Technology, Security, and Conflict in the Cyber Age IGA-236M, Harvard Kennedy School January 2015 Faculty: Professor James Waldo

Transcription

1 Course Description: Technology, Security, and Conflict in the Cyber Age IGA-236M, Harvard Kennedy School January 2015 Faculty: Professor James Waldo In our information age security policy, strategy, and management face exceptional challenges. The increasing reliance of modern society on networked computer systems creates unprecedented vulnerabilities coupled with open and simple pathways to exploit those vulnerabilities. Powerful nations are forced to adapt to a shrinking margin of safety. Today no nation, agency, industry, or firm is isolated from the new methods of harm: cyberwar, cyberespionage, cyberterrorism, and cybercrime. Traditional strategies and approaches to security need revision to apply to a world where threats can propagate instantaneously and where the identity or location of an adversary may not be known. Despite the magnitude of the problem, the field of cybersecurity strategy, policy, and management remains incipient. This course seeks to equip students with the tools necessary to conceptualize the cyber issue, develop policies appropriate for its resolution, and frame strategy and action to address the emerging threats. To that end, the course has four principal objectives: develop students understanding of the technical rudiments of cyberspace explore the nature of emergent and future cyber threats evaluate strategies and policy responses to these threats build professional skills in group work, scenario assessment, and memo writing No computer science background is required: a core aim of the course is to make the related technology comprehensible to a layperson. Students with technical expertise may find the course useful in developing an understanding of key issues in the strategic management of cybersecurity for the organizations of industry and government. Requirements and Grading: 1. Class Participation: Every student is expected to be prepared for and attend every class. Participation is important; it will count for 30% of your overall grade 2. Individual Policy Papers and Briefs: There will be daily writing assignments, some of which are produced by each student. These papers will count for 20% of your overall grade 3. Group Policy Papers and Briefs: Some of the daily writing assignments will be given to groups of students, organized by the instructors. These papers will count for 20% of your overall grade 1

2 4. Final Group Project: On the last day of class, we will have a table-top simulation that will require a number of policy and position papers and briefings, all done as part of a group. This will count for 30% of the grade. Course Schedule (Note: Guest Speakers are Tentative and Subject to Change): Monday : Code as a Weapon 1.) United States. Executive Office of the President. Cyberspace Policy Review: Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communication Infrastructure. May ) Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council. Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, Preface and Synopsis. Available Online: 3.) Symantec. Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for Vol. 16 (April 2011). Report_04-11_HI-RES.pdf 4.) Ken Thompson. Reflections on Trusting Trust. Communication of the ACM (Aug. 1984): ) Janet Abbate. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge: MIT Press, Chapter 1: White Heat and Coldwar: The Origins and Meanings of Packet Switching, Chapter 2: Building the ARPANET: Challenges and Strategies, and Chapter 4: From ARPANET to Internet. 6.) Nicolas Falliere, Liam O Murchu, and Eric Chien. W32.Stuxnet Dossier, Version 1.4. February tuxnet_dossier.pdf 1.) Center for Strategic and International Studies. Securing Cyberspace for the 44 th Presidency. Dec

3 2.) W. Brian Arthur. Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, ) Susan Leigh Star. The Ethnography of Infrastructure. American Behavioral Scientist (1999) 43: ) Paul A. David. Clio and the Economics of QWERTY. The American Economic Review 75.2 (1985): Tuesday : A Networked World 1.) Steven M. Bellovin, Scott O. Bradner, Whitfield Diffie, Susan Landau, and Jennifer Rexford. Can It Really Work? Problems with Extending EINSTEIN 3 to Critical Infrastructure. Harvard National Security Journal. 3.1 (2011): _Bellovin_Bradner_Diffie_Landau_Rexford1.pdf 2.) Fred Schneider and Deirdre Mulligan. Doctrine for Cybersecurity. Daedalus. Fall 2011, ) Vivek Kundra. Federal Cloud Computing Strategy. Feb ; ) United States. Government Accountability Office (GAO). Information Security: Additional Guidance Needed to Address Cloud Computing Concerns. Oct ) Tyler Moore, Richard Clayton, and Ross Anderson. The Economics of Online Crime. Journal of Economic Perspectives (2009): ) J.H. Saltzer, D.P.Reed, and D.D. Clark. End-to-End Arguments in System Design. ACM Transactions in Computer Systems. 2.4 (Nov. 1984):

