NCSRA II NCSRA II. National Cyber Security Research Agenda II

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1 NCSRA II NCSRA II 01 PRIVACY CREDIT C National Cyber Security Research Agenda II SECURITY DDoS

2 NCSRA II Living in a cyber-dependent world Computers and the internet are an indispensable part of today s society. We are living in a cyber dependent world! The internet is characterized by a large degree of freedom for all who use it. In our work we also experience the down side: parties with bad intentions also enjoy this freedom. To limit the risks to citizens and companies, we need cyber security. Keeping security at an acceptable level, in an extremely fast developing information society, is a challenging and difficult task. We are in a constant struggle to ensure that we have enough knowledge, expertise and experts to win the battle against adversaries threatening our cyber security In 2011 the ICT Innovation Platform Veilig Verbonden (IIP-VV) released the first Dutch National Cyber Security Research Agenda (NCSRA). Based on this agenda the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) and the Dutch government funded two successful cyber security calls for proposals in This has resulted in a large number of relevant research proposals and feasibility studies. In the meantime the execution of granted projects has started This document is an updated version of the 2011 agenda, focusing at Security and Trust of Citizens and Security and Trustworthiness of Infrastructure Continues on other flap >

3 National Cyber Security Research Agenda II 1

4 Contents 05 A National Research Agenda for Cyber Security 11 Focus and objectives 15 The many aspects of cyber security 21 Technologies, application domains, and research themes 37 Addendum to the NCSRA II 2

5 About this document Editors: prof.dr.ir. Herbert Bos (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) prof.dr. Sandro Etalle (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven) ir. Frank Fransen (TNO) dr.ir. Erik Poll (Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen) September 30, 2013 About this document The NCSRA II is the updated version of the National Cyber Security Research Agenda (NCSRA), which was drafted in 2011 and served as the guiding document for the 2012 calls for cyber security research proposals in the Netherlands. This document, like the previous version of the NCSRA, has been edited under the coordination and responsibility of the ICT Innovatie Platform Veilig Verbonden (IIP-VV) 1. NWO and four ministries (EZ, V&J, Def, BZK) requested the IIP-VV to produce an update of the NCSRA, in order for them to use this as a basis for a new cyber security research call in This research agenda is a strategic document that provides a frame of reference for the research challenges and opportunities for the wider field of cyber security, so that it may help to align and synchronise the various ICT security research initiatives in the public and private sector in the Netherlands. It has been produced with a broad involvement of researchers from various disciplines (computer science, law, public administration, cybercrime sciences, and police studies), including experts from universities (incl. RU Nijmegen, TU Delft, TU Eindhoven, University of Tilburg, University of Twente, and VU Amsterdam) and other knowledge institutes and centres of expertise (incl. TNO, NCSC, WODC, NSCR, Novay, and NFI), and through discussions with experts from industry and (semi-)govern mental organizations. For validation, three meetings have been held with representatives of three clusters of applications domains to solicit feedback, discuss comments, and get input on draft versions of this agenda. There were several reasons for publishing a new version of the Research Agenda for Cyber Security. Where the previous agenda focused almost entirely on defense, we now incorporate more offensive operational cyber activities also. Moreover, in the previous research agenda, some research themes lacked both a clear separation and a more precise and complete description. Finally, we added a new addendum, as a (separate) companion document to provide concrete examples of research topics and questions

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7 A National Research Agenda for Cyber Security 5

