoffwechselbedeutung Titrationskurve Alanin-Aminotransferase (ALAT, ALT, GPT) 116, 433, 454, 456 Aktivitätsmessung 136 Harnstoffzyklus, Leber 447 Alanin-Glyoxylat-Aminotransferase 307 Defekte 313 Alaninzyklus Leber 454 Muskelarbeit 534 δ-ala-synthase δ-aminolävulinat, Synthese 609 (F) Gene 608 Hämbiosynthese 608 Porphyrie, angeborene 614 Pyridoxalphosphat 704 δ-ala-synthase-1, Hämbiosynthese, Regulation δ-ala-synthase Defekt 614 Anämie, sideroblastische 614 Eisenhomöostase 664 Hämbiosynthese, Regulation δ-ala-synthase-2-mrna 613, 665 ALA-Synthase-2-Gen 608 Transkription, Erythropoetin 613 Translation 613 ALAT 7 Alanin-Aminotransferase Albinismus 206 Albumin(e) Bilirubin, Transport 621 Darmsaft 1062 Funktion/Pathobiochemie 992 glomeruläre Filtrierbarkeit 896 Immunelektrophorese 995 Kupfertransport 668 Plasmakonzentration 992 Proteine, glykierte 394 Schilddrüsenhormone, Transport 854 Synthese in der Leber 1088 Zink, Bindung 672

8 1170 Anhang Albuminurie, Diabetes mellitus 837 Aldehyddehydrogenase Ethanolstoffwechsel, Leber 1100 Histidinabbau 474 (F) Serotonin, Abbau/Biosynthese 1042 (F) Aldehyde 22 Aldehydoxidase, Molybdän 671 Aldimin 433, 434 (F), 437 Transaminierung 435 (F) Aldoladdition 19, 482 Aldolase, Glycolyse 360 Aldolase A Fructoseintoleranz, hereditäre 395 Glycolyse 360 Aldolase B Fructosestoffwechsel Glycolyse 360 Mangel, Fructoseintoleranz 395 Aldosereduktase 365, 543 Aldosteron 759, 922 Biosynthese Natriumretention 924 Plasma-Kaliumkonzentra - tion 924 Cholesterin 922 Conn-Syndrom 927 cytosolischer Rezeptor 923 Freisetzung, ANP 926 Halbacetalform 923 (F) Halbwertszeit 849 Hyperkaliämie 929 Kaliumausscheidung, renale 929 Mineralstoffwechsel 923 Natrium, Rückresorption 923, 1075 Natriumhaushalt 922, 924 Sammelrohr 903 Steroidhormonrezeptoren 923 Überleitungsstück 903 Wasserresorption 1075 Wirkungen 923 Aldosteronrezeptoren Colon 924 Sammelrohre 924 Schweißdrüsen 924 A-β-Lipoproteinämie 581 hereditäre 1077 alkalische Phosphatase, Tumormarker 1159 Alkalisierung des Blutes, Ammoniak 445 Erythrozyten 961 Alkalose 18, 947 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerat 961 Hypocalciämie 938 Kaliumausscheidung, renale 929 Ketonkörper im Urin 916 metabolische 949 Blutparameter 949 ph-wert 949 respiratorische 948 Blutparameter 949 Liquor-pH 1027 Alkohol Abbau, Acetaldehyd 1100 GABA A -Rezeptoren 1041 Gehalt in Getränken mehrwertiger 23 PBG-Desaminase-Mangel 617 Resorption 650 Stoffwechselbedeutung Alkoholabusus/-konsum bzw. Alkoholismus akuter 1099 Alkoholdehydrogenase (ADH) 1099 CD(Carbohydrate Deficient)- Trans ferrin 661 chronischer Folsäuremangel 709 Hypercholesterinämie 583 Leberzellschädigung 1099 Magnesiumresorption 940 Pankreatitis, akute 1067 chronische 1068 Alkoholdehydrogenase 1099 Hefezellen 363 Isoformen 650 Zink 672 Alkoholdehydrogenase 1C, Retinoidfunktion 687 Alkoholgenuss 7 Alkoholabusus/-konsum bzw. Alkoholismus Alkoholintoxikation 393 Alkoholmenge 650 Alkoholresorption, Nahrungsaufnahme 650 Alkylanzien, Krebstherapie Alkyl-Phosphatidylcholin (Plasma logen) 36, 37 (F), 557 (F) Alkylphosphoglyceride 558 Alkylradikal 510 Alkylreste, Umlagerung, Cobalamin 710 Allantoin, Harnsäureabbau 600 Allergene 1137 Allergien frühe/verzögerte Reaktionen 1137 Gell-Coombs-Einteilung 1137 Typ I 1137 Typ II Typ III Typ IV Alles-oder-Nichts-Übergänge, Enzym aktivität 131 Allo-Erkennung 1110 allogene Transplantation 1138 Allopurinol 604 (F) Hyperuricämie 603 Xanthinoxidase, Hemmung 127, 134 Alloreaktivität 1110, 1139 Allosterie 83 Enzyme allosterische Effektoren, Hämoglobin 83 all-trans-retinal 683 (F), 684, 685 (F) Sehvorgang 686 all-trans-retinoat 683 (F), 684 all-trans-retinol 683 (F), 684, 685 (F) Allysin 310, 725 Alphavirus 328 Alport-Syndrom 724 Alter(n) 513 Ernährung 652 Nährstoffdichte 652 alternativer Weg 7 Properdinweg alternatives Spleißen Alterung(sprozess) Kalorienrestriktion, Effekte 639 Lysosomen 203 Sirtuine 639 Aluminium, Gesamtbestand/ Plasmaspiegel 656 Alzheimer-Demenz 