Inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings

Transcription

1 Master thesis Inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings Author: Advisors: J.J. Blok prof. dr. ir. J.L.M Hensen dr. ir. M.G.L.C. Loomans ir. ing. G. Boxem Department of the Built Environment Masterprogram Architecture Building and Planning October 2013

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3 SUMMARY 1. Renovation to passive houses - Investigation of the air quality and thermal comfort in a case study in the Netherlands Renovation of the older housing stock to passive houses is a way to reduce the energy use for space heating. However, the goal of reducing energy should not adversely affect the health and comfort of the people in a dwelling. Therefore the research question for this paper is: How perform inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings on thermal comfort and indoor air quality, while the investigated dwellings were given extra attention with respect to the mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR)-system to avoid known causes of malfunctioning? For this research ten inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings in Roosendaal were monitored. In this paper the monitoring results of the January-May period were used. The monitored dwellings consist of two types, type 505 and type 506. Five houses of each type were monitored. The indoor air quality was assessed using the performance indicator CO 2 - concentration with target value <1200ppm. The thermal comfort was assessed on: percentage people dissatisfied in the adaptable temperature graph for residential buildings with target value PPD < 10%, relative humidity with target value 30 to 60%, mechanical ventilation air supply temperature with target value >17 C. The results show that the CO 2 -concentration is regularly above 1200ppm in the living room and the two largest bedrooms. This indicates that other substances can also accumulate in the indoor environment. The indoor air temperature in the living room was most of the time within the comfort boundaries of 10% PPD, but in the two largest bedrooms the air temperature was often above the upper boundary of 10% PPD. Also several occupants complained about too high temperatures in their bedroom and a dry throat when they slept. The relative humidity as measured was often low in the dwellings in the period January-April. The higher temperatures in the bedrooms after renovation caused lower relative humidity s. In the dwellings of type 505 the mechanical ventilation supply air temperature was often below 17 C. Because the air heater on the ventilation supply air, was not on by default, when the central heating was on. Besides this, in the type 505 houses it was found that the frost heater to prevent ice formation on the heat recovery part, was not entered into the ventilation unit. 2. Verifying simulation with measured values of actual inhabited terraced passive dwelling - Sensitivity of building and user parameters on energy use The residential building sector has large potential for saving energy on space heating. Especially on the older, less insulated residential buildings. A way to reduce the energy use, is renovation to passive houses. In this study was investigated the sensitivity of building and user parameters on the energy use for space heating in a passive house renovated terraced dwelling. For this purpose were measurement results compared with simulation results. This was done for checking to what extend it is possible to predict an actual inhabited dwelling by simulation. The comparison was done on energy use for space heating and indoor air temperatures. This was done for three dwellings. Besides this, there were hand calculation performed to gain an insight into the size of the different heat flows in a terraced passive house. Finally, a rough sensitivity analyses was carried out on several building and user parameters. The inaccuracy in the measurement result showed that a comparison between measured and simulation results was limited, certainly when also the deviations and simplifications of the model were taken into account. Because of this, was only checked whether tendencies were the same. This meant that the sensitivity analysis could also only give an indication of what parameters were relatively sensitive. Before the simulations were performed hand calculation were carried out to have an indication of the size of several heat flows. The hand calculations and the help of a heat balance showed that the following heat loss items were relatively large: Infiltration, ventilation via openable parts, glazing and frame, ventilation due to an unbalanced ventilation system. Besides these items, the heat loss or heat gain via the partition walls could be large. The measured and simulated energy use for space heating in dwelling H0300 and H0700 had the same tendency in the several months, but the deviation between the simulated and measured energy use for space heating in H0500 was large. The measured air temperatures and simulated air and surface temperatures showed a reasonable agreement for the ground floors, but the deviations on the first floors were larger. The sensitivity analyses showed that the user parameters window use, thermostat set point, and set point of the ventilation system could have a large influence on the energy use for space heating. Of less importance were electricity use and infiltration, but their influence was still relatively large.

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5 CONTENT Renovation to passive houses Investigation of the air quality and thermal comfort in a case study in the Netherlands Page ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY Preparation Measuring Analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Indoor air quality Thermal comfort OVERALL DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES 13. APPENDIX A - Overview case study and floor plans 14. APPENDIX B - Schemes systems and measurement schemes monitored dwellings 24. APPENDIX C - Accuracy, calibration and control accuracy measurement tools 31. APPENDIX D - Measurement results 42. APPENDIX E - Interview 44.

6 Verifying simulation with measured values of actual inhabited terraced passive dwelling Sensitivity of building and user parameters on energy use Page ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODOLOGY Part 1: Preparation Part 2: Comparison measurement and simulation results Part 3: Sensitivity analysis RESULTS Comparison measurement and simulation results Sensitivity analysis DISCUSSION Comparison measurement and simulation results Sensitivity analysis CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES 10. APPENDIX A - Model H APPENDIX B - Model information and results of H0500 and H APPENDIX C - Hand calculations 39. APPENDIX D - Remaining simulation results of H

7 Renovation to passive houses Investigation of the air quality and thermal comfort in a case study in the Netherlands J.J. Blok Building Physics and Services, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands ABSTRACT Renovation of the older housing stock to passive houses is a way to reduce the energy use for space heating. However, the goal of reducing energy should not adversely affect the health and comfort of the people in a dwelling. Therefore the research question for this paper is: How perform inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings on thermal comfort and indoor air quality, while the investigated dwellings were given extra attention with respect to the mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR)-system to avoid known causes of malfunctioning? For this research ten inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings in Roosendaal were monitored. In this paper the monitoring results of the January-May period were used. The monitored dwellings consist of two types, type 505 and type 506. Five houses of each type were monitored. The indoor air quality was assessed using the performance indicator CO 2 -concentration with target value <1200ppm. The thermal comfort was assessed on: percentage people dissatisfied in the adaptable temperature graph for residential buildings with target value PPD < 10%, relative humidity with target value 30 to 60%, mechanical ventilation air supply temperature with target value >17 C. The results show that the CO 2 -concentration is regularly above 1200ppm in the living room and the two largest bedrooms. This indicates that other substances can also accumulate in the indoor environment. The indoor air temperature in the living room was most of the time within the comfort boundaries of 10% PPD, but in the two largest bedrooms the air temperature was often above the upper boundary of 10% PPD. Also several occupants complained about too high temperatures in their bedroom and a dry throat when they slept. The relative humidity as measured was often low in the dwellings in the period January-April. The higher temperatures in the bedrooms after renovation caused lower relative humidity s. In the dwellings of type 505 the mechanical ventilation supply air temperature was often below 17 C. Because the air heater on the ventilation supply air, was not on by default, when the central heating was on. Besides this, in the type 505 houses it was found that the frost heater to prevent ice formation on the heat recovery part, was not entered into the ventilation unit. KEYWORDS: passive house renovation, monitoring, indoor air quality, thermal comfort 1. INTRODUCTION After the second world war, a large number of terraced dwellings were built in the Netherlands, which have a high energy consumption for space heating, especially because of the poor insulated building shell. At this moment there still exists terraced dwellings from the period [1]. A possible method to decrease the heat loss of such dwellings is renovation to passive houses. The philosophy behind the passive house concept is: decreasing the heat loss and optimizing the heat gains by passive measures. The main differences between passive houses and traditional renovations are better air tightness of around n h -1 and a well insulated building shell of ±R c =10 m 2 K/W. The Dutch building code (2003) requires an insulation value of the building shell of Rc>2.5 m 2 K/W and an n 50 value of about 8 for dwellings and advices an n 50 value of 2-3 for dwellings with mechanical air supply in NEN 2687[2]. However, the air tightness of the building shell in a passive house desires a reliable and robust ventilation system, which provides a good indoor air quality and maintains this on the long term. In the Netherlands some skepticism exist about the performance of the MVHR-systems, because several studies [3,4,5,6,7,8] showed that the inlet and outlet flows of the ventilation system are often too low in comparison to the minimum ventilation 1

8 capacity requirements of the Dutch building code. The mentioned studies showed that in the investigated dwellings, with a balanced ventilation system, in 31 to 85% of the cases the supply flow in the highest set point of the ventilation system, in one or more rooms does not satisfy the minimum ventilation capacity requirements of the Dutch building code. In 42 to 85% this is the case for the exhaust flow capacities. Besides this, another concern in passive houses is the thermal comfort, because the central heat recovery on the ventilation air decreases the differences in air temperature between rooms. In this way an acceptable air temperature in the living room can cause higher temperatures in the bedrooms than before renovation. The very well insulated building shell also gives a larger risk of overheating in summer, but this is outside the scope of this study. The information above leads to the following research question: How perform inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings on thermal comfort and indoor air quality, while the investigated dwellings were given extra attention with respect to the mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR)-system to avoid known causes of malfunctioning. The case study for this research consists of ten dwellings, which were spread over the district Kroeven in Roosendaal. In this district were 248 terraced dwellings renovated to passive houses in The houses were renovated in two different ways. The differences were in the building shell, and heating system and ventilation system. Of each renovation type, five houses are monitored. This research covered a measurement period of January till May. 2. METHODOLOGY The procedure for the investigation of the indoor air quality and thermal comfort is described in a flowchart (Figure 1) and consists of three parts: preparation, measuring, and analyzing. In the preparation phase the performance indicators, target values, and assessment methods were chosen for indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort. In the measuring phase data was collected in the case study by measurements and a short structured interview. In the analyzing phase the gathered data was compared with the earlier stated target values. When a target value was met, no further research was done, but when a target value was not met, the possible causes were investigated. Possible causes were obtained from literature and experience gained during the case study visits. Figure 1 - Flowchart of the investigation procedure. 2.1 Preparation: Performance indicators, target values and measured influencing parameters The CO 2 -concentration was chosen as a performance indicator for IAQ. The CO 2 -concentration is a useful indicator for the IAQ when people are the main air pollution source in the assessed room[9]. When the CO 2 -concentration is high, then other substances can also accumulate in the indoor environment. The health based guideline value for CO 2 -concentration in dwellings is a CO 2 - concentration between 800 and 1200ppm [10]. Based on this information, the target value for this study was a CO 2 -concentration below 1200ppm for an acceptable IAQ. For the thermal comfort was used the adaptable temperature limits (ATG-graph) for residential building of Peeters et al. [11] with the performance indicator percentage people dissatisfied (PPD) and a target value of 10%. A requirement of the passive house institute for thermal comfort is that the indoor air temperature has to be <10% per year >25 C, but this requirement is not used for the colder period of January-May which was investigated in this study. 2