8 As our reliance on ICT increases, so do concerns about its security. This is explicitly recognised and addressed by the Dutch government in its first National Cyber Security Strategy (NCSS, 2011) and the updated version, the NCSS II. The growing complexity of ICT systems means that vulnerabilities are harder to avoid, the increased use creates new opportunities for increasingly sophisticated attackers, and chain dependencies between systems and services mean that any disruption can quickly escalate. Rising worries about state-sponsored cyber attacks have led to military cyber task forces in most advanced countries. In 2012 we have seen that the military-grade Stuxnet attack on Iran s uranium enrichment facility was not an isolated event. Similar, equally complex malware such as Flame, Duqu and Gauss have shown that cyber attacks are weaponized to an incredibly advanced level. For example, for Gauss, discovered in the summer of 2012, we still do not know what it does, more than a year later, despite massive efforts by the world s best mal ware research labs! Its main conclusions can be summarized as follows: a) the dependence on ICT for individuals, organisations and society has grown, b) the number of cyber threats has increased (in particular the threats posed by nation states and professional criminals), and c) the resilience has remained about the same because new initiatives and measures do not keep up with vulnerabilities, and basic measures are not always taken. As we cannot afford to let cyber criminals erode the trust we have and need to have Unfortunately, the Netherlands is an important player in the world of cyber crime. As the country with the highest broadband penetration and the best quality broadband in the world, the Netherlands is a prime target for botnets. The 2013 version of the Cyber Security Assessment Netherlands 2 (NCSC, 2013) provides a good insight into our country s interests, the threats that may harm these, and our resilience to defend against these. 2 Figure 1: Unit is the Chinese army s advanced persistent threat unit that has been alleged to be the source of Chinese computer hacking attacks. 6

9 A National Research Agenda for Cyber Security Tudor Catalin Gheorghe, Shutterstock Figure 2: The Stuxnet attack on the uranium enrichment facility in Iran was only the start of a wave of militarygrade malware that includes Flame, Duqu and Gauss. For Gauss, researchers are still trying to discover its exact functionality more than a year after its initial discovery. in the ICT infrastructure and the services it provides, research is needed. Trust is a conditio sine qua non for normal economic transactions and inter-human communication. It is at the core of social order and economic prosperity, and in an increasingly ICTdependent world, the security of ICT plays an ever more important role here. Continued investment in security expertise provides up-to-date and strategically essential knowledge for decision makers to act wisely in complex cases such as electronic passports and online IDs, e-health, cybercrime, cyber warfare, smart grids, public transport, smart cars and roads, and other critical infrastructures. On the positive side, ICT security presents significant economic opportunities, through services and products that provide improved security, and by enabling the continuous growth in the use of ICT (Ernst&Young, 2011). The demand for solutions in this area is huge and growing. Bringing together the key organisations and research groups fosters a community that can address this demand and provide a strong economic impulse. 7

10 Policy Context This research agenda aims to provide a frame of reference to align and synchronise the various ICT security research initiatives in the public and private sector in the Netherlands, and to help in boosting Dutch ICT security expertise through research at universities and knowledge centers, government agencies, and companies, and to foster partnerships between these various partners. In its Top Sector policy, the Dutch government focuses on innovation in nine economic top sectors for growth that have been iden- tified. The aim of this agenda is to serve as leading for all cyber security research, regardless the top sector the research is associated with. At least two top sectors, High Tech Systems and Materials (HTSM) and Energy, directly deal with cyber security, as does the Roadmap ICT which cuts across all Dutch top sectors in recognition of the role of fundamental and strategic ICT research in many domains. The Security Roadmap under HTSM, the Smart Grids Innovation Contract under Energy, and the Roadmap ICT under the theme ICT one can rely on all refer to the NCSRA. Zmkstudio, Shutterstock 8

11 A National Research Agenda for Cyber Security This agenda can also help to position the Dutch research community and industry in the international context, in the EU (European Commission, 2013; Council of the European Union, 2012) and beyond, notably in the US (US Department of Homeland Security, 2009). International collaboration is crucial, since cyber security problems transcend natio nal borders, and new developments in ICT take place in a global research community. The NCSRA II positions itself alongside the NCSS II and complementary activities focused on more short-term and/or operational goals, such as improvements in the legal and law enforcement frameworks to deal with cybercrime, response teams to handle cyber security incidents, threat analyses and protection of existing ICT infrastructure, awareness campaigns (such as Alert Online), etc. Here the goal is to continue the thrust of the research programmes started with calls for proposals in 2012, handled by AgentschapNL for short term applied research in SBIR projects and by Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for long term applied and fundamental research, which in turn had a precursor in the Sentinels programme