89, 214, Amyloidvorläuferprotein APP 1049 (anti-)amyloidogener Weg 1049 Homocystein 464 Alzheimer-Plaques 1048 Amadori-Umlagerung , 720 Amalgam, Quecksilber 677 Amanita phalloides 215 Amanitin RNA-Polymerasen, Hemmung 260 Transkription, Hemmung 269 Amantadin 352 Ameisensäure 4, 708 (F) Amelogenin 317 Amethopterin 595 (F), 596, 709 Amidbildung, C-terminale, Proteinolyse, limitierte 309 Amide Bindung 312 Cancerogenese 1157 Stoffwechsel Amine 436 aromatische 1158 (F) biogene, Mastzellen 1080 Neurotransmitter 1034 Cancerogenese 1157 Desaminierung, oxidative, O 2 -ab hängige 434 Thrombozytengranula 977 toxische, Lebererkrankungen 1076 Urämietoxine 909 Aminierung Glutamatdehydrogenasereaktion 909 Glutaminsynthetasereaktion 909 α-ketoglutarat 432 α-amino-β-ketoadipat, Hämbiosynthese 608 Aminoacrylat Desaminierung 436 (F) Aminoacyladenylat 145, 292 trna, Aminoacylierung 291 (F) 292 (F) Aminoacylierung Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase 292 trna 291 (F) 292 (F) Aminoacyl-tRNA , 296 Proteinbiosynthese 288 Aminoacyl-tRNA-Synthetase 291, 292 (F) α-aminoadipat 440, Lysin Aminoazidurie 915 p-aminobenzoesäure, Folsäure 707 γ-aminobutyrat (7a. GABA) 49 (F), 759, 765, 1037, Nahrungsaufnahme, Wirkungen 643 Stoffwechselbedeutung 454 TRH-Freisetzung 847 Vorkommen 615 (F) ε-aminocapronsäure 988 α-aminocarbonsäuren 45, 48 α-aminoglutarat 7 Glutamat Aminoglycosid-Antibiotika, Protein biosynthese, Hemmung 299 α-aminogruppe Katalyse 315 Stoffwechsel Aminogruppen 5 (F) Aminosäuren 48, 58 Dissoziationsverhalten 50 α-amino-β-(5-hydroxy-)indolylpropionat 7 5-Hydroxytryptophan α-amino-β-(3,4-hydroxy-)phenylpropionat 7 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanin 5-Aminoimidazol-4-N-succinocarbo xamidribonucleotid (SAICAR) 587 (F) Purinbiosynthese 587 (F), Aminoimidazol-4-carboxamidribo nucleotid (AICAR) 587 (F) Purinbiosynthese 587 (F) 5-Aminoimidazolribonucleotid (AIR) 587 (F) Carboxylierung 943 Purinbiosynthese 587 (F), Aminoimidazol-ribosylcarboxy-5 -Phosphat 943 β-aminoisobutyrat 601, 604 Pyrimidinabbau 601 (F) β-aminoisobutyrat-transaminase, Mangel 604 Amino-Isopropanol 710 (F)

9 Sachverzeichnis 1171 A α-aminoisovalerat 7 Valin α-amino-β-ketoadipat Decarboxylierung 943 Hämbiosynthese 608 δ-aminolävulinat (δ-ala) , 609 (F), 615 (F), 943 Bleiausscheidung 677 Hämbiosynthese 608, 609 (F) Porphyrie, erworbene 619 Urin 915 δ-aminolävulinatdehydratase, Hämbiosynthese 609 δ-aminolävulinatsynthase 7 δ-ala-synthase α-amino-γ-mercaptobutyrat 7 Homocystein p-aminomethylbenzoesäure 988 α-amino-β-methylvalerat 7 Isoleucin α-aminomuconat-δ-semialdehyd, Tryptophanabbau 472 (F) 2-Aminonaphthalin 1158 (F) Aminopeptidase B, TRH-Biosynthese/-Freisetzung 847 Aminopeptidase N, Virusrezeptor 331 Aminopeptidase(n) 316, 1059 Cysteinumwandlung 466 Darmsaft 1062 Lysosomen 318 Aminophospholipid-Translocase 563 Aminopropeptidase 719 α-aminopropionat 442 β-aminopropionat 7 β-alanin Aminopterin 595 (F), 596, 709 Aminosäurederivate 758 Urin 915 Aminosäuren 4, 45 52, 56, 825 α-aminosäuren 45 (F) Abbau 448 Cytosol/Mitochondrien 443 Decarboxylierung Glucose, Bereitstellung 646 Harnstoffzyklus 442 Lokalisation, subzelluläre 442 Multienzymkomplex 441 Säuren, nichtflüchtige 942 Aminogruppen 48 ε-amino-gruppe 45 Dissoziationsverhalten 50 Ampholyte aromatische, Abbau Stoffwechselbedeutung 468 Aufnahme, Insulin 820 Bedarf , 653 bedingt essentielle Blutplasma 522 Carbonsäurederivate, gesättigte 45 Carboxylgruppen 45, 48 Dissoziationsverhalten 50 chromatische Trennung 51 Chromatographie 51 Decarboxylierung 436 Pyridoxalphosphat-abhängige 438 Derivate, Neurotransmitter 1034 Derivatisierung mit Dansylchlorid bzw. Ninhydrin 51 Desaminierung enterohepatischer Kreislauf 1062 Erythrozytenabbau 955 essentielle 438, 518, 644 Abbau Bedarf 653 Biosynthese Enzyme 443 Kohlenstoff 442 Mangel 645 Fäulnisvorgang, bakteriell induzierter 1076 freie, Resorption, tubuläre 906 Urin 914 Funktionen im Organismus 429 Gehirnstoffwechsel 1025 