9 The relative humidity is closely related to the indoor air temperature and was therefore also used as a performance indicator. Higher indoor air temperatures decreases the relative humidity. For this study the acceptable indoor relative humidity range was 30 to 60%, based on literature [12,13,14]. Finally the thermal comfort was assessed on the performance indicator air supply temperature of the ventilation system. The target value for the supply air temperature must be above 17 C. This is a requirement of the Passive House Institute. 2.2 Measuring: Case study In the case study several parameters were measured. The investigated parameters, which influence the IAQ were: use of the set points of the ventilation system, supply and exhaust flows in each set point of the ventilation system, window/door use, air tightness, designed ventilation flows and minimum ventilation capacity requirements of the Dutch building code. The use of the ventilations system s set points was determined from the measured electricity use of the ventilation unit. The measurement scheme in Table 1 shows where windows/doors were monitored and where the CO 2 - concentration was measured in the dwellings. Besides the parameters stated above, the extra measured parameters in the period January-May for the thermal comfort were: air temperature and relative humidity. The measurement scheme in Table 1, also shows where the air temperature and relative humidity were measured. All the output of the sensors was logged every 3 minutes. Further a weather station logged the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation every 10 minutes on a roof of an apartment building in the district Kroeven. Additional information about the building shell, ventilation system and heating system is also included in Table 1. A whole overview of the monitored dwellings and floor plans can be found in Appendix A. A scheme of the systems and measurement schemes of the monitored dwellings can be found in Appendix B. Table 1 Characteristics of the two types of dwellings in Roosendaal giving information about the building shell, ventilation system, boiler, place radiators/convectors. Type 505 Type 506 ID numbers H0100,H0200,H0400,H0600,H01000 monitored dwellings Building shell Rc façade and roof ±10 m 2 K/W (Leijzer,M., 2010) Ventilation system H0300,H0500,H0700,H0800,H0900 Triple glazing Renovent HR medium, Brink Climate WHR 930 luxe, J.E. StorkAir systems Max. capacity 300 m 3 /h Max. capacity 350 m 3 /h Rc façade and roof nearly 9 m2k/w, Rc opaque windows 9,33-9,61 m2k/w (Leijzer,M., 2010) 3

10 100% bypass Electronic frost protection for heat recovery part Metal main duct with branches Radial duct system (own duct from every inlet/ outlet in room to air distribution box) Round metal ducts: diameter 160mm Round flexible ducts: diameter 80mm Ventilation rate adjustment at the inlet/outlet valves Ventilation rate adjustment with straws in air distribution box Fresh air is supplied in the living room, the bedrooms and the attic. Air is extracted from the kitchen, toilet, bathroom and attic. Boiler Intergas Kompakt Solo HRE 12 Intergas Kombi Kompact HRE 24/18 Convector/ radiators -One radiator in living room -One radiator in each bedroom -One radiator in living room -One radiator in each bedroom -One radiator in the bathroom Air heating Occupants can choose through a button on the thermostat if they want also air heating besides heating by radiators. Air is heated before it is distributed through the house. When air heating is on, the supply air temperature is between 20 and 45 C. Always air heating besides heating by radiators when central heating is on. Air is heated before it is distributed through the house. When air heating is on, the supply air temperature is between 25 and 45 C. Besides the measurements, a short structured interview was also done with the residents of the investigated dwellings. This interview was done to get more information about the household besides what was measured, and to check the measured data with the information given by the occupants. The interview can be found in Appendix E. 2.3 Analysis To know whether the target value for the CO 2 -concentration was exceeded in the living room and in the two largest bedrooms in every house, the average hours per day that the CO 2 -concentration was above 1200 ppm was determined for the period of January-May. When it was shown that the CO 2 - concentration was not always below 1200 ppm, the possible causes such as supply flow, number of people in the room, air tightness, average window use in that room, persons sleeping in bedrooms, were placed besides the average hours per day that the CO 2 -concentration was above 1200 ppm. The average supply flow in the room per month was derived from the use of the three set points of the mechanical ventilation system, and the measured flows in each set point in the rooms. Thereafter was checked whether the supply flow in combination with the number of people in a room could predict the real occurring equilibrium CO 2 -concentration. When a homogeneous air distribution is assumed, windows and doors are closed, a known number of people is in the room and the air change rate of that room is constant, this will result in an equilibrium concentration, which can be written with the following formula [15]: Where: C in = CO 2 production rate[m 3 /h] C = 10 +C (Equation 1) Q v = Ventilation flow rate [m 3 /h] C b = Background concentration [ppm] The measured equilibrium CO 2 -concentration in the rooms was determined in the period January when windows were closed. Finally it was checked to see whether dirty filters decreased the ventilation flow as a possible cause for lower supply flows than designed. For this investigation seven polluted filter sets were used. 4

11 These polluted filters were given by a maintenance company of the district Kroeven in Roosendaal. It is not known how long these filters were in the ventilation units. Besides this, two new filter sets were used as a reference. The measurement set up is given in Figure 1 in Appendix D. In this test setup, one duct was for the total air supply into the house and one for the total exhaust air out of the house. When another filter set was placed, both valves were measured three times and these three values were averaged. As mentioned earlier, the thermal comfort was assessed with the ATG-graph for residential buildings where the indoor air temperature of a room is placed against the mean outdoor temperature. The mean outdoor temperature is determined with the formula[11]: T, = (... ). (Equation 2) To know whether the target value of 10% PPD for the thermal comfort was exceeded in the living room and in the two largest bedrooms in every house, the hours that the temperature was below and above the comfort boundaries were counted every month. The same was done for the RH boundaries of 30 and 60 percent. For this purpose the hours that the relative humidity was below 30% or above 60% were counted. For the supply air temperature of the mechanical ventilation system, how many hours the air temperature was below 17 C in every month was counted. This temperature was measured after the air heater. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this part the results of the analysis for IAQ and thermal comfort are shown. The results are provided with a discussion. The inaccuracy of the presented values are presented in Appendix C. First is described whether the target value for IAQ was met, when this was not the case, also the possible causes for not meeting the target values are described. The same was done for the thermal comfort. First is determined whether a target value was met, when this was not the case the possible causes are described. 3.1 Indoor air quality The average hours per day that the CO 2 -concentration was above 1200ppm in the period January- May is given in the stacked bars in Figure 2 and 3 for the living rooms and the used bedrooms in the ten dwellings. Figure 2- Hours that the CO2-concentration was above 1200 ppm per month in the living room. The hours that the CO 2 - concentration was above 1200 ppm is devided in smaller intervals to know more about the occurring ppm values. 5

12 Figure 3- Hours that the CO2-concentration was above 1200 ppm per month in the used bedrooms. The hours that the CO 2 -concentration was above 1200 ppm is devided in smaller intervals to know more about the occurring ppm values. The CO 2 -concentration came above 1200 ppm, as shown in the Figures 2 and 3. For example, in house H0400 the CO 2 -concentration in the living room in the month January was averaged more than 6 hours per day above 1200 ppm, with 0.27 hour in the range ppm. In Figure 4 are besides the average hours per day that the CO 2 -concentration exceeds 1200 ppm, are also several related parameters shown. The resulting CO 2 -concentration was influenced by several parameters at the same time and it turns out there is no clear correlation visible in this figure between the resulting CO 2 -concentration and a chosen parameter, as for example air tightness. However, in Figure 4 is shown that the minimum ventilation capacity requirement of the Dutch building code for a residential room, see Table 2, is often not met in the living room and only one time in the used bedrooms. Table 2 - Minimum ventilation capacity requirements of the Dutch building code [dm³/s per m²] Residential area 0.9 Residential room 0.7 Exhaust flow toilet 7 Exhaust flow kitchen 21 Exhaust flow bathroom 14 This may happen because the ventilation system is designed to meet the Dutch building code in set point 2 or 3. When occupants use for example set point 1, or the ventilation capacity decreases due to pollution of the ventilation system, the minimum ventilation capacity requirement of the Dutch building code is no longer met. Also the designed ventilation flows were often not met. Also this can be caused by pollution of the system or/and the use of set point 1 instead of the designed set point 2. Finally it was investigated in how many houses the supply flow in the highest set point of the ventilation system in one or more rooms did not satisfy the minimum ventilation capacity requirements of the Dutch building code. This happened in 8 of the 10 dwellings. For the exhaust flows this was the case in 7 of the 10 dwellings, see Table 1 in Appendix D. 6

13 Figure 4 - Hours that the CO 2 -concentration was above 1200 ppm per month in the living room (above) and in the used bedrooms (below). The hours that the CO 2 -concentration was above 1200 ppm is devided in smaller intervals to know more about the occurring ppm values. Below in this figures are shown the monitored dwellings with in brackets the occupancy level and abbreviated the five months. The average mechanical supply flows are presented in orange bars. The average door/window use per month is also given in small green lines, while 0 means window always closed and 1 window always open. The air tightness of the dwellings is presented with dots in the figures. Finally, the minimum ventilation capacity requirement of the Dutch building code is shown with a dashed line and the designed ventilation flow is shown in violet lines over the five months. In the living room (above) is the ventilation requirement of the Dutch building code the same as the designed ventilation flow. So it is important to know how the occupants use the set points of the ventilation system. The occupants were given the instructions to use set point 1 when they are not at home, to use set point 2 when they are at home and to use set point 3 when they are cooking, taking a shower or when many people are in the house. Table 3 shows what part of the time each set point was used in each house by the occupants in the period January-May. The most used set point is shaded gray. Table 3 - Use of the set points of the mechanical ventilation system in percentages of the total time over the period January-May H0100 H0200 H0300 H0400 H0500 H0600 H0700 H0800 H0900 H1000 Use set point 1 [%] Use set point 2 [%] Use set point 3 [%]

