Fire and oak regeneration research. Jeffrey S. Ward Department of Forestry & Horticulture CT Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT
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1 Fire and oak regeneration research Jeffrey S. Ward Department of Forestry & Horticulture CT Agricultural Experiment Station New Haven, CT
2 Thank you
3 Overview Short history of fire in Northeast An unplanned experiment Prescribed burning in shelterwoods Fire / stand structure interactions
4
5 New England and New York 1880 does not include CT, NH, and RI 200,000 Acres burned each year 150, ,000 50, Period
6 Devastating early fires Charred red maple East Hartford 1905
7 Causes of early fires Forest pasture Railroad fires
8 Annual acres burned (thousand) Fire rotation (years)
9 Acres (thousands) 2000 Connecticut s forest is changing Miscellaneous Northern hardwood 500 Conifer 250 Oak Year
10 The abundance of mature oaks in the current Connecticut forest is due, in part, to a history of periodic burning and short rotation clearcutting prior to 1920.
11 The Challenge Oak regeneration on better quality sites is often hampered by taller red maple and birch that develop in earlier phases of stand management, especially thinning and selection harvests. How could fire help?
12 Oak Maple Birch Birch Oak Maple Birch Oak JP Maple
13 Overview Short history of fire in Northeast An unplanned experiment Prescribed burning in shelterwoods Fire / stand structure interactions
14 Old-Series Plots ( ) An unplanned experiment 1932 wildfire
15 1 Rod (5.03 m) 2 Chains (20.11 m)
16 Disturbance Histories Meshomasic plots Moderate to severe defoliation between stand ages Turkey Hill - unburned section Light defoliation between ages Turkey Hill - burned section Summer fire at stand age 32 Light defoliation between ages 61-81
17 Gypsy moth defoliations
18 Upper canopy decline or mortality New regeneration
19 Oak density (stems/ha) Oak OAK (Quercus) Single Multi Fire Gleason was right Different responses to disturbance has lead to different communities Year of survey Maple density (stems/ha) MAPLE (Acer) Maple Single Multi Fire Birch density (stems/ha) BIRCH (Betula) Birch Single Multi Fire Year of survey Year of survey
20 General observations Burning increased oak Repeated defoliation favored black birch Minor defoliation favored red maple Ingrowth composition is influenced by disturbance type
21 Overview Short history of fire in Northeast An unplanned experiment Prescribed burning in shelterwoods Fire / stand structure interactions
22 Shelterwood burns Pilot Fuel modeling
23 Shelterwood Hot fire Increased oak Medium fire Shelterwood Some oak Cool fire No shelterwood No oak
24 Brose and Van Lear Virginia Spring burning Central Virginia Oak Maple Mortality (%) Low MedLow MedHigh High Fire intensity
25 How could fire influence species composition? Top-kill rates vary by species Resprouting rates vary by species Resprout height growth varies by species Post-fire seed input
26 Overview Short history of fire in Northeast An unplanned experiment Prescribed burning in shelterwoods Fire / stand structure interactions
27 Other studies Fire/fuel effects
28 Stand structure of burns Clearcuts (4) Shelterwoods (2) Mt. laurel understory (3)
29 3-8 quincunx arrays per site 15 m (~50 ft) spacing
30 Temperature ( o F) Fire intensity Lyme clearcut (Array C) SE SW NW NE Cen Minutes
31 Fire survival sampling All stems > 2.5 dbh (6 cm dbh) All stems > 4.5 ft tall (140 cm)
32 Girdling greater for smaller stems 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 4.5' 5.0' 5.5' 6.0' 0.5" 1" 2" 3" 4" 6" 8" 10" Proportion within size class 12" Girdling > < Height Dbh
33 Top-Kill Analysis (90% girdled) Logistic model: Top-Kill (%) = e x / (1+e x ) No difference among Acer, Quercus, Betula, Other tree, and Kalmia species groups. Stand structure, maximum temperature, and initial size were significant factors.
34 Top-kill increased with temperature 100% SHELTERWOOD, NO MOUNTAIN LAUREL TOP-KILL (> 90% GIRDLED) 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 572 F (300 C) 392 F (200 C) 212 F (100 C) 140 F (60 C) DBH (inches) Ht PsDbh
35 Top-kill differed by stand structure (> L IL 100% 80% ) D E L D IR G 60% % 0 9 Ḵ P O T 40% 20% 100 C (212 F) - MODERATE INTENSITY Mt. LAUREL UNDERSTORY CLEARCUT SHELTERWOOD 0% DBH (CM)
36 New sprouts
37 Advanced regeneration is key for Red Maple and Oak
38 Sprouting differed by species group Top-killed stems with new sprouts 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Proportion new new sprouts Oak Maple Birch 0% <160 cm tall >160 cm tall cm dbh cm dbh Pre-burn size class cm dbh >= 10.0 cm dbh
39 Fires area a deer magnet
40 Overwhelming vegetation in clearcut burn
41 NUMBER OF NEW SPROUTS A B B BC C D Red maples had more sprouts than oak (though oak had plenty) 0 BIRCH OAK OTHER SHRUB MAPLE Mt.LAUREL SPECIES GROUP 80 Height of oak and maple sprouts did not differ HEIGHT OF TALLEST NEW SPROUT (CM) A A B B B B 0 BIRCH Mt.LAUREL OTHER OAK MAPLE SHRUB SPECIES GROUP
42 Overview Short history of fire in Northeast Long-term impact of 1932 wildfire Prescribed burning in shelterwoods Fire / stand structure interactions
43 Summary 1. Fire can have a profound, long-term influence on species composition. 2. Intensity and timing are important. 3. Larger stems more resistant to fire
44 Stand structure is important Clearcuts Mt. laurel understory Low success if: No oak regeneration to start Overstory removal is delayed Heavy fern cover Shelterwoods
45 Consider burning in young clearcuts
46 Oak Maple Birch Birch Oak Maple Birch Oak JP Maple
47 Oak Maple Birch Birch Oak Maple Birch Oak Maple Height of new sprouts similar, Oaks are now free-to-grow Root/shoot
48 Oak Maple Oak Birch Maple Oak Maple Free-to-grow oak seedlings have a better chance of persisting through canopy closure, and therefore, form part of the mature stand
49 Fire - alternative 1 st step for invasives 60% Brushsaw Clump mortality through July % 20% Drum chopper Prescribed fire 0% < 3ft 3-4ft 4-5 ft 5-6 ft >6 ft Initial clump size (feet) 100% top kill
50 Fuel modeling/fire behavior Acknowledgements Division of Forestry Connecticut DEEP Partial Funding: Joint Fire Science Program McIntire-Stennis Program Patrick Brose & Thomas Schuler Northeastern Research Station USDA Forest Service
51 Jeff Ward - CAES (203) jeffrey.ward@ct.gov
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