geladene, Seitenketten 58 glucogene 441, , 521, 644, 1086 Energiebilanz, negative 640 Gluconeogenese , 518 Postresorptions-/Hungerphase 1087 Guanidinogruppe 45 Helixformation 72 Imidazolgruppe 45 Invarianz, Cytochrom c 95 Ionenaustauschchromatographie 51 isoelektrischer Punkt 49 katalytische Triade 108 ketogene 441 Postresorptions-/Hungerphase 1087 Klassifizierung 45 Kopplung, Peptidsynthese 93 Schutzgruppen 92 Leber-/Nierenfunktionsstörungen 653 Liquor cerebrospinalis Nachweisreaktionen 50 Nahrungsaufnahme, afferente Signale 642 Nahrungszufuhr 522 Neurotransmitter 453, 1034 nicht essentielle 439 Abbau 439, 440 (F) Biosynthese 439, 440 (F) Citratzyklus 487 Stoffwechsel 439, 440 (F) nichtproteinogene 48 OH-Gruppe 45 ph-wert 50 pk-wert 49 positionale 293 Proteinbiosynthese 57 Regulation 300 im Skelettmuskel 529 proteinogene 45 47, 289 Derivate 48 Seitenketten 45 trna-derivate, Synthese 298 Proteolyse 1073 Re(ab)sorption 1073 Niere 905 Resorptionsphase 1087 Säureamid-Gruppe 45 Säure-Basen-Eigenschaften saure, Stoffwechsel schwefelhaltige Seitenketten 45 (F), 58, 944 basische 45 (F) SH-/SeH-Gruppe 45 Stoffwechsel 454 Stoffwechselbedeutung 430, terminale, Entfernung bzw. Addition, Proteinolyse, limitierte 309 Titrationskurve 50 Transaminierung , 435 (F) Transport, Jejunum 1074 trna, Aminoacylierung 291 (F) 292 (F) Umkehrflüssigkeitschromatographie 52 Umsatz, täglicher 644 Urin 915 Verteilungschromatographie 52 verzweigtkettige 438, Abbau 467 (F), 494 Carrier 494 Muskulatur 453 Transportproteine 494 Verzweigtketten-Dehydrogenase-Komplex 466 zellulärer Pool 645 Zwitterion 49 Aminosäureoxidasen 437 Aminosäuresequenz Edman-Abbau Erkennungsmotive, Transport, vesikulärer 193 Proteine 65 69, 97 Aminosäure-spaltende Enzyme, Pyridoxalphosphat 704 Aminosäurestoffwechsel , 508 Darm 451 Enterozyten 451 Enzyme Glutamat 432 Glutamat-Dehydrogenase (GLDH) 452 Glutaminase 452 Harnstoffzyklus 448 Leber , Muskulatur 444, 453 Nieren Organe PEP-Carboxykinase 452 Pyridoxalphosphat 433, 703 Reaktionen Zentralnervensystem Aminosäuretransportsysteme Gendefekte 1078 Insulinbiosynthese 819 α-aminosuccinat 7 Aspartat Aminotransferasen 433 Methionin, Abbau 463 Pyridoxalphosphat 704 α,δ-aminovalerianat 7 Ornithin Aminoxidasen 506 Aminozucker 24, 518, 540 Aminosäuren 429 Biosynthese 541, Glycoproteine 545 Glycosaminoglykane 545 Aminverbindungen, Methämoglobin 969 Ammoniak 428 Alkalisierung des Blutes 445 Carboxylierung 943 Elimination, renale, Nahrungskarenz 641 Eliminierung, Leber 1087 Eliminierungsmechanismen 909 Harnsäureabbau 600 Ammoniak-Lyasen 434 Ammoniakvergiftung Ammonium-/Ammoniak-Puffersystem 944 Dissoziationskonstante K 15 pk S -Wert 15 pk-wert 909 Tubuluszellen Urin 17 Ammonium-Assimilation Glutamat 429 Ammonium-Ionen 428 Elimination, Urin 946 Entgiftung, Harnstoffzyklus 447 Harnstoff 445 Herkunft 447 Konzentration 445 Leberinsuffizienz 17 Neurotoxizität 445 Produktion, Azidose 908 stickstoffhaltige Substanzen, Biosynthese 445 Stoffwechsel, Leberläppchen 448, 449 (F) Toxizität 445 Urin-pH-Wert 914 ammonotelische Form, Stickstoffausscheidung 429

10 1172 Anhang AMP (Adenosin-5 -monophosphat) 144, 292, 380, 588 (F) Biosynthese Fettsäureabbau 404 Gluconeogenese 391 Nahrungskarenz 526 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) 388 Purinbiosynthese 588 trna, Aminoacylierung 291 (F) 292 (F) AMPA(α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5- Methyl-4-Isoxazolpropionat)- Rezeptoren AMP-abhängige/-aktivierte Proteinkinase (AMPK) 132, , 570, 645 Aktivierung, Adiponectin 527 Nahrungskarenz 526 Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus 835 Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel 647, 651 AMPA-Glutamatrezeptorvesikel, Axone/Dendriten 210 AMP-Desaminase, Purinnucleotidzyklus 597 Amphetamine, ATP-Synthese 634 amphibole Natur, Citratzyklus amphiphile Helices Apolipoproteine 574 Membranproteine 178 amphiphile Verbindungen 554 Phosphoglyceride 40 Sphingolipide 40 Ampholyte 48 Aminosäuren