14 The results show that set point 1 was by far the most used set point in the dwellings. Reasons given by the residents for the use of set point 1 instead of set point 2/3 were: noise nuisance, draught and saving electricity. To know whether the mechanical supply flow was the main cause for a good or bad IAQ, the ventilation flow of the mechanical ventilation system was further investigated by comparing the calculated (Equation 1) and measured equilibrium CO 2 -concentration, see Figure 5 and 6. This figure shows that the ventilation rate together with the number of people in the room is a good predictor of the measured equilibrium CO 2 -concentration, this means that the mechanical ventilation flow seems to be the most important cause for a good or poor IAQ, especially when all windows are closed. The best prediction of the equilibrium CO 2 -concentration was possible for the bedrooms, because in that case the conditions to use equation 1 were best met. Figure 5 - Calculated and measured equilibrium CO 2 - concentration for the living rooms. Figure 6 - Calculated and measured equilibrium CO 2 - concentration for the used bedrooms. After this it was checked to see whether dirty filters decreased the ventilation flow significantly, because the total supply and total exhaust flows were often less than the designed flows, as can be seen in Table 2 in Appendix D. The results of the investigation of the influence of dirty filters on the ventilation capacity can be found in the Table 3 in Appendix D. The results show that the decrease in air supply was in the accuracy of the measurements and there was a little decrease in air exhaust in case of some polluted filter sets. Therefore, for these dwellings, polluted filters are not expected to be of significant influence on the ventilation capacity. 3.2 Thermal comfort The ATG-graphs for the living room and bedroom 3 of house H0600 over the period January-May are shown in Figure 7 and 8. In these figures the 10% PPD boundaries of the comfort model are drawn in blue and the measured hourly values in black dots. These figures show that in the living room the temperature during the five months was nearly always within the comfort boundaries of 10% PPD, but that the indoor air temperature was regularly too high in the bedroom. So the target value of PPD <10% was often not met, especially in the bedrooms. Figure 7- ATG-graph of the living room in dwelling H0600 with 10% PPD boundaries over the period January-May. Figure 8- ATG-graph of bedroom 3 in dwelling H0600 with 10% PPD boundaries over the period January-May. 8

15 The same tendency was found in most of the other dwellings, as can be found in Figure 9: in the living room the air temperature was usually within the comfort boundaries (Occupants in house H0400 and H0800 do not like high temperatures and seldom use central heating.) In the bedrooms the temperature was often too high, see Figure 10. The comfort model seemed to correspond with the reality, because several occupants complained about temperatures being too high in their bedroom after renovation, at least in the dwellings H0400 to H0900. The high temperatures in the bedrooms are mainly caused by the very well insulated building shell, and the central heat recovery, which collects all the mechanical exhaust air and heats up the incoming fresh air during the cooler period. In type 506 dwellings, the fresh air is also always directly heated after the ventilation unit, besides heating by a few radiators when the central heating is on. The result is a more uniform temperature in the whole house (higher temperatures in bedrooms) than before renovation, especially when the windows are closed. The requirement of the passive house institute concerning thermal comfort is that the indoor air temperature has to be <10% per year >25 C, as mentioned before. In the measurement period January-May a temperature above 25 C in the dwellings rarely occurs. However, several people complained about the temperature being too high in their bedroom. So this requirement seems to be too static for the whole year for all residential rooms. Figure 9 - Overheating hours (hours above comfort boundary) and undercooling hours (hours below comfort boundary) in the living rooms of the ten monitored dwellings in the five months over 24h per day. Figure 10 - Overheating hours (hours above comfort boundary) and undercooling hours (hours below comfort boundary) in the used bedrooms of the ten monitored dwellings in the five months over 24h per day. 9

16 Besides overheating some (older) people (H0200,H0300,H0500) said they did not get the same temperature in the living room and kitchen as before renovation, this feeling was likely caused by the fact that before renovation only radiators heated the house (radiation) and now this was mainly done by air heating by the heat recovery and air heater. So they possibly miss the heat source in the rooms. The higher temperatures in the bedroom also resulted in lower relative humidities. The hours below RH 30% and higher then RH 60% were counted per month. It seemed that the hours below 10% and higher than 60% were negligible in the period of January-May, so only the hours that the RH was between 10 and 30% RH are given in Table 4 of bedroom 1/3 in the ten dwellings. The results show that the RH is often below 30%. This means that the target value for RH: 30 to 60% was not met. The low relative humidities can explain why the occupants complained about a dry throat when they are in their bedroom. Table 4 Monthly hours in which the RH in the bedrooms 1/3 was between 10-30% and also the average indoor air temperature, average outdoor air temperature and average outdoor relative humidity is given. Month J F M A M Hours relative humidity in bedroom1/3 between 10-30% H0100 H0200 H0300 H0400 H0500 H0600 H0700 H0800 H0900 H <RH< Nan <RH< Nan Ti,avg [ C] 19,4 19,4 19,9 19,5 Nan 20,2 21,6 19,5 20,6 21,8 10<RH< <RH< Ti,avg [ C] 20,9 18,9 19,8 20,0 21,1 20,8 21,6 19,5 20,2 21,8 10<RH< <RH< Ti,avg [ C] 21,2 19,4 20,4 20,1 21,1 20,7 21,8 19,5 19,9 21,5 10<RH< <RH< Ti,avg [ C] <RH< <RH< Ti,avg [ C] 21,9 20,9 21,1 21,4 21,3 22,3 20,7 21,8 21,5 22,4 Te,avg[ C]/ RHe,avg [%] 1,7/89 1,5/85 2,6/72 8,8/68 11,7/76 The last mentioned performance indicator for the thermal comfort was the supply air temperature with the target value >17 C, according to the Passive House requirements. Figure 11 shows the percentage of time per month that the supply air temperature after the air heater was below 17 C. In some of the 505 dwellings (H0100,H0200,H0400,H0600 and H1000) the air temperature after the air heater was often below 17 C as visible in this figure which means the target value was not met. 10

17 Figure 11 - Percentage of time that the temperature was below 17 C after the air heater in the mechanical ventilation system per month in the monitored dwellings. Several occupants (at least, H0400,H0500 and H0900), also complained about draught in their living room. In the dwellings of type 505 a possible cause was found, because in these houses a frost heater was added to the heat recovery, but the frost heater was not logged on the ventilation unit (factory default setting) and this means it did not do its function: preventing ice formation on the heat recovery part. In periods that the outside air temperature was below 0 C the supply air temperatures after the air heater in the mechanical ventilation system sometimes became about 9 C in these dwellings. This possibly was the case in all 136 dwellings of type 505 in the district Kroeven. This means that the supply air temperature in the rooms was sometimes very low, because in the 505 dwellings the air heating also was not standard as can be read in Table 1. The extra button for air heating was added for a short warm-up time of the house and to avoid draught complaints. However, most occupants did not know what the function of the extra button for air heating on the thermostat was, and they did not use it, while they got instructions about it on DVD and in a folder. 4. OVERALL DISCUSSION The CO 2 -concentration, as performance indicator for the IAQ, was often too high in the measured rooms. The comparison of the measured and calculated equilibrium CO 2 -concentration showed that the mechanical ventilation seemed to be the main reason for a good or poor IAQ. It is remarkable that the ventilation flows in the case study were not sufficient, because in these renovated dwellings extra attention was given to prevent known causes of malfunction, such as insufficient ventilation. Several literature studies showed that the supply flow (31-85%) and exhaust flow (42-85%) in the highest set point of the ventilation system in one or more rooms did not satisfy the minimum ventilation capacity requirements of the Dutch building code. These results were compared to the percentage of dwellings in the case study in which the supply and exhaust flows in set point 3 of the ventilation system did not satisfy the minimum ventilation capacity requirements of the Dutch building code. It showed that this was the case in 80% and 70% respectively. It seems that the results of the case study are in the upper range of the literature values. This means that the extra attention seems to have had negligible to no result on the adjustment of the supply and exhaust flows in the ten investigated dwellings. The main causes for too little ventilation seems to be: ventilation flow disordered or not well adjusted upon building completion, occupants mainly used set point 1 instead of the designed set point 2 and the measured openable parts in the dwellings where often closed in the measured period. So, it can be learned from this project that more attention has to be given to the ventilation system. For example, adjustment of the supply and exhaust flows is very important upon building completion, but also after some years. 11

18 There were little complaints by the occupants heard about the air temperature, as performance indicator for thermal comfort, in the living room. More complaints were heard about air temperatures being too high in their bedrooms and a dry throat when they woke up. This was in accordance with the measurement results that the RH was below 30% for too many hours in the period January-April. That occupants complained about air temperatures being too high in the bedrooms also met the used comfort model, because many hours the measured air temperature exceeded the upper boundary in the bedrooms. The higher temperatures in the bedrooms after the renovation caused also a lower relative humidity. That can be the explanation for the feeling of a dry throat. The high temperatures in the bedrooms were mainly caused by the very well insulated building shell, central heat recovery, and in case of the type 506 dwellings, also the air heater, that heats all the fresh incoming air when the central heating is on. A possible reason for the draught complaints in the type 505 dwellings was found in the not logged on frost heater on the ventilation unit. 5. CONCLUSIONS The following question was stated in the introduction: How perform inhabited passive house renovated terraced dwellings on thermal comfort and indoor air quality, while the investigated dwellings were given extra attention with respect to the mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR)-system to avoid known causes of malfunctioning? The results show that the CO 2 - concentration was often above 1200ppm in the investigated dwellings. CO 2 -concentrations being too high means that also other substances can accumulate in the indoor environment, and the ventilation was not sufficient in these rooms. Besides the IAQ, often the target values for the thermal comfort were not met. In most of the dwellings, the air temperature in the living room usually was within the comfort boundaries of 10% PPD in the ATG-graph of Peeters et al. [11], but in the bedrooms the temperature was regularly too high. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS A few suggestions are given which could be a part of a solution for the existing IAQ and thermal comfort problems in the case study, but these ideas have to be investigated in future work before they are applied on a large scale. IAQ: It is necessary to make people aware of their influence on the indoor air quality, because currently people often have no idea how good or poor their IAQ is. A solution can be to give them CO 2 -meters to use in the living room and bedroom(s) with an indication of the indoor air quality, so people can increase the set point of the ventilation system or open a window when the IAQ is poor. Thermal comfort: The high air temperatures and low relative humidities could possibly partialy be solved by giving the ground floor area and the rest of the dwelling a separate heat recovery and that only the ground floor always has air heating when the central heating is on. Finally, a good instruction and explanation of the mechanical ventilation system and heating system is important. After the renovation in the district Kroeven in Roosendaal the occupants received a DVD and folder, but in spite of this, it is difficult for people to understand the system. In future monitoring projects it would be helpful to monitor some of the same unrenovated dwellings in the same district to have a reference for comparison. 12

