a Radio Antenna Array for the Tunka Experiment

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1 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany Helmholtz Russian Joint Research Group Measurements of Gamma Rays and Charged Cosmic Rays in the Tunka-Valley in Siberia by Innovative New Technologies Tunka-Rex: a Radio Antenna Array for the Tunka Experiment Frank G. Schröder, D. Besson, N. M. Budnev, O. A. Gress, A. Haungs, Y. Kazarina, M. Kleifges, A. Konstantinov, E. E. Korosteleva, O. Krömer, L. A. Kuzmichev, R. R. Mirgazov, A. Pankov, V. V. Prosin, G. I. Rubtsov, C. Rühle, V. Savinov, J. Stockham, M. Stockham, E. Svetnitsky, R. Wischnewski, A. Zagorodnikov Bildquelle: Wikimedia Tunka Irkutsk KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

2 Tunka Tunka-133 main detector 1 km² photomultiplier array for air-cherenkov light 133 PMTs, for < 50, non-imaging cosmic rays up-to energies of about ev Extensions outer satellite stations for extended area (CR) HiScore Engineering Array for gamma astronomy Tunka-Radio-Extension (Tunka-Rex) Further plans Scintillator array Fluorescence telescope HRJRG-303 starting June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

3 Helmholtz Russia Joint Research Group HRJRG-303 Measurements of Gamma Rays and Cosmic Rays in the Tunka-Valley in Siberia by innovative new technologies Low energy (GeV / TeV / PeV): High energy CR (PeV - EeV): HRJRG-303: Resolve open questions of cosmic rays with innovative methods Cherenkov Radio Cherenkov light cone HiSCORE Tunka-Rex 3 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

4 Motivation for Tunka-Rex Existing Tunka infrastructure radio quite site established experiment with working DAQ world-unique air-cherenkov array for UHECR Main goal: Cross-calibration of radio + air-cherenkov feasibility of joint operation and analysis determine radio energy precision determine radio X max precision 4 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

5 Tunka-133 location Irkutsk Bildquelle: Wikimedia 5 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

6 Layout of Tunka experiment ~ 1 km Tunka Collaboration 6 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

7 Tunka-133 energy spectrum Tunka-133 energy resolution: 15 % Tunka Collaboration, RICAP 2011, NIM A, in press 7 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

8 Tunka-133 X max Tunka-133 X max precision: 25 g/cm² Tunka Collaboration, RICAP 2011, NIM A, in press 8 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

9 Tunka-Rex map: planned layout Tunka PMT Tunka-Rex antenna central DAQ building y [m] x [m] 9 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

10 Tunka-Rex (prototype antenna of 2009) June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

11 Technical Data Trigger and DAQ Antennas: number type Tunka-Rex Tunka-133 (PMTs) (2 channels each) SALLA Alignment EW + NS, or rotated by 45? Spacing Area Frequency band Sampling: rate trace length ~ 200 m 1 km² + option for outer stations MHz 200 MHz 1024 samples ( 5 µs) Approx. cost per antenna ~ 0.5 k Analysis software Estimated energy range Offline (with kind permission by the Pierre Auger Collaboration) ev June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

12 Antenna type (personal opinion) SALLA + cheap and simple + stable + low dependency on ground conditions - low gain and SNR higher accuracy for radio amplitude, but lower statistics SALLA, picture from LOPES, NIM A 630 (2011) Butterfly, picture from CODALEMA, NIM A, DOI: /j.nima Butterfly + relatively cheap and simple + high gain and SNR - gain depends on ground conditions higher statistics, but lower accuracy, if ground conditions are not monitored High accuracy more important for Tunka-Rex goals SALLA June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

13 Tunka radio background spectrum with prototype antenna, uncalibrated June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

14 Tunka radio event (with first antenna) about 70 radio candidate events in first year June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

15 Tunka-Rex goals Radio-Cherenkov hybrid measurements estimate: a few 100 events per year cross-calibration of radio and Cherenkov signal Technical goals mounting this summer and demonstrate that Tunka-Rex works show that the radio technique can be cost-effective enhance effective Tunka duty-cycle by a factor of 10 for high energies, by triggering with planned scintillator extension Most important physics goals lateral distribution up-to large distances (~ 1 km) determine radio precision for energy and X max complementary to other radio experiments, e.g., AERA June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

16 Other radio activities at Tunka site: LPDAs by D. Besson et al June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

17 Summary Tunka = air-shower array in Siberia non-imaging photomultipliers for air-cherenkov light energy range ~ ev Tunka-Rex = Tunka Radio Extension SALLAs connected to Tunka-DAQ start in autumn 2012 world-wide first radio-cherenkov hybrid measurements Main technical and physics goals Is the X max resolution of radio sufficient for CR physics? Are large-scale radio arrays feasible for a reasonable price? June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

18 18 22 June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

19 Backup: SALLA LOPES Collaboration, NIM A 630 (2011) and O. Krömer, et al., Proc. 31th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Lodz (2009) # June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex frank.schroeder@kit.edu

20 Tunka-133 Layout June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

21 Backup: LPDA standing wave ratio June 2012, ARENA, Erlangen Tunka-Rex

arxiv:1508.06211v2 [astro-ph.im] 4 Sep 2015

The Tunka Radio Extension: reconstruction of energy and shower maximum of the first year data arxiv:1508.06211v2 [astro-ph.im] 4 Sep 2015 1, P.A. Bezyazeekov 2, N.M. Budnev 2, O.A. Gress 2, A. Haungs 1,