AMPK 7 AMP-abhängige/ -aktivierte Proteinkinase α-amylase 1059 Kohlenhydrate, Resorption 1069 Pankreas Speichel 1054 Urin 915 Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase Glycogenabbau 370 Kohlenhydrate, Resorption 1069 Amylo-1,6-Glucosidase-Mangel, Glucogenose Typ III 395 (β-)amyloid, Alzheimer-Demenz 1048 amyloidogener Weg, Alzheimer- Demenz 1049 Amyloid-Plaques, Alzheimer- Demenz 723, 1048 (β-)amyloidproteinvorläufer Alzheimer-Demenz Prozessierung, proteolytische 1049 Amylopectin 26 Amylose 26 Amylo-1,4 1,6-Transglucosylase, Glycogenbiosynthese 369, 370 (F) Amytal 497 Anämie 955 aplastische 955 Eisenmangel/-verlust 666 Erythropoietin 912 Hämoglobinkonzentration 957 hämolytische 955, 992 angeborene 395 dekompensierte 968 Folsäuremangel 709 Pyruvatkinase-Mangel 395 hyperchrome, MCH-Wert 957 MCH-Wert 957 megaloblastäre, Cobalaminmangel 710 Folsäuremangel 709 mikrozytäre 955 normochrome 957 perniziöse 1138 Cobalaminmangel 710 renale, Erythropoietin 913 sideroblastische 614 Anästhetika, GABA A -Rezeptoren 1041 Analbuminämie analgetische Wirkung, Endorphine 1044 Analyseverfahren, enzymimmuno logische 134 Anaphase, Mitose 155 Anaphylatoxine C3a, C4a bzw. C5a 1132 Komplementaktivierung 1131 anaplerotische Reaktionen Citratzyklus 487, 706 Gluconeogenese 372 Purinnucleotidzyklus 597 Anastrozol, Aromatase-Hemmung 134 anchoring plaque, dermodermale Junktion 750 Anderson-Krankheit 205 Androgene 872 Abbau 877 Biosynthese 864, 869 LH 874 Nebennierenrinde 874 Erythropoietin, Produktion 877 Gonaden 873 Granulosa-Zellen 880 Knorpel-/Knochenbildung 741 Leydig-Zellen 874 Östrogene, Prohormone 880 Skelettsystem, Homöostase 745 synthetische 877 Transport im Blut 876 Androgenrezeptoren 877 Androgenrezeptorgen, Mutationen Androstanrezeptor, konstitutiver, Biotransformation 1092, 1093 (F) 3α-Androstendiol, Androgene, Abbau Androstendiol, Testosteron, Biosynthese 874, 875 (F) Androstendion 880, 882 Androgene, Abbau 877 Östrogene, Biosynthese Progesteron, Biosynthese Testosteron, Biosynthese 874, 875 (F) Theca Interna 879 ANG II 7 Angiotensin II Angina pectoris, Adipositas 640 Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, β-galactosidase, Defekt 580 Angioödem 1132 Angiotensin G-Protein, Aktivierung 780 G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren 783 angiotensin-i-converting enzyme 7 ACE Angiotensin I 910 Angiotensin-I-Conversions- Enzym 7 ACE Angiotensin II 910 Abbau 911 ADH-Sekretion 920 AT1-Rezeptoren, Rückkopplung, negative 911 Biosynthese 911 Blutdruck 911 Extrazellulärvolumen 911 Natriumhaushalt 922, 924 Natriumresorption 1075 Nierenarteriendruck 899 Nierendurchblutung 896 Retinopathie, diabetische 837 Rezeptoren 911 Signaltransduktion 911 Tubulus, proximaler 902 Wasserresorption 1075 Angiotensinogen 910 Fettgewebe 524 Hypertonie 524 metabolisches Syndrom 524 Synthese in der Leber 1088 Anionen (an)organische, Transport, Tubulus epithelien 906 mitochondriale Carrier 492 Anionenaustauscher, Tubulusepithelien 906 Anionenkanäle ligandengesteuerte, GABA A -/ GABA C -Rezeptoren 1040 Glycinrezeptoren 1040 Neurone 1030 Anionentransportproteine, Schilddrüsenhormontransporter Ankyrin, Erythrozytenmembran 957 α-/β-anomerie, Glycoside 24 Anorectin, Nahrungsaufnahme, hemmende Wirkung 643 Anoxie, Phosphorylase b 380 ANP (atriales natriuretisches Peptid) 924, 925 (F) Biosynthese, Natriumhaushalt 924 Elimination, Endopeptidase, neutrale (NEP) 926 Myozyten, Dehnung 926 Natriumhaushalt 922 Nierendurchblutung 896 Primärstruktur 925 Rezeptoren 926 Sekretion, Natriumhaushalt 924 Typ A 925 Typ B 925 Typ C 925 Vorhofdruck 926 Wirkung 926 Anpassung, induzierte (induced fit), Enzyme 109 Ansäuerung, luminale, V-ATPasen 183 Anthracycline, Krebstherapie 1160 Anthrax-Adenylatcyclase 777 Aktivierung, Calmodulin 777 Anti-A/B 965 antiamyloidogener Weg, Alzheimer- Demenz 1049 Antiandrogene 877 Cyproteronacetat 877 Flutamid 877 antiapoptotische (Apoptosehemmende) Faktoren 227 antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) 1117 α 1 -Antichymotrypsin Akutphase-Proteine 1089 Funktion/Pathobiochemie 992 Leber 1089 Synthese in der Leber 1088 Anticodon 287 Basenpaarung 290 Anticodon-Codon-Wechselwirkung, trna Antidiurese 183 ADH-Freisetzung 920 maximale 905 antidiuretisches Hormon 7 ADH Antifibrinolytika 988 Antigen-Antikörper-Immunkomplexe, Komplementaktivierung 1131 Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion, Immun elektrophorese 993