19 When window use is monitored, it would be better to monitor all the openable parts because when only some windows are monitored, an unmonitored window can be opened and cause a good IAQ without it is being known for sure why that happens in the measurements. 7. REFERENCES [1] DO IT, Add on Passiefhuis renovatie grondgebonden rijwoning uit periode Retrieved November 30,2012, It%202009/Add%20on,%20Passiefhuis%20renovatie,%20Eindrapport%20.pdf [2] de Gids, W., Borsboom,W.,2012. Philosophy and approaches for airtightness requirements in the Netherlands. Retrieved September 27,2013, [3] Meijer, G., Duijm, F., Zuinig warm en schoon; balansventilatie en binnenmilieu, metingen in 28 woningen. GGD Groningen. [4] Duijm, F., Hady, M., Van Ginkel, J., Ten Bolscher, G.H., Gezondheid en ventilatie in woningen in Vathorst; onderzoek naar de relatie tussen gezondheidsklachten, binnenmilieukwaliteit en woningkenmerken. GGD Eemland, Amersfoort. [5] Slot, B.J.M., Op t Veld, P.J.M., Onderzoek handhaving bouwregelgeving: gezondheid in nieuwbouwwoningen. Cauberg-Huygen Raadgevende Ingenieurs B.V. Zwolle. [6] Kuindersma, P., Ruiter C.J.W., Woonkwaliteit binnenmilieu in nieuwbouwwoningen; eindresultaten van 78 projecten / 154 woningen. Consultancy Nieman B.V., Utrecht. [7] Mlecnik, E., Hasselaar, E., Loon, S.,2008. Indoor climate systems in passive houses. Advanced building ventilation and environmental technology for adressing climate change issues. Proceedings Volume 3 (pp ). Kyoto, Japan: AIVC. [8] van Dijken, F., Boerstra, A.C., Onderzoek naar de kwaliteit van ventilatiesystemen in nieuwbouw eengezinswoningen. Dutch ministery of infrastructure and evironment_consultancy BBA binnenmilieu, Rotterdam. [9] Knottnerus, J.A., Binnenluchtkwaliteit in basisscholen en de waarde van kooldioxide als indicator voor luchtkwaliteit. Gezondheidsraad_Health council of the Netherlands. [10] Dusseldorp, A., van Bruggen, M., Douwes, J., Janssen, P.J.C.M., Keflkens, G., Gezondheidkundige advieswaarden binnenmilieu. RIVM rapport [11]Peeters, L., Dear, R. de., Hensen, J.L.M, D'haeseleer, W. (2009). Thermal comfort in residential buildings: Comfort values and scales for building energy simulation. Applied energy, 86, [12] Loomans, M.G.L.C., Cox, C., Grenzen voor de relatieve vochtigheid van het binnenklimaat: een beoordeling op basis van een literatuurstudie. Afdeling Gezonde Gebouwen en Installaties, TNO Bouw, Delft. [13] CIBSE, CIBSE guide A: Environmental design. (7 ed.). CIBSE. [14] Fang, L., Clausen, G. and Fanger, P.O., Temperature and humidity: important factors for perception of air quality and for ventilation requirements, ASHRAE Transactions, 106, part 2, [15] Pluijm, W.M.P., The robustness and effectiveness of mechanical ventilation in airtight dwellings: A study to the residential application of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery in the Netherlands. Eindhoven University of Technology. 13

20 APPENDIX A Overview case study and floor plans In this appendix first an overview of the ten monitored dwelling of the case study is shown. Besides this, the several type of floor plans for the type 505 and 506 dwellings are given. An overview of the ten monitored dwellings is shown in Figure A.1 below. 14 Figure A.1- Overview of the ten monitored dwellings in the ten monitored dwellings

21 Floor plans 505 type B Figure A.2 Ground floor plan dwelling type 505 type B 15

22 Figure A.3 First floor plan dwelling type 505 type B 16

23 Figure A.4 Second floor plan dwelling type 505 type B 17

24 Floor plans 506 type S1 Figure A.5 Ground floor plan dwelling type 506 type S1 18

25 Figure A.6 First floor plan dwelling type 506 type S1 19

26 Figure A.7 Second floor plan dwelling type 506 type S1 20

27 Floor plans 506 type S2 (Only H0800) Figure A.8 Ground floor plan dwelling type 506 type S2 21

28 Figure A.9 First floor plan dwelling type 506 type S2 22

29 Figure A.10 Second floor plan dwelling type 506 type S2 23

30 APPENDIX B Schemes systems and measurement schemes monitored dwellings In this appendix the schemes of the systems of the type 505 and 506 dwellings and the measurement schemes of the ten monitored dwellings are given. The system schemes are shown in Figure B.1 to Figure B.2. The measurement schemes of the monitored dwellings are given in Figure B.3 to B.13. System schemes type 505 and 506 dwellings All included in passive house cabinet Figure B.1 System scheme type 505 dwellings Figure B.2 - System scheme type 506 dwellings 24

31 Measurement schemes of the ten monitored dwellings Figure B.3 - Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H0100 Figure B.4 - Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H

32 Figure B.5 Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H0300 Figure B.6 Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H

33 Figure B.7 Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H0500 Figure B.8 Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H

34 Figure B.9 Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H0700 Figure B.10 Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H

35 Figure B.11 - Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H0900 Figure B.12 - Measurement scheme monitored dwelling H

36 Figure B.13 Measured parameters weather station in the district Kroeven in Roosendaal 30

37 Appendix C - Accuracy, calibration and control accuracy measurement tools In this appendix first an overview is given of the accuracy of the measured values which are collected out of the measurements of the case study. Second, the calibration of the Eltek GD47 temperature sensors and control of the RH and CO 2 accuracy is given. Last the results are given of how good the surface temperature sensors on the pipes represent the water temperature in the pipe. Accuracy measured values Below an overview is given of the accuracy of the measured values which are collected in the database. In figure C.1 is explained how the measured values are transported to the database. Eltek WSR Eltek GD47 Grant 2F16 Flowmeter T-sensor Database kwh-meter Figure C.1 Explanation how the measured values are transported to the database. Accuracy Grant 2F16 and Squirrel 1000 series: - Grant 2F16: ± 0.05% of reading, % range span - Squirrel 1000 series: ±(0.1% of reading, ±0.2% of range span) ELTEK GD 47: - Temperature: ±0,011 C ± readings*0,0005(grant 2040 series 2F16) ±0,09 C ±0,001*readings (Squirrel 1000 series) ± 0.24 C (Eltek GD47 calibrated) Total accuracy: ± 0,341 C ± 0,0015*readings ±0,35 C - Relative humidity: ±0,025 ± readings*0,0005(grant 2040 series 2F16) ± 0,2 ±0,001*readings (Squirrel 1000 series) ±2% (Eltek GD47) Total accuracy: ± 2,225% ± 0,0015*readings ±2,5 C - CO2-concentration: ±1,25ppm ± readings*0,0005 (Grant 2040 series 2F16) ±10ppm ± 0,001*readings (Squirrel 1000 series) ± 50ppm ±3 % of measured value (Eltek GD47) Total accuracy: ± 61.25ppm ± 0,0015*readings ± 3% of measured value readings ±60ppm ± 3% of measured value Temperature sensors: - Grant surface temperature u-thermistor: ± 0,05 C±readings*0,0005 (Grant 2040 series 2F16) ± 0,2 C (thermistor) + accuracy connection on pipe. Total accuracy: ± 0,25 C ± 0,0005*readings (± accuracy connection on pipe) ± 0,25 C - NTC-Thermistor type DC95 (air-temperature sensor): ±0,05 C ± readings*0,0005(grant 2040 series 2F16) ± 0,2 C (air-temperature sensor) Total accuracy: ± 0,25 C ± 0,0005*readings ± 0,25 C Flow meter: - (1puls=0,1 liter): accuracy unknown kwh meters: - (2000 pulsen/kwh 1 pulse=0,0005kwh): ± 0,015 *reading (kwh meter) ± 0,0005*reading (Grant 2040 series 2F16) Total accuracy: ± 0,0155*readings ± 0,02 kwh 31

38 Calibration temperature sensors and control accuracy RH and CO 2 of ELTEK GD47 In this part the calibration of the temperature sensors and control of the accuracy of the relative humidity and CO 2 -concentration of the Eltek GD47 s can be found. The calibration is done in the range C and RH 30-80% the range for the most occurring indoor temperatures and relative humilities in dwellings. For the calibration the Michell Opti-Cal (ID1729) is used in combination with the program Opti-Soft, see Figure C.3. The control measurements of the CO 2 -sensors are given last. The CO 2 -sensors are only compared with each other, because no reference CO 2 -sensor was available. Input type and specification: CO2 Accuracy at +20 ºC : ppm < ± (50ppm + 3 % of measured value.) Temperature dependence: typically 2ppm CO2/ ºC over the range 0 to +50 ºC Operational temp range : RH 5 to 95% non condensing : -10 to +50 ºC (Functional at -20 ºC) Relative Humidity Range: 0-100% Resolution 0.1%, Accuracy RH: ± 2% (10 to 90% RH), ± 4% (0 to 100% RH), Temperature Accuracy: ± 1.0ºC (-20ºC to 65ºC ), ± 0.4ºC (-5ºC to 40ºC ) Power Supply 12 V Figure C.2 - The Eltek GD 47 and is technical specifications Figure C.3 - calibration with Michell Opti-cal Method Besides the calibration of the temperature also the relative humidity was controlled whether its accuracy is between ±2% in the range RH 10-90% as stated by the manufacturer. An overview of the specification of the measurement tool is given in Figure C.2. The Eltek GD 47 s were placed in a couple of three in the Opti-Cal to control the accuracy of the RH and to determine the calibration formula for the temperature of each Eltek. For this purpose the schedule as shown in Table C.1 was made. This schedule was run by the Opti-Cal. During the schedule the Opti-Cal logged the temperature and RH every 30 seconds and also did the three Elteks in the Opti-Cal. When the schedule was completed. The measured reference temperature and RH (which were also corrected for the last calibration of the Opti-Cal) could then be compared with the temperatures and relative humilities measured by the Eltek GD 47 s. The calibration formula for the temperature sensors were determined by placing the corrected reference temperature on the y-axes and the temperature measured by the Eltek GD 47 s on the x-axes. Through the points a trend line was added and from the trend line the formula was determined. The results of these measurements are given under results. Table C.1 - time schedule made in Opti-Soft for calibration of temperature and control of the accuracy of the relative humidity Duration [hours] Temperature [ C] Relative humidity [%]

39 Results -The results showed that the accuracy of the Eltek GD47 s was between ±2% in the range RH 30-80%. -The calibration formula s for the domain C are shown in Table C.2. Only the Eltek s with IDnumber and are not calibrated. For these is the standard formula used: y=8x+5. An example of how this formula is determined is given in Figure C.4, were the volt output of the temperature sensor of the Eltek with ID is compared with the corrected reference temperature of the Opti-Cal for the temperatures 15, 20 and 25 C in respectively 173,159,181 measurements points. Figure C.4 - Calibration formula for the temperature sensor of Eltek GD 47 with ID Table C.2 - The calibration formulas of the temperatures of the Eltek GD 47 s in the domain C. House Eltek ID numbers per house Formula out of calibration in domain C H y = 8,0907x + 4, y = 7,9642x + 4, y = 7,9977x + 4,5436 H y = 8,0389x + 4, y = 8,0369x + 4, y = 8,1267x + 4,0131 H y = 8,2253x + 4, y = 8,0176x + 4,4014 H y = 8,094x + 4, y = 8,079x + 4, H y = 8,079x + 4, y = 8,0629x + 4,

