The Multidimensional Brain

Transcription

1 The Multidimensional Brain Andreas Roepstorff Interacting Minds Centre Aarhus University

2 A difficult question

3 A difficult question How can water clear the brain?

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6 I am my brain is more than a metaphor, but less than an identity statement

7 I am my brain is more than a metaphor, but less than an identity statement We have a different brain today in that we think different of it

8 tive state in animals, which should was continued, a the rats were exposed b to an important o 5 rogress in animal-welfare studies. non-reinforced L tones that had frequencies Emma J. Hardi 4 ned rats to respond by pressing a intermediate between those of the two fooddelivery Michael Mend they heard a tone associated with a brief and comms noise-avoidance MH 15/1/04 tones. Ten 5:28 test Centre for Behav pm Page 2 ent (delivery of a 45-mg food pelrefrain from pressing the lever as a anticipation of these positive or negative Langford House, sessions were held to investigate the animals Clinical Veterina 2 1 id a negative event (an unpleasant events, as judged by their lever-press mike.men 0 ite noise) when they heard another response to these ambiguous tones. 1. MacLeod, A. K. & B the animals were able to score a c d (1996). The proportion of tones responded 5 to by 2. Gotlib, I. H. & Kras ponse to each tone more than 50% lever pressing brief (Fig. communications 1a) and the time 4 taken (1998). 3 e (binomial testing for three conaily 30-min sessions), they were to respond to the tones (mean response 3. Eysenck, M. W. et a 4. Wright, W. F. & Bo o either unpredictable housing, uces symptoms of a mild depresate 5,6,or to predictable housing. redictable housing, between zero gative interventions were made at mes on any one day for examge might be unfamiliar or tilted, contain a stranger of the same ometimes the light/dark cycle temporarily reversed or bedding THE IMAGE BANK / GETTY Per cent change in green matter 2 latencies; Fig. 1b) were calculated for each 1 Process 62, tone for synaptic each rat bulk on each and ofneurites, the test days. 0 or they 5. might Willner, P. Psychoph Analysis include of variance increased with repeated-measures 6. Zurita, A. et al. Beh cell genesis,for 1 example,of 22.1 brief comms MH 15/1/04 5:28 pm Page 1 glial or even neuronal cells Nielsen, B. L. Appl. (tone,test day) and a between-subjects.imaging factor Scan 1 Scan 8. results 2Fernandes, Scan 3 C. & Fi (housing) need revealed to be a compared housing tone with interaction (F 4,28 histological data (1996). brief communications Figure 1 Transient changes for 2.72,P 0.05). 9. Spruijt, B. M., van identification in brain structure induced while oflearning the to juggle. structural a c, Statistical basis parametric Behav. maps at Sci. showing 72, 145 t transient structural The changes Changes proportion in grey matter in for of grey the tones jugglers matter group responded compared induced with non-juggler to the microscopic level of temporary,trainingdependent by controls. 10.Berridge, training a, Sagittal K. view; C. & b, R c, axial with view. The a increase Newly lever honed in grey press juggling matter is skills by shown show individuals superimposed as a transient on a normalized feature kept on T1 a inbrain-imaging image. The left scan. side (L)(2003). of the brain A significant expansion Does in the grey structure matter of an was adult human found between performed when the they first had and become second skilled unpredictable scans in the mid-temporal area (hmt/ brain alter in response housing structural to environmen-indicatetal demands with Z 1,2? = Here 4.70; we use whole- changes performers (that is, when that they could sustain fewer in our brains. 11.Dawkins, M. S. in C (left: x, 43; y, 75; z, 2, right: x, 33; juggling y, 82; for at least z, 60 4, seconds). with A Z third = 4.09) scan and in the left posterior intraparietal s brain Bogdan magnetic-resonance Draganski*, imaging to was carried out Christian 3 months later; during the Gaser, including Humans lever presses visualize learning-induced were plasticity made in the in intervening response period, none of the to jugglers tones y, 66; z, 43 with Z brains = 4.57), of volunteers which who had have decreased learned to by practised the time or attempted of the to third extend scan. their skills Colour scale indicates University Z scores, which Press, corr B juggle. Volker We find that these Busch*, individuals show Gerhard for example, by learning Schuierer, a four-ball or a significance of frequency of the change. a transient d, and Relative close selective structural grey-matter to change that change reverse of cascade. in the the In peak fact, most food voxel subjects in were the tone left hmt for all Competing jugglers over financial the three tim in brain areas that are associated with the Ulrich Bogdahn*, Arne May* no longer fluent in three-ball cascade jug- box plot shows the standard processing and deviation, storage ofrange complex and visualthe gling mean by the for time each of the third time scan. point. structure contradicts the traditionally held NATURE VOL JANUARY human brain 3 5.To investigate this possibility, we divided a homogeneous group of motion. This discovery of a stimulus-dependent alteration in the brain s macroscopic sophisticated objective whole-brain tech- NATURE We used voxel-based morphometry, a *Department of Neurology, and Institute of VOL JA view 2004 that cortical plasticity Nature is associated Publishing nique, to investigate subtle, region-specific with changes in grey and Group white matter by averaging results across the volunteers. This functional rather than anatomical changes Neuroradiology, Nature Publishing Grou Animal studies indicate that experiencerelated changes may occur in mammalian dimensional magnetic-resonance imaging, University of Regensburg, method is based on high-resolution, three- brain structures, but so far there has been no registered in a common stereotactic space, evidence Regensburg of comparable alterations 93053, in the and Germany is designed to find significant regional differences by applying voxel-wise statistics in the context of gaussian random fields 6,7. THE IMAGE BANK / GETTY