11 Sachverzeichnis 1173 A Antigene antigene Determinante 1106 chemische Natur 1106 Epitop 1106 Erythrozyten extrazelluläre 1107 heterophile 965 oligosaccharidhaltige 965 onkofetale, Tumormarker 1159 Proteasom 1107 antigene Determinante Antigene 1106 Blutgruppenantigene 965 Antigen-Erkennung, Lymphozyten 1110 Antigenpräsentation 322, Makrophagen 975 MHC-Peptidrezeptoren 1107 Antigen-präsentierende Zellen (APZ) 975, 1104, , 1113 B7RP Immunproteasom 1107 Antigenprozessierung 796, 1107 B-Lymphozyten 1125 Makrophagen 975 Anti-Gentherapie, Tumorzellen 1161 antihämophiler Faktor A/B 985 antiinflammatorische Wirkung, Cortisol 867 Antikoagulantien, Blutgerinnung, Hemmung 986 Antikörper 965, Immunglobuline Aufbau 1118 Bindung 1119 Cardiolipin 580 ELISA/Western-Blot 346 Flexibilität 1119 Genumlagerung (rearrangement), somatische 1121 γ-globuline 995 Immunität 1119 katalytische monoklonale Fluorochrome 1128 Herstellung, Hybridom- Technik Krebstherapie 1160 Mutationen, somatische 1121 Nachweis 1119 Vielfalt Virusabwehr 1136 Vorkommen 1118 Y-Modell 1119 antilipolytischer Effekt, Insulin 819 Antimetabolite, Krebstherapie 596, 1160 Antimycin, Ubichinon-Reduktions zentrum, Blockade 499 Antionkogene 1143, DNA-Sequenzverlust-Analyse 1145 Funktionen Identifizierung 1145 Inaktivierung 1143 Mutationen Tumorigenese 1150 Lokalisation 1147 Sonden, anonyme 1145 Viren, Tumor-erzeugende 344 Antioxidantien Aminosäuren 429 Glutathion (GSH) 465 lipophile, Bilirubin 621 Sauerstoffradikale 511 Vitamin E (Tocopherol) 691, 693 Antiphospholipidsyndrom 580 Antiport 179 (F) mitochondriale Carrier 492 Tubulus, proximaler 902 Antiport, Symport bzw, Uniport 179 α 1 -Antiprotease 996 Funktion/Pathobiochemie 992 Mangel 996 Antisense-Oligonucleotide, Genthe rapie bei Krebserkrankungen 1161 antisense strand 256 Antisense-Transkripte, natürliche (NAT s) 164 Antisense-Transkription, Proteincodierte Gene 163 Antiseren 1127 FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)-analyse 1127 Antithrombin III Blutgerinnung 985 Funktion/Pathobiochemie 992 Heparin, Bindung 986 Mangel 990 Plasmin 988 Synthese in der Leber 1088 antithyroidale Substanzen, Thyreoper oxidase, Inhibitoren 854 α 1 -Antitrypsin 317, 510, 997, 998 (F) Akutphase-Proteine 1089 Funktion/Pathobiochemie 992 Immunelektrophorese 995 Leber 1089 Methionylrest 998 Mutationen 997 Oxidation, Sauerstoffradikale 975 Plasmin 988 P 1 -(Proteaseinhibitor-)Typ 997 Synthese in der Leber 1088 Z-Variante 997 α 1 -Antitrypsinmangel 996 Leberzirrhose 998 Lungenemphysem 998 Zigarettenrauch 998 α 1 -Antitrypsin-mRNA 998 Antivitamine 682 Antizym 322 Antrum, Magen, Mucin 1054 Antrummühle 1057 Anurie, Harnvolumen 914 Aorta, Insulinempfindlichkeit 817 AP-1 (activator protein-1) 1115 Apaf-1 (apoptotic proteaseactivating factor-1) 226 APC (aktiviertes Protein C) 986, 1147 Zelladhäsionsmolekül 1151 APC-Gen, FAP 1150 APC-mRNA colorektale Tumoren 1151 FAP 1151 APC-Resistenz 990 AP3-Defekte, Immundefizienz 206 AP-Endonucleasen 239 Aphthovirus 328 apikaler Iodtransporter (AIT), Schild drüse 852 Apo... 7 Apolipoproteine Apo-1 (CD95, Fas) 1116 Apo A 574 Apo AI Retinoidfunktion 688 Apo AII 573 Apo AIV 573 Apo B, Biosynthesestörung, A-β-Lipoproteinämie 581 Apo B 48 chemische Zusammensetzung 573 Chylomikronen, Assemblierung 1072 Entstehung, RNA-editing 280 nicht austauschbare 574 physikalische Eigenschaften 573 RNA-editing 280 Apo B chemische Zusammensetzung 573 LDL-Rezeptor 577 nicht austauschbare 574 physikalische Eigenschaften 573 RNA-editing 280 Apo C 574, 