40 y = 8,0615x + 4,8356 H y = 8,0514x + 4, y = 8,0756x + 4, y = 8,0599x + 4,4427 H y = 8,0289x + 4, y = 8,1522x + 3, y = 8,0762x + 4,7241 H y = 7,9722x + 4, y = 8,0349x + 4, y = 8,0568x + 4,6692 H y = 8,0408x + 4, y = 8,0766x + 4, y = 7,986x + 4,9245 H y = 8,097x + 4, y = 8,1086x + 4, y = 8,078x + 4,

41 Control measurements CO2-sensors In this part the control measurements of the CO 2 -sensors, which are in the Eltek GD47 s, are described. The intention was to calibrate the sensors, but this was not possible because the only reference CO 2 sensor with a high accuracy proved defect. Method In a closed glazed box were the Eltek GD 47 s placed. The gas analyser was installed to take samples out of the box as reference CO 2 -sensor. Two fans mixed the air in the box. The 30 Elteks were measured in three parts, named round one, two and three. For the measurement set ups see figure C.5 to C.8. In each round three different CO 2 -concentrations were measured in the domain ppm. These were the background concentration, a concentration of about 1500ppm and a concentration of about 3000ppm. This was done in the following order: - First was started with the background concentration - Through breathing in the glazed box the CO 2 -concentration was brought to a CO 2 - concentraion of ±1500ppm and was measured during more than one hour. - Then through breathing in the glazed box the CO 2 -concentration was brought to a CO 2 - concentraion of ±3000ppm and was measured during more than one hour. During the first round the gas analyser had several times a jam and during the second measurement and third measurement it did not longer take samples. Because of this the CO 2 sensors are not calibrated to the gas analyser, because it did not function well also during the first measurement round. The CO2 sensors are only compared with each other, see results. The place of the Eltek GD 47 s in the glazed box did not influence the measured results. Figure C.5 - measurement set up calibration CO 2 -sensors Eltek GD47 s with gas analyser and glazed box with the Eltek GD47 s. 35

42 Figure C.6 - Place Eltek GD 47 s in first measurement round. Figure C.7 - Place Eltek GD 47 s in second measurement round. Figure C.8 - Place Eltek GD 47 s in third measurement round. Results Only of the first round the measured CO 2 -concentrations are given in graphs, see Figure C.9 to C.11. Besides this the average CO 2 -concentrations are given for each round in Table C.3-C.5. Figure C.9 - Background CO 2 -concentration measurement round one. 36

43 Figure C.10 - CO 2 -concentration measurement around 1500 ppm round one. Figure C.11 - CO 2 -concentration measurement around 4000 ppm round one. Table C.3 - Average values during the first measurement round. ID ID ID ID ID ID Background concentration [ppm] ±1500 ppm [ppm] ±4000 ppm [ppm] ID ID ID ID B&K Multigas analyser >

44 Table C.4 - Average values during the second measurement round. ID ID ID ID ID ID ID Background concentratio n [ppm] ±1500 ppm [ppm] ±4000 ppm [ppm] ID ID ID ID ID Table C.5 - Average values during the third measurement round. ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID ID Background concentration [ppm] ±1500 ppm [ppm] ±4000 ppm [ppm] Discussion Out of the measurements can be concluded that the CO 2 -sensor with ID deviate much of the other ones and by that is not installed in a house (is not in the given accuracy range of the other Eltek GD 47 s). To control whether the other CO 2 -sensors are in the range of each other accuracy, Table C.6 is made. Out of this table can be concluded that the other sensors are in each other accuracy, because the sum of the accuracy of the minimum and maximum values is larger than the difference between the minimum and maximum values. Therefore in the further study the accuracy given by the manufacturer will be used. However, this can be wrong when all sensors give a too high or too low CO 2 -concentration. This can be the case when we look to the first round were the B&K gas analyser give a much lower value then the Eltek GD 47 s. This can be investigated when the sensor come back after a year measuring with a new CO 2 reference meter. Table C.6 - Control whether the CO2-sensors are in the range of each other accuracy. Min-max value [ppm] Differe nce [ppm] Accuracy minimum value [ppm] Accuracy maximum value [ppm] Total accuracy of both [ppm] Total accuracy difference [ppm] Round ± 500 ppm ± 1500 ppm ± 4000 ppm Round ± 500 ppm ± 1500 ppm ±4000 ppm Round ± 500 ppm ± 1500 ppm ±4000 ppm

45 Representation of the water temperature with the surface temperature on a copper pipe. In the monitored houses are much surface temperature sensors placed on the copper pipes to know the temperature of the liquid in the pipe. By that it is important to know how good the surface temperature of the pipe represents the water temperature and how long it takes until the pipe has about the same temperature as the water in the pipe. Answers on these questions are find in the short study described below. Method For this study a Tamson TLC 3 recirculation chiller is used. Between the inlet and outlet a copper pipe is placed with two surface temperature sensors. These sensors are applied in the same way as in the monitored houses (taped with aluminum tape and insulated). In the water, what is brought to the right temperature and circulated through the copper pipe, are also placed two insulated surface temperature sensors. The temperature of the water is set on 20, 40, 60 and 70 C. In Figure C.12- C.14 images of the measurement set up are given. At the end also is checked how good the surface temperature sensors represent the water temperature when the insulation is removed. Figure C.12, C.13 and C.14 - The measurement set up with the Tamson TLC 3, the copper pipe with insulated surface temperature sensors and the surface temperature sensors in the water bath. Results Table C.7 - The temperature measured in the water with two sensors and the surface temperature of the pipe also measured with two sensors, under different temperature set points of the Tamson TLC 3. Temperature set point Tamson TLC 3 [ C] Average temperature first T-sensor in water, ID 2443 [ C]* Average temperature second T-sensor in water, ID 2451 [ C]* Average temperature first T- sensor on copper pipe, ID 2447 [ C]* Average temperature second T-sensor on copper pipe, ID 2448 [ C]* 20 19,73 19,60 19,73 19, ,72 38,68 38,46 38, ,17 58,09 57,41 57, ,69 70,60 69,57 69,69 * accuracy: ± 0,25 C 39

46 Figure C.15 - Overview of the whole measurement during the set points 20, 40,60 and 70 C. Figure C.16 - Temperatures measured during the step 20 C to 40 C. Figure C.17 - Temperatures measured during the step 60 C to 70 C. 40

47 Figure C.18 - Difference between the insulated and uninsulated as measured under same condition with the surface temperature sensors. From 12:18 without insulation around sensors on copper pipe. Discussion The temperatures measured with the surface temperatures on the copper pipe are slightly lower than the temperatures of the water in the Tamson TLC 3, see table C.7. This can be caused by the heat loss of the pipe, the accuracy of the sensors or temperature difference of the water measured at the top and the water circulated through the pipe. However, the temperature difference is very low only at higher temperatures the difference is bigger, as expected. The average temperature of both sensors in the water and at the surface of the pipe and the difference is shown in Table C.8. Table C.8 - Average temperatures measured in the water and at the surface of the pipe under several temperatures. Temperature set point water vessel [ C] Average temperature measured with sensors in water [ C]* Average temperatures measured on the surface of the pipe [ C]* Difference [ C] 20 19,66 19,73 0, ,70 38,43 0, ,13 57,42 0, ,64 69,63 1,02 * accuracy: ± 0,25 C For this project the temperatures of the pipes are especially used to know whether a system is working or not. This can be seen very well, because the temperature measured on the surface follows the temperature of the water in the pipe quickly, see figure C.15-C.17. In the case of the uninsulated surface temperature sensor, increases the temperature difference between the water in the pipe and the measured surface temperature with about 1 C around 70 C. Besides this the temperature fluctuates more as can be seen in figure C

48 APPENDIX D Measurement results In this appendix the results are shown of the comparison of the ventilation flows with the Dutch building code, see Table 1. The measured total supply and total exhaust flow of the ten dwellings is given in Table 2. Finally the Results of the investigation of the influence of polluted filters on the ventilation capacity are shown in Table 3. Table D.1 - Comparison ventilation flows in set point 3 with requirements Building Code when a requirement is met for a room the box is green with the word yes. When a requirement is not met the box is red and has the word no. The requirements of the building code are: 1. A residential area has an air exchange of at least 0,9 dm³/s per m² floor area with a minimal of 7 dm³/s according to NEN (Not assessed) 2. A residential room has an air exchange of at least 0,7 dm³/s per m² floor area with a minimal of 7 dm³/s according to NEN A residential area or residential room, with a cooking device as stated in article 4.38, has an air exchange of at least 21 dm 3 /s, determined in accordance with NEN A toilet room has an air exchange capacity of at least 7 dm 3 /s, determined in accordance with NEN A bathroom has an air exchange capacity of at least 14 dm 3 /s, determined in accordance with NEN H0100 H0200 H0300 H0400 H0500 H0600 H0700 H0800 H0900 H1000 Requirement yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 2 met for living room Requirement yes yes no no yes yes no yes yes yes 2 met for bedroom 1 Requirement yes no no yes no yes no no no yes 2 met for bedroom 2 Requirement yes yes no yes yes yes no no no yes 2 met for bedroom 3 Requirement 2 met for bedroom 4 yes no x no x no x no x yes Requirement 3 met for kitchen Requirement 4 met for toilet Requirement 5 met for bathroom no yes yes no yes yes yes yes no no n.m.* yes no n.m.* n.m.* yes no yes yes yes yes yes no yes yes yes no no no yes *n.m. means not measurable 42

49 Table D.2 -Sum of designed supply and exhaust ventilation flows in set point 2 and sum of measured supply and exhaust flows. Supply flow [m 3 /h] Exhaust flow [m 3 /h] Remarks Type/Dwelling Total designed flows (set point 2) Type Sum of supply and exhaust flows in set point 2 H Toilet exhaust flow not 119 measurable (designed 25 m3/h) H Attic supply flow not measurable 213 (designed 20m3/h) H Toilet exhaust flow not 145 measurable (designed 25 m3/h) H H Total designed flows (set point 2) Type Sum of supply and exhaust flows in set point 2 H H H H H Attic exhaust flow not measurable (designed 20m3/h) Figure D.1 - Measurement setup for the investigation of the influence of polluted filters on ventilation capacity Table D.3 - Results of the investigation of the influence of polluted filters on the ventilation capacity. Average air supply [m 3 /h] ±3% Average air exhaust [m 3 /h] ±3% Clean reference filterset Clean reference filterset Polluted filterset Polluted filterset Polluted filterset Polluted filterset Polluted filterset Polluted filterset Polluted filterset

