Drugs and Drug Po Hey. The Control of Consciousness. Alteration. Second Edition. Clayton J. Mosher. Washington State University Vancouver

Transcription

1 Drugs and Drug Po Hey The Control of Consciousness Alteration Second Edition Clayton J. Mosher Washington State University Vancouver Scott M. Akins Oregon State University (DSAGE Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments xi xxiv 1. Drug Controversies and Demonization 1 Demonizing (Illegal) Drugs: The Social Construction of Drug "Epidemics" 3 Glue Sniffing 5 Marijuana 7 The Portrayal of Marijuana: 1800s to The Portrayal of Marijuana: 1960s to 1980s 12 The Portrayal of Marijuana: 1980 and Beyond 15 Crack Cocaine 24 Heroin 25 Ecstasy (MDMA) 26 Methamphetamine 31 Drug "Epidemics" of the 2000s and 2010s 39 Salvia Divinorum 39 Spice/K2 40 Bath Salts 41 Prescription Drugs (Synthetic Opiates) 42 Conclusion 43 Review Questions 44 Internet Exercises Theories of Drug Use 45 Nature Theories 46 Genetic/Biological Theories 47 Disease Theory 51 Psychological Theories 56 Sociological Theories 58 Differential Association, Social Learning, and Subcultural Learning Theories 58

3 Subcultural Learning Theories 62 Social Control/Bonding Theory 65 Lifecourse/Age-Graded Theory 67 Anomie/Strain Theories 69 Social Conflict Theory 73 Conclusion 76 Review Questions 78 Internet Exercises 78 Web Resources The Effects of Drugs: Part I 80 U.S. Legal Drug Schedules 89 Stimulants 90 Caffeine 90 "Energy" Drinks 92 Tobacco 94 Cocaine 97 Amphetamines 103 Bat/; Safe 107 Ritalin, Adderall, and Other ADD Prescription Drugs 108 Ecstasy 109 Depressants \\2 Alcohol \\2 Barbiturates \\S Benzodiazepines \\7 GHB U8 Inhalants \\9 Opiates l2l Morphine 123 Heroin 124 Codeine 127 Oxycodone 128 Nonopiate Analgesics 130 Review Questions 131 Internet Exercises The Effects of Drugs: Part II 133 Hallucinogens/Psychedelics I33 LSD I35 Psilocybin I39 Peyote and Mescaline 141 Salvia I44 DMT and Bufotenine I45 PCP and Ketamine I47 Marijuana I49 Spice/Synthetic Marijuana IS5

4 Antidepressant Drugs 157 Aphrodisiacs/Erectile Dysfunction Drugs 160 Steroids and Other Performance-Enhancing Drugs 165 Conclusion 173 Review Questions 175 Internet Exercise Patterns of Illegal Drug Use 177 Seif-Report Surveys 178 Monitoring the Future 180 Other Surveys on Adolescent Drug Use 183 The National Survey on Drug Use and Health 184 International Data on Adult Drug Use 185 World Drug Report 187 Data on Substance Use by Adult Offenders ADAM and I-ADAM 188 Drug Abuse Waming Network Statistics 190 Correlates of Illegal Drug Use 194 Age 194 Gender/Sex 199 Race/Ethnicity 203 Social Class 218 Rural/Urban Location 220 Conclusion 223 Review Questions 224 Internet Exercise Patterns of Legal Drug Use 225 Age 225 Use of Drugs by the Elderly 234 Gender/Sex 237 Race/Ethnicity 242 African Americans 245 Hispanics 247 American Indians/Native Americans 249 Asians and Pacific Islanders 251 Social Class 253 Geography and Rural/Urban. Location 258 Conclusion 262 Review Questions 263 Internet Exercises Drug Prevention Programs 265 Drug Education Programs 265 D.A.R.E. 266 Alternative Drug Education Programs 273 Antidrug Advertising Campaigns 276 Zero-Tolerance Policies 283

5 Drug Testing Policies 286 Schools 286 Drug Testing of Workers 291 Conclusion 297 Review Questions 299 Internet Exercises Drug Treatment 301 Pharmacological Treatment Approaches 303 Drug Agonists 305 Drug Antagonists 312 Residential Drug Treatment Programs 317 Therapeutic Communities 318 Compulsory Treatment Programs 322 Alcoholics Anonymous 332 The 12 Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous 338 Outpatient Drug Treatment 343 Conclusion 346 Review Questions 348 Internet Exercises Policies Regulating Legal Drugs, Part I: Alcohol and Tobacco 350 Tobacco 351 A Brief History of Tobacco Regulation 351 Bans on Smoking in Public Places 352 Restrictions on Advertising and Marketing of Tobacco Products 356 Taxes on Tobacco Products 357 The 1998 Tobacco Settlement and Antismoking Programs 361 International Tobacco Legislation 362 The Future of Tobacco Regulation 363 Alcohol 365 Temperance Movements and Prohibition in American History 365 Alcohol Regulation in the Current Era 369 Minimum Legal Drinking Age 371 Regulating Drinking on College Campuses 374 Drunk Driving Laws 377 Conclusion 386 Review Questions 389 Internet Exercise Policies Regulating Legal Drugs, Part II: Prescription and Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Herbai Supplements 391 Regulation of Pharmaceutical Products 392 Early Legislation 392 PDA Approval of Pharmaceutical Products 393

6 Regulating the Sale and Advertising of Prescription Drugs 401 Restricting the Sale of Canadian Pharmaceutical Products 401 Advertising Pharmaceutical Products 404 The Criminal Practices of Pharmaceutical Companies 408 The Political Economy of the Pharmaceutical Business 410 The Future of Prescription Drug Regulation? 412 The Regulation of Performance-Enhancing Drugs 415 The Rationale for Regulation 415 National Collegiate Athletic Association 417 International Olympic Committee 418 Professional Sports 425 Federal Government Regulation of Herbai and Dietary Supplements 434 Conclusion 435 Review Questions 438 Internet and Media Exercises Policies Regulating Illegal Drugs 440 Trends in Arrests and Incarceration 441 Racial and Class-Based Inequality in the Application of Drug Laws 446 "Crack Babies" 450 "C.R.A.C.K." 453 Mandatory Minimum Sentences 453 "School Zone" Policies 458 Public Housing Evictions 459 Denial of Weifare 460 Denial of Student Aid 461 Asset Forfeiture 462 Ecstasy and the RAVE Act 466 Methamphetamine Legislation 468 Marijuana Laws 470 Hemp 470 Medical Marijuana 471 The Recent War on Medical Marijuana 476 Marijuana Legalization Measures 477 Signs of Change? Recent Changes in State Drug Laws and Developments at the Federal Level 480 Conclusion 484 Review Questions 486 Internet Exercises Drug Policies in Other Countries and U.S. Influence 487 International Treaties 488

7 Countries With Severe Drug Policies 490 Russia 490 Asian and Middle Eastern Countries 491 Drug Policies in Western Countries 492 Australia 492 Sweden 494 Germany 494 Portugal 495 Spain 497 The Netherlands 497 Britain 499 Canada 503 American Influence and Intervention in Drug-Producing Countries 514 Certification Policies 517 Mexico and Other Central American Countries 518 Afghanistan 520 Conclusion 521 Review Questions 523 Internet Exercise 524 Glossary 525 Bibliography 531 Index 625 About the Authors 662