576 Apo CI , 576 Apo CII , 576 Apo CIII 573, 576 Apo D Apo E , 576 Apocarboxylasen 312, 705 (F) Apoenzym 110 prosthetische Gruppe 111 Apoferritin 663 H-/L-Ketten 663 Mikroheterogenität 663 Apolipoproteine Apo... cdna-sequenzen 574 Chylomikronen 574 HDL, LDL bzw. VLDL 574 Triacylglycerine, Spaltung/ Resynthese 1072 Apoplex, Homozystinurie 465 Apoproteine glykierte 394 Häm 496 (F) Apoptose 177, , 315, 1142 Auslösung 571 Bcl-2-Familie 226 Caspasen 226, 320, 792, 1116 Cytochrom-c-Freisetzung 226 death-domain (DD) 791 Effektormoleküle 792 extrazelluläre Matrix 730 Faktoren 1143 Fehler, Tumoren 227 Glucocorticoide 867 Hemmung 571 Induktion/Initiation 1149 Fas (CD95, Apo-1) 1116 Leberzellschädigung 1099 mitochondrialer Weg 226 Rezeptor-abhängiger 227 (F) Mitochondrien 203 p53-vermittelte 227 SIRT1 639 Pin1-Isomerase 303 Polyamine 462 Proteolyse, intrazelluläre 226 Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), Überpro duktion 323 Stress, zellulärer 323 TC-Zellen 1116 Telomerase, Funktionsverlust 236 Thalassämie 971 TNFR1-Rezeptorkomplex, Aktivierung 792 TNF-Rezeptor-Superfamilie 226 Virusfreisetzung 340 Virusinfektion 342 Zellkern, Schrumpfung 225 zelluläre Vorgänge 226 Apoptose-hemmende Gene, Vitamin E 694 Apoptose-Rezeptor, Fas (CD95, Apo-1) 1116 Apoptose-stimulierende Gene, Vitamin E 694 Apoptosomen 205 Appetit, Obestatin 886 Appetitzentrum, hypothalamisches, GLP APRE (Akutphase-responsives Element), Interleukin-6-Signaltransduktion 795 APS-Kinase, Sulfat, Aktivierung 941 APZ 7 Antigen-präsentierende Zellen Aquaporin 1, Henle-Schleife, dünne, absteigende 904

12 1174 Anhang Aquaporin 2 Nephronabschnitte 182 Signaltransduktion, Adiuretinab hängige 182 Aquaporin-2-Kanäle, Wasserdiffusion, transzelluläre 905 Aquaporin Aquaporine 12, 182, , 1075 Erythrozyten(membran) 12, 956 Gallebildung, Cholangiozyten 1098 Nierenepithelien 12 Arachidonsäure 34, 418, , 571 Immunantwort 1134 Arachidonsäurederivate 423 Arachidonyl-CoA 419, 420 (F) Biosynthese, Linoleyl-CoA 420 Arachnodaktylie, kongenitale kontrakturale 751 Arachnoidea 1026 ARAT (Acyl-CoA:Retinol Acyltransferase) Arbeit, Nahrungsenergie, absorbierte, Umwandlung Archäen 6 7 Archäen-Chaperonine 303 Architekturmotive, Proteinstrukturen 77 ARE-Bindeproteine 281 mrna-moleküle, Stabilität 280 Arenaviren 328 RNA-Genom 335 Arf (adenosyl ribosylation factor) Arf-G-Proteine Choleratoxinbindung 206 Plasmamembran 195 Arf-Proteine 192, 310 Arf-1-Protein 194 Arginase Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Leber 447 Defekt/Mangel 450 Mangan 673 Arginase I, Harnstoffzyklus 446 Arginin 45, 47, 49, Abbau 459, 942 Aminosäurestoffwechsel 432, 440, 451 Leber 447 Bedarf 439 Biosynthese Darm/Enterozyten 451 Bioynthese, Darm/Enterozyten 460 Harnstoffzyklus 446 (F), , 459 Harnstoffzyklusdefekte 450 NH 4 + -Stoffwechsel, Zonierung 449 Plasmakonzentration 445 Stoffwechsel Umwandlungsreaktionen 461 Argininosuccinat 443 Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Leber 447 Harnstoffzyklus 446 (F), 448 NH 4 + -Stoffwechsel, Zonierung 449 Argininosuccinatlyase Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Leber 447 Defekt 450 Citrullinäme Typ I 450 Harnstoffzyklus 446 Argininosuccinat-Synthetase Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Leber 447 Defekt 450 Harnstoffzyklus 446 Argininosuccinaturie 450 Argininreste Methylierung 273 N-terminale, Proteine 321 Arginin-Vasopressin (AVP) 890 ACTH-Sekretion 863 Nahrungsaufnahme, hemmende Wirkung 643 Arginin-Vasopressin-Neurophysin 845 Arginyl-tRNA 321 β-ark 806 ARNT (ARH nuclear translocator), Biotransformation 1092, 1093 (F) Aromatase 873, 877 Östrogene/Progesteron, Biosynthese Aromatasehemmer Anastrozol 134 Östrogensynthese 881 Arp2/3-Komplex Arrestine 686 Funktion 806 β 2 -Rezeptoren, adrenerge, G-Protein-gekoppelte 195 Arrhythmie, gap junction-defekte 186 Arrhythmien 800 Hyperkaliämie 930 ARS (autonomously replicating sequence) DNA-Replikation 230 Hefechromosomen, künstliche 243 ARS (utonomously replicating sequence), Hefechromosomen, künstliche 243, 243 (F) Arsen 656 arterielle Verschlüsse, t-pa, rekombinantes 988 Arteriolen afferente/efferente 897 Scherkräfte, hohe 980 Arteriosklerose AGE 394 Herzkranzgefäße 1016 metabolisches Syndrom 640 PPAR 649 Sitosterolämie 1077 arteriovenöse Differenzen, Hirnpassage 1024 Arteriviridae 328 Arterivirus 328 Arthropathie, Eisenablagerungen 666 Arylhydrocarbonrezeptor (ARH), Biotransformation 1092, 1093 (F) Arylsulfatase A, Defekte 200 Arzneimittel Lipidlöslichkeit 10 Resorptionsgeschwindigkeit 10 Arzneimittelallergie 1137 ASAT 7 Aspartat-Aminotransferase Ascorbat 7 Ascorbinsäure (Vitamin C) Ascorbinsäure (7a. Vitamin C) 111, 511 (F), 681, biochemische Funktion chemische Struktur 697 Coenzym 111 GLUT1 697 GLUT3 697 enzymatische Reaktionen 698 Hypovitaminose 699 Kollagenbiosynthese 699 Redoxpotential 697 Sauerstoffradikale 511 Speicherung in der Leber 1089 Standardpotential 103 Stoffwechsel 697 Synthese 542 Glucuronat/-Glucuronsäure Transporter 697 Tyrosinabbau 471 (F) Vorkommen 697 Zufuhr, tägliche 681 Ascorbyl-Radikal 697 Asialoglycoproteine, Zellen 1098 Asialoglycoprotein-Rezeptoren 319 Glycoproteine 548 Leber 1089 ASK (apoptosis signalling kinase) 772 Asn-X-Ser/Thr 546 Asparagin 28 (F), 45, 47, 439, 518 Aminosäuren, nicht essentielle, Stoffwechsel 440 Bedarf des Menschen 439 Stoffwechsel Stoffwechselbedeutung 455 Asparaginase 456 Leukämie, akute, lymphatische 456 Asparagin-Synthetase 456 Aspartat 45, 47, 49, 121, 432, , , 486 Abbau 454 Amino-/Carboxylgruppen, Dissozia tionsverhalten 50 Aminosäurestoffwechsel 432, 440 Bedarf des Menschen 439 Biosynthese 454 Darmschleimhaut 451 Harnstoffzyklus 446 (F), 448 Herkunft 447 isoelektrischer Punkt 49 NH 2 -Donor 454 NH 4 + -Stoffwechsel, Zonierung 449 pk-wert 49 Plasmakonzentration 445 Purinnucleotidzyklus 597 Pyrimidinbiosynthese 590 Resorption, tubuläre 906 Stoffwechselbedeutung Titrationskurve Aspartat-Aminotransferase (ASAT, AST, GOT) 111, 433, 454, 456 Cysteinabbau 465 (F) Harnstoffzyklus, Leber 447 kinetische Konstante 123 Mechanismus 434 Aspartat-Glutamat-Austausch, Harnstoffzyklus 448 Aspartat-Glutamat-Carrier 494 Aspartatpeptidase 315 Aspartatproteinase, Hemmstoffe, AIDS 315 Aspartat-Seitenkette, P-ATPasen 184 Aspartattranscarbamylase 594 Dihydroorotatbiosynthese 594 Aspartatzyklus 432 Aminosäurestoffwechsel, Leber 447 Fumarat 448 Transportproteine 494 Aspartylreste, Spaltung, Caspasen 320 Aspergillus-flavus-Toxin 7 Aflatoxin Aspirin Mucinproduktion, Hemmung 1067 Prostaglandinbiosynthese 424 Assemblierung, Kollagene 719 Assemblierungsmaschinerie 308 AST 7 Aspartat-Aminotransferase Astacine 317 Asthma bronchiale 830, 1137 Astrozyten Ammoniakvergiftung 454 Plexusendothel 1027 AT 1 (AT 2 -)Rezeptor 911 Ataxia/Ataxie Enzephalomyopathien, mitochon driale 512

13 Sachverzeichnis 1175 A B episodische 1032 Pyridoxinmangel 703 spinocerebelläre 1049 teleangiectatica (AT) 237 with Vitamin E Deficiency (AVED) 694 ATCase 594 ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase) knock-out 399 Nahrungskarenz 399 Atherocalcin 695 Atherosklerose 694 Atmung, herabgesetzte, CO 2 -Partialdruck 946 Atmungskette 203, 491 Elektronentransport Enzymkomplex 497 Fließgleichgewichtszustände 503 Glycerophosphatzyklus 498 Innenmembran, mitochondriale 204 Komplex I Komplex II Komplex III Komplex IV Multiproteinkomplexe 494 NADH 364 Protonentransport Thermogenin, Entkopplungsprotein Atmungskettenkomplexe 491 Atmungskettenphosphorylierung 106 Atmungskontrolle 503 ATP-Bildung 503 Entkoppler 503 Mitochondrienmembran, innere 503 Substratoxidation 503 Atovaquone 595 (F) 596 (F) Atox1, Kupfertransport 669 ATP7A (Menkes-Protein) 668 Aufbau 670 Defekte, genetische 670 ATP7B (Wilson-Protein) 668, 670 Defekte, genetische 670 Kupferüberschuss 669 Wilson-Syndrom ATP (Adenosintriphosphat) , 111, 144, 145 (F), 775 (F), 1037, 1044 ADP-Phosphorylierung 106 AMP-Biosynthese Bildung 380 Atmungskontrolle 503 F 1 /F 0 -ATP-Synthase 