50 APPENDIX E Interview Algemeen Adres woning: Samenstelling huishouden Uit hoeveel personen bestaat uw huishouden? Waar slapen de leden van uw huishouden? Grote slaapkamer Een na grootste slaapkamer Kleinste slaapkamer Lid van uw huishouden Welke leden van uw huishouden werken of gaan naar school? Zijn er leden van uw huishouden die onregelmatig thuis zijn? Zo ja wie en hoe onregelmatig? Zijn er wel eens logees bij u in huis zo ja, hoeveel en wat is de logeerkamer? Zijn er leden van uw huishouden die (binnen) roken? Zo ja hoeveel? Heeft u huisdieren? Zo ja welke Ventilatie Hoe gebruikt u de ventilatiestanden van uw mechanisch ventilatiesysteem in uw woning? In welke ventilatiestand staat uw ventilatiesysteem het meest? Gebruikt u een hogere ventilatiestand tijdens het koken? Zo ja welke? Zet u het keukenluik open tijdens het koken? Gebruikt u een hogere ventilatiestand tijdens het douchen? Zo ja welke? Gebruikt u ramen en of deuren om te ventileren naast het mechanisch ventilatiesysteem? Zo ja zou u ongeveer aan kunnen geven op welke momenten u ramen/deuren gewoonlijk open zet? 44

51 Vervangt of reinigt u (of een ander lid van het huishouden) de filters van de ventilatie-unit? Zo ja wanneer is dit voor de laatste keer gebeurd? Verwarming Wanneer u de centrale verwarming aan doet op welke temperatuur zet u dan de thermostaat overdag? En op welke temperatuur s nachts. Gebruikt u de lucht verwarmer (knop op thermostaat)? Zo ja, wanneer zet u deze normaal gesproken aan? Overig Heeft u verder opmerkingen over het functioneren van uw woning/installaties in uw woning? 45

52 46

53 Verifying simulation with measured values of actual inhabited terraced passive dwelling Sensitivity of building and user parameters on energy use J.J. Blok Building Physics and Services, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands ABSTRACT The residential building sector has large potential for saving energy on space heating. Especially on the older, less insulated residential buildings. A way to reduce the energy use, is renovation to passive houses. In this study was investigated the sensitivity of building and user parameters on the energy use for space heating in a passive house renovated terraced dwelling. For this purpose were measurement results compared with simulation results. This was done for checking to what extend it is possible to predict an actual inhabited dwelling by simulation. The comparison was done on energy use for space heating and indoor air temperatures. This was done for three dwellings. Besides this, there were hand calculation performed to gain an insight into the size of the different heat flows in a terraced passive house. Finally, a rough sensitivity analyses was carried out on several building and user parameters. The inaccuracy in the measurement result showed that a comparison between measured and simulation results was limited, certainly when also the deviations and simplifications of the model were taken into account. Because of this, was only checked whether tendencies were the same. This meant that the sensitivity analysis could also only give an indication of what parameters were relatively sensitive. Before the simulations were performed hand calculation were carried out to have an indication of the size of several heat flows. The hand calculations and the help of a heat balance showed that the following heat loss items were relatively large: Infiltration, ventilation via openable parts, glazing and frame, ventilation due to an unbalanced ventilation system. Besides these items, the heat loss or heat gain via the partition walls could be large. The measured and simulated energy use for space heating in dwelling H0300 and H0700 had the same tendency in the several months, but the deviation between the simulated and measured energy use for space heating in H0500 was large. The measured air temperatures and simulated air and surface temperatures showed a reasonable agreement for the ground floors, but the deviations on the first floors were larger. The sensitivity analyses showed that the user parameters window use, thermostat set point, and set point of the ventilation system could have a large influence on the energy use for space heating. Of less importance were electricity use and infiltration, but their influence was still relatively large. KEYWORDS: simulation, passive house, sensitivity analysis, building parameters, user parameters 1. INTRODUCTION The world is busy with trying to fulfill its energy demand, because the worlds energy demand increases while fossil fuel reserves becomes smaller. The discussion is more and more about how to fulfill the future energy demand. In the Netherlands residential buildings use averaged about 65% of the total primary energy for space heating [1]. So the residential building sector has large potential for saving energy on space heating, especially on the older, less insulated residential buildings. In the former study[2] was mentioned a way to reduce the energy demand for space heating of the (older) Dutch residential building stock, by renovation to passive houses. In that study was investigated how 10 inhabited passive renovated terraced dwellings in the district Kroeven in Roosendaal perform on indoor air quality and thermal comfort. In the current study some dwellings were simulated to know to what extend it is possible to predict the energy use for space heating of an actual inhabited dwelling by simulation. It was expected that there were differences between simulation and measurements results due to deviation in user 1

54 behavior parameters and building parameters. During the former study was seen that the main differences in user behavior which affect the energy use for space heating were: window use, thermostat set point, the use of the set points of the ventilation system, and electricity use. Further showed literature research of renovation projects that Rc-values from the building shell on drawing are not always obtained in reality, due to thermal bridges, linear heat losses, and a poor contact between rigid insulation panels and a not smooth wall. The decrease of the Rc-value due to a poor contact between rigid insulation panels and a not smooth wall can be the half of the calculated value [3]. Another aspect is that, the heat recovery of ventilation units is positive presented in the manufacturer data. For example the information by the ventilation unit Zehnder ComfoAir 550 tells heat exchanger achieves efficiencies of up to 95% [4], but research showed that the efficiency could decrease to 75%[5]. Finally, the results of a blower door test of the same dwelling can deviate over time as could be found in the research done by Frank Architecten in the district Kroeven in Roosendaal. For example of one dwelling measured on the n 50 value was /h and when the same dwelling was measured on the measured n 50 -value was 1.1 1/h [6]. The information of above leads to the following research question for this study: What is the sensitivity of building and user parameters on the energy use for space heating in a passive house renovated terraced dwelling? The investigated period was, as in the former study, January to May. 2. METHODOLOGY The procedure for this research consist of three steps: preparation, comparison measurement and simulation results, and sensitivity analysis. In the preparation part was determined how to assess the several building and user parameters. In the second phase was first investigated how large several heat flows could be to have an indication and expectation of them before the simulations were performed. Subsequently, the simulation model was build, run and the results compared with the measurement results. The results are compared on energy use for space heating and indoor air temperature on the ground floor and first floor. The influence of deviations in several building and user parameters on the energy use for space heating is investigated in the sensitivity analyses part. 2.1 Part 1: Preparation In this part are the chosen building and user parameters presented. Those are investigated for the sensitivity analyses, see Table 1. The reference for the upper value of the building parameters is also shown. The lower values for the building parameters were chosen by choosing lower performance values then the values obtained from the drawings and manufacturer data. The values were estimated by the information gathered from literature. No data could be found about the used window frame, so an estimation of the lower and upper value is made with the help of the passive house requirements. Of the glazing was known that the U-value was 0.6, but the G-value could be 0.65 or 0.5. So these values are used as lower and upper value. For the user behavior parameters were some cases made, to have an indication of the influence of the several user behavior parameters. Table 1 Investigated building and user parameters for the sensitivity analyses Building parameters Lower value Upper value Reference upper value U-window frame [W/m 2 K] Uw-value (Uf+Ug) <0.8 passive house institute requirment R c -value ground floor [m 2 K/W] Drawings Franke Architecten R c -value external wall [m 2 K/W] Drawings Franke Architecten R c -value roof [m 2 K/W] Drawings Franke Architecten 2

55 Efficiency heat recovery [%] Manufacturer Storkair of WHR 930 Infiltration rate [n 50 - value] Measured by Franke Architecten G-value glazing Manufacturer Noorddennegroep User parameters Window use bedroom occupants Window always closed Window always opened ajar Thermostat set point in the whole house 19 C with measured thermostat use profile 23 C with measured thermostat use profile Set point ventilation Always set point 1 Always set point 3 system Heat gain electricity use as measured 2 times the measured value 2.2 Part 2: Comparison measurement and simulation results Before the comparison of the measurement and simulation results was investigated what results could be expected. This was done by hand calculations. Therefore several heat flows were calculated. For these calculations the same values were used as in the simulation model of dwelling H0300. The calculated heat flows are: -Heat gains from electricity, people and heating system. -Heat losses through external walls, ground floor, glazing and frame, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and mechanical ventilation without heat recovery due to an unbalanced ventilation system. - Heat flow through partition walls. The thermal conductance of the partition walls in the three zones was calculated. The heat loss could not be calculated, because the temperatures in the houses of the neighbors were not known. To have an indication how large the heat losses/gains are through partition walls, infiltration, and ventilation via window and doors, a heat balance was made for the month January: Gains: Electricity + People + Solar radiation + Heating system + (Partition walls) = Losses: (Partition walls) + Ground floor slab + Glazing and frame + MVHR + MV without HR + Infiltration + Ventilation via windows/doors To fill in this heat balance the gain of solar radiation also had to be known. Therefore the calculated solar radiation by the simulation model was used. When the hand calculation part was done, the simulations were performed. The simulated dwellings for this study were H0300,H0500 and H0700. This were all dwellings of type 506. In this main paper especially dwelling H0300 was discussed, because the three dwellings were on most points the same. The model input of H0300 can be found in Appendix A. Deviation in the models of H500 and H0700 with respect to H0300 are included in Appendix B. In each of the three simulated dwellings lives an older men and women, who are retired. Information about the building shell and dimensions of the dwelling were gathered from drawings and manufacturer information. The outside air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed were measured every 10 minutes on an apartment building in the district Kroeven in Roosendaal. In Figure 1 is shown what was measured in dwelling H0300 every 3 minutes. Only the total gas and electricity use was measured every hour. Further in dwelling H0300 was measured: -The ventilation flows of the mechanical ventilation system in all three set points measured on with a flow finder. - The air tightness on after building completion by Franke Architecten: n 50 =1,0 3