9 u The network reality personal.anderso n.ucla.edu/ phillip.wool.2012/ research_networ ks.htm smax.com/ studio/? p=94 6

10 Liquid architectures in the brain Nearly all complex phenomena, but especially life itself, depend on both an architecture and a variability that are both rigorous and agile (Marcos Nowak) Vestergaard & Frandsen, CFIN

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12 Our practices shape who we are 8

13 Our practices shape who we are This affects the brain, functionally and structurally 8

14 Our practices shape who we are This affects the brain, functionally and structurally The brain is plastic 8

15 The ugly duckling effect M. Wallentin et al. / NeuroImage 58 (2011) intensity +SD Word number valence +SD Word number id: average intensity estimate (with standard deviations) across the story The Ugly Duckling by H.C. Andersen, obtained from 27 independent raters. Bottom) valence ined from 26 raters. Both estimates were used as independent variables in the fmri experiment in a search for the neural underpinnings of narrative emotion. Using tion analyses we were able to study the content of the most intense parts of the story (e.g. at word numbers 1289, 1651 and 3097). Wallentin et al, Neuroimage 2011 : 25 years, range: years). Each received a 100 DKK er hour for participation. Gender was not considered Wallentin, 2009). All participants reported having Danish imary language. All participants were right-handed as y the Edinburgh Inventory (Oldfield, 1971; score range e participant was excluded due to not performing above l søndag in the post den scanning 9. juni 13 memory test (see results in Memory would have to press a button four times whenever a voice, different from the one telling the story, uttered the Danish word nu (English: now ). Immediately after the scanning session, participants were taken out of the scanner and given the memory test again. All participants confirmed being able to hear the story during scanning. Structural scans were obtained at a subsequent scanning session. A 3 T General Electrics Medical Systems (Milwaukee, WI USA) MR 9