502 Glycolyse 362 Citratsynthase, Hemmung 485 Energiebilanz 632 Erythrozyten, Form 955 GMP-Biosynthese Hexokinase 112 Hydrolyse 104 Kontraktions-Relaxations-Vorgang (Muskelarbeit) Kreatinphosphorylierung 531 Mangel, Ammoniakvergiftung 454 Muskelkontraktion 531, 1010 Myokard 385 neuronale Aktivität 1024 Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) 388 Phosphorsäureanhydrid-Bindung 144 Querbrückenzyklus 1011 Synthese Amphetamine 634 Dinitrophenol 634 F 1 -F 0 -ATP-Synthase Koffein/Nikotin 634 zelluläre, Energieverbrauch 504 trna, Aminoacylierung 291 (F) 292 (F) Verbrauch 380 Salzsäureproduktion 1055 ZNS 1044 ATP/ADP-Quotient GLDH-Aktivität 457 Insulinsekretion, Glucosestimulierte 814 Verminderung 634 ATPasen 183 Adenylatcyclase, Inaktivierung 383 Magnesium 939 Myosin 1004 Querbrückenzyklus 1010 ATP-binding-cassette 184 ATP-Bindungsstelle, Öffnung, Quer brückenzyklus 1011 ATP-Citratlyase 486 ATP:Citrat-Lyase, Fettsäurebiosynthese 413 ATP-Citratlyase, Fettsäurebiosynthese 414, 519 ATP-Hydrolyse 179 Querbrückenzyklus 1010 ATP-Rezeptoren, trimere, P2X-Familie 1036 ATP-Sulfurylase, Sulfat, Aktivierung 941 ATP-Synthasen 183, 203, 501 Untereinheiten 501 ATP-Transporter, synaptische Vesikel 1035 Atractylis gummifera 493 Atraktylosid 493 AT-reiche Regionen Prokaryote, Transkription 258 Prokaryoten, Transkription 258 AT1-Rezeptoren, Angiotensin II-Wirkungen 911 AT2-Rezeptoren, Niere 911 atriales natriuretisches Peptid 7 ANP Atrogin Muskelaufbau/-abbau 1017 AUC (area under the curve), Blutglucoseverlauf 646 AUF1, mrna-stabilität 281 Auge, Störungen, Riboflavinmangel 700 AU-reiche Elemente 281 Aurora-Kinasen, Histonphosphorylierung/-dephosphorylierung 274 Außenmembran, Mitochondrien 203, 208 (F) Außenmembran-Vorläuferprotein 308 Austausch-Carrier, elektroneutrale Austrittstelle, Proteinbiosynthese, eukaryote, Elongation 296 Autoabgase, Cancerogenese Autoantikörper, Glutamatdecarboxy lase I 1041 Autoimmunerkrankungen 1106, 1138 Haut 753 Schilddrüse 860 β-zell-zerstörende, Typ-1-Diabetes mellitus 832 Autoimmunität 1138 Autokatalyse 133 autokrine Signaltransduktion 758 autokrine Stimulation Proliferation 1144 Thrombozyten 977 Autophagocytose, Lysosomen 200 Autophagosomen 200, 319 Bildung, Hydratation 1088 Elektronenmikroskopie 319 Transport, vesikulärer 191 Autophagozytose-Regulatorprotein (Apg) 319 Autophosphorylierung, Insulinrezeptor 820 Autoxidation 509 AVED (ataxia with vitamin E deficiency) 694 Avery, Oswald Theodore 147 Aviadenovirus 329 Avibirnavirus 329 Avidin, Biotinmangel 706 Avihepadnavirus 329 Avipoxviren 329 Avitaminose AVPV (anteroventraler periventrikulärer Nucleus) 872 Axone 1029 AMPA-Glutamatrezeptorvesikel 210 Mikrotubuli 208 Myelinscheide 1045 Wachstum, Aktin 214 axoplasmatischer Transport 209 Axotomie 1047 (5-)Aza-Cytosin DNA, Methylierungsmuster 272 Azathioprin, Transplantatabstoßung Azido-3 -deoxythymidin 7 Azido thymidin Azidose 18, 947 Biotinmangel 707 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerat 961 Coma diabeticum 833 Cytochrom-c-Oxidase, Hemmung 500 Diabetes mellitus 529 Kaliumausscheidung, renale 929 Lipolyse 529 metabolische 949 Basenüberschuss 944 Blutparameter 949 Glutaminverbrauch, renaler 444 NH 4 +, Produktion 908 ph-wert 949 respiratorische Blutparameter 949 Liquor-pH 1027 Azidothymidin (3-Azido-3 -deoxythymidin, AZT) 351 Azidothymidintriphosphat 351 (F) B 2B 1108 B7.1 (CD80) 1114 B7.2 (CD86) 1114 B7RP-1 Antigen-präsentierende Zellen 1113 B-Zell-Aktivierung 1125 BACE (beta-amyloid-precursorconverting-enzyme) 318 Bacillus anthracis 777 Bacteria 7 Bad 227 Bak 227 Bakterien 6 Colon 1076 extrazelluläre Fremdproteine, Produktion, inclusion bodies 243 Glycopeptidbiosynthese 595 gram-pos itive, Lipopolysaccharid 1105 Lipoteichonsäure 1105 intrazelluläre 214, 1134 Eliminierung, unspezifische 1135 Peptidoglykane 30 Plasmide 241 säurebildende, Karies 674 Bakterienabwehr Bakteriophagen, Restriktionsenzyme 244

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