56 Figure 1 measurement set up of dwelling H0300. Based on the measurements could be determined: - Use of the set points of the ventilation system by the occupants could be determined from the measured electricity use of the ventilation system. - Average user profile for electricity and window use was determined and used in the simulation model, see Appendix A. It s assumed that all the used electricity was converted in heat as heat gain. - Thermostat set point at daytime and nighttime was determined from the measured air temperature in the living room, see Appendix A. - Whether people were on the ground floor or on the first floor was determined out of the thermostat use and window use in their bedroom. It was assumed in the simulation model that they were never on the attic. Also a structured interview was done, to be able to control the measurements and to decrease the uncertainty in actual user behavior. For example, a never opened window (in accordance to the measurements) could be checked by asking the question which windows they used for extra ventilation. The interview can be found in Appendix E of the former study. After gathering data about H0300, the dwelling was modeled in the tool IES-VE 6.4. The model deviates at points of the reality, because of simplifications or a lack on better data. A simplification is for example that the building was split up in three zones: ground floor, first floor and attic instead of nine zones in reality. Finally, the measurement results were compared with the results of the simulation models. This comparison shows how large the deviation of the model is, with reality on energy use for space heating and indoor air temperatures. The simulated air temperatures and surface temperatures are given, because the measurement equipment of the air temperature was mounted on the wall and by this was the measured air temperature possible influenced by the wall. The comparison of the measurement results and simulation results of dwelling H0500 and H0700 can be found in Appendix B. 2.3 Part 3: Sensitivity analysis In this last step were the sensitivity analyses performed for the parameters presented in Table 1 in paragraph 2.1. The sensitivity analyses were carried out with the simulation model of H0300, for the period January-May. For each parameter was first the lower value simulated and afterwards the upper value. The difference in energy use between those two was used to have an indication of the sensitivity of that parameter. 3. RESULTS The results of the comparison of the measurement and simulation results of step 1 and the results of the sensitivity analyses of step 2 are presented below. The results presented below are only results of dwelling H

57 3.1 Comparison measurement and simulation results In this paragraph the results of the hand calculations are shown first, see Table 2-5. In Table 2 the results are shown of the several calculated heat gains and losses for the months January-May. In Table 3 the thermal conductance is shown of both partition walls per zone. An example of the heat loss through these walls in the period January-May is presented in Table 4, because the air temperatures in the dwellings of the neighbors is not known and therefore the real heat gain/heat loss cannot be calculated. The heat balance of the heat gains and heat losses of dwelling H0300 in the month January is shown in Table 5. The whole hand calculations can be found in Appendix C. The measurement and simulation results are shown in Table 6 and Figure 2-5. Table 6 shows the measured and simulated energy use for space heating per month. Figure 2 shows the measured and simulated air temperature of the ground floor during the month January and in Figure 3 is zoomed in on Figure 4 shows the measured and simulated air temperature of the first floor during the month January and in Figure 5 is zoomed in on The remaining measurement and simulation results of the indoor temperatures for the months February-May of H0300 are presented in Appendix D. Table 2 Results of the hand calculations of the several heat gains and heat losses per month of dwelling H0300. Electricity People use [kwh] [kwh] Heating system [kwh] External walls [kwh] Ground floor [kwh] Glazing and frame [kwh] Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery [kwh] Mechanical ventilation without heat recovery [kwh] January February March April May Table 3 Thermal conductance of both partition walls of dwelling H0300, U partition wall is 6.50 W/m 2 K Surface area partition wall [W/K] both sides [m 2 ] Ground floor First floor Attic Total Table 4 - Example of heat loss when in both neighbors houses of dwelling H0300, the temperature is one Kelvin lower during January-May. Heat loss when in both neighbors houses the temperature is continuously 1 Kelvin lower [kwh] January 434 February 392 March 434 April 420 May 434 5

58 Table 5 Heat balance of the heat gains and heat losses of dwelling H0300 in the month January. The heat losses and heat gains with the symbol? are not calculated. Heat loss [kwh] Heat gain [kwh] Electricity use 276 People 147 Solar radiation 81 Heating system 1048 Partition walls?? Ground floor slab 76 Glazing and frame 228 Mechanical ventilation with heat 31 recovery Mechanical ventilation without heat 248 recovery Infiltration? Ventilation via windows/doors? Total Table 6 - The energy use for space heating per month, determined from measured data and simulations Measured energy use for space heating [kwh] Simulated energy use for space heating [kwh] January February March April May Total Figure 2 - The measured air temperatures in the living room, and the simulated air temperatures and surface temperature in the ground floor zone for the month January. 6

59 Figure 3 - The measured air temperatures in the living room, and the simulated air temperatures and surface temperature in the ground floor zone on Figure 4 - The average measured air temperatures in two bedrooms at the first floor, and the simulated air temperatures and surface temperatures in the first floor zone, for the month January. Figure 5 - The average measured air temperatures in two bedrooms at the first floor, and the simulated air temperatures and surface temperatures in the first floor zone on

60 3.2 Sensitivity analysis In this paragraph the results are presented of the sensitivity analysis. The difference in energy use for space heating for the upper and lower boundary is given per parameter in Figure 6. Figure 6 Sensitivity analyses results of several building and user parameters showing the difference in energy use for space heating between the upper and lower value. 4. DISCUSSION In this paragraph the results of section three are discussed. The measurement data of the air temperature has an accuracy of ±0,35 C. Besides this, is the air temperature measured in one room on the ground floor and in two rooms on the first floor, while in the simulation model the average air temperature is taken from the whole ground floor and whole first floor. The accuracy of the measured energy use for space heating is unknown, but the inaccuracy is in the estimated energy use for cooking, measured temperatures of cold and hot domestic hot water (DHW), the DHW volume, the efficiency of the boiler, the gas meter, and in the used conversion factor for the conversion of m 3 gas to kwh. The calculation of the measured energy use for space heating can be found in Appendix C. These inaccuracies in the measurement result show that a comparison between measured and simulation results are limited, certainly when also the deviations and simplifications of the model are taken into account. Because of this, is only checked whether tendencies are the same. 4.1 Comparison measurement and simulation results The hand calculation of the several heat gains and heat losses were done to gain an insight into the size of the different heat flows. The hand calculations show that the heat losses through window including frame and the ventilation due to an unbalanced ventilation system, with more exhaust than supply, are relatively large. The electricity use in H0300 gives a reasonable contribution to the heating demand. The thermal conductance of the partition walls are large in comparison with the building shell and therefore, the heat gain or the heat loss to the neighbors can be large, when a small temperature difference exist over the wall as shown in Table 4. To have an indication of the size of the heat losses/heat gains through the partition walls and due to infiltration, and ventilation by openable parts, a heat balance was made. This heat balance shows that about 60% of the total heat loss is due to infiltration, ventilation by openable parts and possible heat losses to the neighbors, see Table 5. This is a large part of the total energy consumption for space heating. When also the temperatures in the houses of the neighbors are higher than in dwelling H0300, the heat loss part caused by ventilation and infiltration is even larger. However, the uncertainty in the measured energy use for space heating and other parameters, as mentioned earlier, has to be taken into account. This can decrease the energy loss of the uncalculated parameters. For example, when the conversion factor for the conversion of m 3 gas to kwh is lower in reality. 8

61 The results in Table 6 show the measured and simulated energy use for space heating of H0300. The tendency in both results is the same: a decrease in energy use in the five consecutive months. The measured and simulated energy use for space heating in dwelling H0700 have the same tendency in the several months, but the deviation between the simulated and measured energy use for space heating in H0500 is large, see Table B.15 in Appendix B. The comparison of the measured and simulated temperatures on the ground floor of H0300 show a reasonable agreement in results, but the differences between the measured and simulated temperatures on the first floor are larger, see Figure 2-5. The same tendency can be found in the results of dwelling H0500 and H0700, see Appendix B. A possible cause for the larger deviation of the simulated temperature with respect to the measured temperature on the first floor, can be the opening of the window in the bedroom of the occupants. The inaccuracy in the measurements made a good comparison of the measurements and simulation results difficult. This makes the simulation model less appropriate for sensitivity analyses. However, the tendencies in air temperature/surface temperature and energy use for space heating are mostly the same in the measurement and simulation results of dwelling H0300 and H0500. Therefore, the tendency in the sensitivity of the building and user parameters is used to answer the research question. 4.2 Sensitivity analysis The sensitivity analyses results are shown in Figure 6. A change in the window use in the bedroom of the occupants causes a large difference in energy use for space heating. Other investigated parameters with a large influence on the energy use for space heating are: thermostat set point, set point of the ventilation system, electricity use, and the amount of infiltration. The performed sensitivity analyses is a very rough analysis, because only a few parameters are investigated with only two different values. Further, there are no parameters changed at the same time. 5. CONCLUSIONS In this research was tried to find an answer on the question: What is the sensitivity of building and user parameters on the energy use for space heating in a passive house renovated terraced dwelling? The sensitivity analyses showed that the user parameters: window use in bedroom occupants, thermostat set point, and set point of the ventilation system can have a large influence on the energy use for space heating. Of less importance are the user parameter electricity use and the building parameter infiltration, but their influence is still relatively large. 6. RECOMMENDATIONS In this part a few suggestion will be given for further research. The air flow through an opened window seems sometimes to be too high in the simulation models, but it could not be checked with measurements. So it is recommended to measure a few times the average wind speed when a window is opened during a longer period and check this on the same moments in the simulation model. Thereby it is recommended to determine the wind pressure coefficients over the building shell, because in the current study the standard wind pressure coefficients of IES are used for low rise buildings. In the current study could the heat flow from or to the neighbors not be determined, because the air temperature in the neighbors houses were not known. These heat flows can be large, so it would be better to measure also the air temperatures in the dwellings of the neighbors in a future project, when this is possible. In the current study a very rough sensitivity analysis was performed. So a more extensively sensitivity analyses would be recommended. In such a sensitivity analysis more parameters have to be investigated and parameters have to be changed at the same time. 9

62 7. REFERENCES [1] Bosseboeuf, D., Energy Efficiency Trends in Buildings in the EU: Lessons from the ODYSSEE MURE project. Retrieved October 7, Buildings-brochure pdf [2] Blok, J.J., Renovation to passive houses: Investigation of the air quality and thermal comfort in a case study in the Netherlands. Eindhoven University of Technology [3] Deuring, F.A., Valk, H.J.J.,2013. Onderzoek hoogwaardige thermische schil: onderzoek naar de praktische realisatiemogelijkheden van een Rc van 5 en hoger. Retrieved October 17, [4] Zehnder America.,2012. Ventilation unit Zhender ComfoAir 550. Retrieved October 17, [5] Cremers, B.,2012. Monitoring a zero-energy building. Knowledge Center Zhender group [6] Franke architecten, Overzichtstabel resultaten BDT Kroeven Complex