16 M. Wallentin et al. / NeuroImage 58 (2011) Heart rate variability coordinated with emo8onal intensity 970 M. Wallentin et al. / NeuroImage 58 (2011) A Fig. 3. Heart rate variability. Left-top: normalized median low frequency/high frequency power ratio across participants reflecting changes in sympathetic/parasympathetic neural bias (line) showing a clear correlation with intensity ratings across the story (dashed line). Left-bottom: an anti-correlation was observed for the valence regressor, suggesting that it was the negative parts of the story that were primarily associated with the physiological response. Right: intensity was also found to be correlated with LF/HF HRV ratio when analyzing each participant individually and conducting a random effects analysis across participants. Both valence measures revealed non-significant trends. **: P b were used to obtain continuous measures of experienced emotional intensity and valence while listening to The Ugly Duckling by H.C. Andersen. These measures were used to model both heart rate variability responses and the BOLD signal from the fmri study using the same story as stimulus. We found that intense parts of a story yielded comparable shifts in the low frequency/high frequency power B ratio in the HRV signal. These shifts are thought to reflect changes in the sympathetic and parasympathetic control of heart rate (Appelhans and Luecken, 2006; Berntson et al., 1997; Malik et al., 1996). This indicates Table 2 Intensity effects. Putative anatomical region Peak MNI Z-score C amygdala that intense parts of the narrative are accompanied by an increased sympathetic response. The negative correlation between our HRV measure and the valence regressor (see Fig. 3) seems to suggest that this primarily reflects the parts with negative emotions, but this may also be due to the fact that these were overall more intense than intensity the positive t(23) parts. The stronger correlation for the intensity measure supports an D 8 interpretation where it is intensity, regardless of valence, which causes arousal, as measured by changes in HRV. 6 We also found that intensity was accompanied by BOLD responses in thalamus the network of brain regions known to process conditioned 4 emotional responses from auditory stimuli (LeDoux, 2000, 2007). These regions 2 include temporal cortices, thalamus (medial geniculate nuclei) and amygdala. Our results therefore suggest that these structures may also 0 be involved in processing the emotional experiences evoked by stories. These findings are consistent with single word studies (see Introduction) and also corroborate findings from studies of narrative emotion of Positive Fig. effects 4. A) Positive of intensity whole brain effects (P-FDR b 0.05) of emotional intensity rendered on a standard brain; B) same effects displayed on a glass brain; C) sagittal slice (x: 24) displaying Inf. frontal right amygdala L BA 45activation; D) axial slice (z: 2) displaying 50, 24, bilateral 0 medial thalamus 4.53 activation. Brain ac8vity coordinated with emo8onal 10

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18 Cultural products, like literature, affect us and show discernible patterns on the brain and body 11

19 Cultural products, like literature, affect us and show discernible patterns on the brain and body They may integrate bodily processes, cognition and emotions 11

20 Cultural products, like literature, affect us and show discernible patterns on the brain and body They may integrate bodily processes, cognition and emotions They allow for coordination between people and within brains 11

21 Objects in Mind

22 Objects in Mind Build model of an idea - together or alone

23 Objects in Mind Build model of an idea - together or alone Rate your own and other people s objects in the scanner, look for stability and meaning

24 < SPM{T 23 } 10 My objects (meaning-related 15 task) PMresults:./level2/Task1_participation ight threshold T = {p<0.05 (FDR)} tent threshold k = 0 voxels Design matrix Left TPJ mpfc TPJ & mpfc: social 4 cognition/self 3 Precuneus: episodic memory, self awareness Tylen, Fusaroli,, Roepstorff in prep Precuneus

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26 Objects and people are intermeshed, in the world and in the brain

27 Objects and people are intermeshed, in the world and in the brain Patterns of practice creates meaning and significance

28 Social cognition in schizophrenia Still picture (5 sec.) Sincere movie clip (45 sec.) Is she happy to go to the lunch? Yes No Question (5 sec.) Was there a yellow blouse hanging on the hall stand? Bliksted et al in prep Simple sarcastic movie clip (33 sec.) No Question (5 sec.) Yes

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34 Figuring out what others are up to is not trivial 17

35 Figuring out what others are up to is not trivial Different pattern of brain processing in some disorders 17

36 Figuring out what others are up to is not trivial Different pattern of brain processing in some disorders Understanding differences may help diagnosis and treatment 17

37 Nature - Culture

38 Brain Nature - Culture

39 Nature Brain - Culture

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41 The way we think about ourselves affects how we think of our brain

42 The way we think about ourselves affects how we think of our brain What we know about our brain affects what we know of ourselves

43 The way we think about ourselves affects how we think of our brain What we know about our brain affects what we know of ourselves The brain is multidimensional, investigating it requires competences at many levels

44 The way we think about ourselves affects how we think of our brain What we know about our brain affects what we know of ourselves The brain is multidimensional, investigating it requires competences at many levels What you ask is what you get

45 The way we think about ourselves affects how we think of our brain What we know about our brain affects what we know of ourselves The brain is multidimensional, investigating it requires competences at many levels What you ask is what you get interdisciplinary research is key!!!

46 Acknowledgements Vibeke Bliksted, Chris Frith, Riccardo Fusaroli, Kristian Tylen, Mikkel Wallentin