4 7.) David D. Clark and Marjory S. Blumenthal. Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End to End Arguments vs. the Brave New World. (2000). 1.) Scott D. Sagan. The Limits of Safety: Organizations, Accidents, and Nuclear Weapons. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, ) Charles Perrow. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1984/1999. Introduction, and Chapter 3: Complexity, Coupling, and Catastrophe. 3.) Charles Perrow. The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerability to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2007/ ) Philip Auerswald, et al. Seeds of Disaster, Roots of Response. Oxford UP: ) Langdon Winner. Complexity, Trust and Terror. NetFuture #137, October 22, Wednesday: Asymmetry and Authentication 1.) David D. Clark and Susan Landau. Untangling Attribution. National Security Journal (2011). 2.) Committee on Offensive Information Warfare, National Research Council. Technology, Policy, Law, and Ethics Regarding U.S. Acquisition and Use of Cyberattack Capabilities. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, Chapter 5: Perspectives on Cyberattack Outside National Security. 3.) Orin S. Kerr. Cybercrime's Scope: Interpreting 'Access' and 'Authorization' in Computer Misuse Statutes. New York University Law Review (2003). 4.) Steptoe Cyberblog. The Hackback Debate. Nov. 2,

5 5.) An Introduction to Cryptography. (1999). ftp://ftp.pgpi.org/pub/pgp/6.5/docs/english/introtocrypto.pdf 6.) Tor. Wikipedia. 1.) Butler Lampson, Martin Abadi, Michael Burrows, and Edward Wobber. Authentication in Distributed Systems: Theory and Practice. ACM Transactions in Computer Systems (Nov. 1992): Thursday : Cyberwar 1.) Richard Clarke and Robert Knake. Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It. Ecco, ) John Arquilla. Cyberwar Is Already Upon Us. Foreign Policy. March/April, ) United States. Department of Defense. Department of Defense Strategy for Operating in Cyberspace. July ) Joseph Nye. Nuclear Lessons for Cyber Security. Strategic Studies Quarterly Winter ) Thomas Rid. Cyber War Will Not Take Place. Journal of Strategic Studies. 35:1 (2012): ) David Sanger. Confront and Conceal: Obama s Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power. New York: Crown, Prologue and Chapter 8. 7.) Harold Koh. International Law in Cyberspace. USCYBERCOM Inter-Agency Legal Conference. Sept. 18,

6 1.) United States. Department of Defense. Department of Defense Cyberspace Policy Report. Nov %20Report_For%20webpage.pdf 2.) Bill Gertz. Computer-Based Attacks Emerge as Threat of Future, General Says. Washington Times. Sept. 3, ) Jack Goldsmith. Cybersecurity Treaties: A Skeptical View. Hoover Institution ) Thomas Mahnken. Why Cyberwar Isn t the Warfare You Should Worry About. Foreign Policy. July ) Committee on Deterring Cyberattacks, National Research Council. Proceedings of a Workshop on Deterring Cyberattacks: Informing Strategies and Developing Options for U.S. Policy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, ) Thomas Rid. Think Again: Cyberwar. Foreign Policy. March/April, Available Online: 7.) Michael N. Schmitt. Computer Network Attack and the Use of Force in International Law: Thoughts on a Normative Framework. Columbia Journal of Transportation Law. (1999). 8.) Kenneth Anderson. Readings: Harold Koh Lays Out US Government Position on Cyberspace and International Law. Lawfare. Sept. 19, ) Paul Rosenzweig. The Organization of the United States Government and Private Sector for Achieving Cyber Deterrence Draft. No assigned readings Friday : Table-Top Activity 6