63 Appendix A Model H0300 Weather file The weather file is made for January-May, whereby data of KNMI Woensdrecht is used for January- March, because in the period January-March the data of the own weather station in Roosendaal is not reliable. For the period April-May is used the weather data of the own weather station in Roosendaal. Site data Orientation: Site rotation angle 255 Ground reflectance: 0.2 Terrain type: Suburbs Wind exposure: Sheltered Dimensions The dimensions of the building model are given in Figure A.1. The dimensions of the windows are given in the part windows in Table A.7. Zone 3: Attic Zone 2: First floor Zone 1: Ground floor Figure A.1 Dimensions of the building model Specifications building envelope and floors The specification of the building envelope and floors of H0300 are given in the Table A.1-A.6 below. Further had a profile for the ground temperature below the ground floor to be chosen. The chosen profile is a continuously profile of C. Table A.1 - Specification of the exterior wall Emissivity Resistance [m 2 K/W] Solar absorptance Outside surface Inside surface

64 Table A.2 - Specification of the Partition wall Emissivity Resistance [m 2 K/W] Solar absorptance Outside surface Inside surface Table A.3 - Specification of the ground floor slab Emissivity Resistance [m 2 K/W] Solar absorptance Outside surface Inside surface

65 Table A.4 - Specification of the first floor slab Emissivity Resistance [m 2 K/W] Solar absorptance Outside surface Inside surface Table A.5 - Specification of the second floor slab Emissivity Resistance [m 2 K/W] Solar absorptance Outside surface Inside surface

66 Table A.6 - Specification of the roof Emissivity Resistance [m 2 K/W] Solar absorptance Outside surface Inside surface Windows In this section the ID number of the windows and doors are shown in Figure A.2. In Table A.7 the length, height and surface are of the glazing + frame are presented per ID number. In Table A.8 section frame of total window, perimeter of the windows and openable area are given per ID number. Finally an example is given how a window is implemented in IES, Figure A.3. A B C F G H I D E J K L M N Frontage Figure A.2 - The windows in the dwelling with their given ID number Rear Roof Table A.7- Lenght, height and surface area of glazing+frame in IES model Window ID Length [m] Height [m] Surface area [m 2 ] A 0,79 0,59 0,47 B 1,21 1,50 1,81 C 0,86 1,50 1,29 D 1,25 1,66 2,08 E 0,82 1,66 1,36 Front door 1,10 2,16 2,38 F 0,99 1,50 1,47 G 1,08 1,50 1,62 H 0,47 1,50 0,70 I 0,78 1,50 1,16 J 0,99 2,18 2,14 14

67 K 1,08 2,18 2,35 L 0,94 2,19 2,06 M 0,44 1,66 0,73 N 1,08 1,16 1,25 Table A.8 - Section frame of total glazing and frame, perimeters of the windows and doors and the openable area of the window+frame. Window ID Section frame of total glazing+frame in IES model Perimeter window (m) Openable part [m 2 ] A /0.47=0.56 B C /1.29=0.73 D E /1.36=0.78 F /1.47=0.76 G H I /1.16=0.72 J /2.14=0.82 K L /2.06=0.85 M /0.73=0.60 N /1.25=0.65 Voordeur (5.97) Total perimeter openable parts =45m Window input in IES example of window with ID:A, but others are the similar: Figure A.3 - Input window with ID A. 15

68 Solar shading The kitchen hatch has a frame before the kitchen hatch which works as solar shading and the roof overhangs work also as solar shading and by that are added as solar shading in the model, see Figure A.4. Roof overhang Shading Figure A.4 - In green is indicated where solar shading is added. Electricity use profile for ground floor and attic. The measured electricity use of the period January is used to determine these profiles. Table A.9 shows that the total electricity use in the months January-May are nearly the same and that the electricity use on the ground floor and second floor is about 90% of the total (about 10% is used for the systems at the attic). It s assumed that on the first floor no electricity is used, so the remaining electricity in the table is assumed as used at the ground floor in the model. The measured electricity use of the boiler, ventilation unit, and solar collector pump is used for the electricity use profile of the attic, see Table A.11 Table A.9 - Electricity use of systems at the attic, remaining and total electricity use in the period January-May. Electricity use H0300 [kwh] January Systems at the attic Remaining electricity Total February Systems at the attic Remaining electricity Total March Systems at the attic Remaining electricity Total April Systems at the attic Remaining electricity Total May Systems at the attic 21 8 Remaining electricity Total Percentage [%] 16

69 The resulting hourly electricity use profile for the ground floor is shown in Table A.10. Table A.10 - Electricity use profile for the ground floor Hour of the day Monday [kwh] Tuesday [kwh] Ground floor Wednesday [kwh] Thursday [kwh] 17 Friday [kwh] Saturday [kwh] Sunday [kwh] 0 0,23 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,45 0,23 0,45 1 0,23 0,00 0,18 0,54 0,23 0,23 0,23 2 0,23 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,23 0,00 0, ,18 0,18 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,00 4 0,23 0,36 0,18 0,00 0,00 0,23 0, ,36 0,36 0,00 0,45 0,23 0,23 6 0,23 0,36 0,18 0,18 0,45 0,45 0,23 7 0,45 0,18 0,72 0,54 0,23 0,00 0,45 8 0,23 0,18 0,00 0,18 0,00 0,68 0,45 9 0,23 0,54 0,54 0,72 0,90 0,23 0, ,23 0,54 0,18 0,18 0,00 0,68 0, ,68 0,36 0,54 0,72 0,68 0,23 0, ,54 0,36 0,54 0,45 0,45 0, ,23 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,23 0,00 0, ,18 0,36 0,18 0,23 0,00 0, ,45 0,36 0,36 0,54 0,23 0,90 0, ,45 0,72 0,18 0,54 0,23 0,68 0, ,23 0,36 0,54 0,36 0,68 0,23 0, ,23 0,54 0,54 0,54 0,45 0,23 0, ,23 0,36 0,18 0,36 0,23 0,23 0, ,13 1,08 0,72 1,26 0,68 0,68 0, ,23 0,72 0,54 0,72 0,90 0,23 0, ,23 0,18 0,36 0,00 0,23 0,00 0, ,45 0,36 0,00 0,00 0,23 0,23 0,23 Table A.11 - Electricity use profile for the Attic Hour of the day Monday [kwh] Tuesday [kwh] Attic Wednesday [kwh] Thursday [kwh] Friday [kwh] Saturday [kwh] Sunday [kwh] 0 0,04 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,05 1 0,03 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,03 2 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 3 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 4 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 5 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 6 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 7 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 0,02 8 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,03 0,02 0,02 0,02

70 9 0,03 0,02 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,03 0, ,03 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,04 0, ,03 0,03 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,04 0, ,02 0,03 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,03 0, ,02 0,02 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,04 0, ,03 0,05 0,06 0,08 0,09 0,05 0, ,03 0,07 0,05 0,09 0,07 0,05 0, ,04 0,07 0,04 0,09 0,07 0,05 0, ,03 0,05 0,04 0,08 0,06 0,04 0, ,03 0,05 0,04 0,07 0,06 0,05 0, ,04 0,06 0,06 0,08 0,06 0,06 0, ,05 0,06 0,08 0,07 0,06 0,05 0, ,06 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,05 0,05 0, ,06 0,05 0,05 0,06 0,05 0,05 0, ,06 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,04 Profiles The profiles for the use of the thermostat, use of windows, and heat gain profile of the occupants are given below in Table A.12-A.15. The thermostat use profile is used during the period until , thereafter the central heating is not used until When the window use profile of the bedroom of the occupants is used or when the window was continuously opened can be found in Table A.14. Table A.12 - Thermostat use profile Table A.13 - Window use profile bedroom occupants Table A.14 - Periods when the window use profile of the bedroom of the occupants is used and when the window was continuously opened to Profile to Continuously opened to Profile to Continuously opened to Profile to Continuously opened to Profile 18

71 Table A.15 - window use profile kitchen Occupants heat gain profile At daytime it is assumed that both occupants are in the zone on the ground floor in accordance with the thermostat use profile, assumed is that they are seated and produce 105W per person. At night it is assumed that both occupants are on the first floor, assumed is that they are lying and produce 85W per person. See Table A.16. Table A.16 - Sensible and latent heat gain of people for the activities sitting and lying. Activity Total heat gain [W/p]* Sensible [W/p]** Latent [W/p]** Seated Lying * bouwfysisch ontwerpen 1 ** distribution estimated from CIBSE guide A Input infiltration and input used window for extra ventilation in MacroFlo in IES The infiltration can be implemented via the crack flow coefficient in IES-VE. The formula for the crack flow coefficient from IES is: The air flow though the cracks at the pressure difference of 50 Pa is measured for H0300 and was: n 50 = 1 This means one air change of the total air volume of the building per hour. Total volume of dwelling is: Ground floor : 106 m 3 First floor: 106 m 3 Second floor: 53 m 3 Totaal: 265 m 3 The length of the crack (L) is taken as around openable parts, because in IES the crack flow coefficient is inserted for openable window parts. The total length of the perimeter of all the openable parts is 45 meter. The density of air entering the crack in kg/m 3 was about 9 C, when the blower door test was carried out. The air density by 9 C is 1.25 kg/m 3 So the crack flow coefficient for H0300 becomes 73.6=C*45*(1.21/1.25) 0.5 * q= 265/3.6=73,6 l/s C=0.159 l/s*m*pa

72 The window use of, for example, the bedroom of the occupants is also included as can be seen in figure A.5: Figure A.5- Input window F with opening profile as measured. Mechanical ventilation and heating system The use of the set points of the ventilation system by the occupants in the period January-May is shown in Table A.17. Table A.17 Use of the set points of the ventilation system by the occupants. H0300 January February March April May Average [%] Average duration per day [hh:mm] [%] Average duration per day [hh:mm] [%] Average duration per day [hh:mm] [%] Average duration per day [hh:mm] [%] Average duration per day [hh:mm] [%] Average duration per day [hh:mm] Use set 85 20: : : : : :46 point 1 Use set 12 2:53 9 2: :24 8 1: : :17 point 2 Use set point 3 3 0:43 4 0:57 4 0:58 5 1: :51 4 0:57 In each set point is measured with a flow finder how large the exhaust and supply flows are on the ground floor, first floor and attic. The results are shown in Table A.18. These supply flows in each set point are used in the simulation model. Table A.18 - Supply and exhaust flows of the mechanical ventilation system for the three zones in set point 1 and 2. Set point 1 Supply flow [m 3 /h] ± 3m 3 /h Supply flow [l/s] Exhaust flow [m 3 /h] ± 3m 3 /h Exhaust flow [l/s] Zone 1: Ground floor Zone 2: First floor Zone 3: Attic Set point 2 Zone 1: Ground floor Supply flow [m 3 /h] ± 3m 3 /h Supply flow [l/s] Exhaust flow [m 3 /h] ± 3m 3 /h Exhaust flow [l/s] 20