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13 Focus and objectives 11

14 The NCSRA II concentrates on two areas: Security and Trust of Citizens: This includes privacy protection, security of mobile services, data and policy management, and accountability. Security and Trustworthiness of Infrastructure: This includes malware detection and removal, intrusion detection and prevention, trustworthiness of networks and hardware, software security, security of SCADA/industrial control systems (ICS), and secure operating systems. This fits well with the National Cyber Security Strategy, and the earlier Digitale Agenda.nl (Ministerie EL&I, 2011), that has Digital security and trust as one of its action lines. Moreover, it is in line with the recommendations of the EU advisory board on Research & Innovation on Security, Privacy, and Trustworthiness in the Information Society (RISEPTIS, 2008) and the newer Red Book produced by the European Network of Excellence SysSec (SysSec, 2013). The objectives of the NCSRA II based research programmes are: To improve the security and trustworthiness of the ICT infrastructure and ICT services. To prepare the Netherlands for the security challenges of the next 6-12 years. To stimulate the Dutch security economy and promote innovation in this sector. To strengthen and broaden Dutch security research by fostering cooperation between knowledge institutions and relevant public and private organizations. This agenda contributes to these objectives by defining themes for cyber security research and education, both in a public and private context. There is a potential for tremendous benefits by bringing together the different sectors and stakeholders: government, industry, knowledge centers, interest groups and universities. Stimulating research will also have a big impact on higher education and help in training the next generations of security experts, incl. PhD students trained as part of research projects, and many more Bachelor and Master students that come into contact with the field. More fundamentally, highly visible research projects and groups help to attract students to the area. Like the previous version, this version of the NCSRA considers cyber security in the broadest sense. Thus, while traditional computer science plays an important role, it also considers the roles of α and γ disciplines. 12

15 Focus and objectives Pushish Donhongsa, Shutterstock Take home message: The NCSRA II sets the strategic research agenda for cyber security research and education in the Netherlands, involving stakeholders from many fields and organisations. The NCSRA II endeavours to improve cyber security through research, leading to the creation of new, high-quality jobs. The NCSRA II identifies the following research themes: 1. Identity, privacy, and trust management 2. Malware and malicious infrastructures 3. Attack detection & prevention, monitoring 4. Forensics and incident management 5. Data, policy and access management 6. Cybercrime and the underground economy 7. Risk management, economics, and regulation 8. Secure design and engineering 9. Offensive cyber-capabilities The NCSRA II chooses a broad perspective, knowing that innovative cyber security solutions are mainly driven by inspiration, not by orchestration. It leaves putting emphasis on one or more research themes to those who provide funding for research programs, formulate research proposals, etc. 13

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17 The many aspects of cyber security 15

18 Cyber security issues are no longer limited to traditional computer systems, such as PCs and laptops. Rather, they surface everywhere, from electricity and water supply systems to the health service, from public transport to smart cars, from implants to supply chains, and from banking and logistics to the emergency services. They range from Advanced Persistent Threats, perhaps initiated by governments, to much simpler but still costly cyber vandalism, for instance by script kiddies. Addressing cyber security involves many domains of expertise, or disciplines. We do not just need technical expertise to detect and stop attacks or better still, prevent them. We also need laws and regulations that better fit computer crime, and we need to better understand, the forms and causes of cybercrime, the effectiveness of measures, including law enforcement, also across international borders and legal jurisdictions, the underground economy, and see where economic drivers for implementing security measures are lacking and regulation may be needed. In the disciplines involved in cyber security, we can make a rough distinction between: These disciplines involve very different communities, with radically different backgrounds and traditions. Stimulating collaboration between them is important: combining insights from different fields will be crucial for addressing some of the challenges in cyber security. For example, law enforcement will require a combination of technological, criminological, and legal aspects, while some technical security measures, e.g. Deep Packet Inspection, raise important ethical and legal questions. The NCSRA II provides a real opportunity where the Netherlands can show the way forward by establishing serious collaboration between these communities. technical aspects: the β disciplines of computer science and engineering, and neighbouring areas of mathematics (notably cryptology) and electrical engineering. human (or non-technical) aspects: the α and γ disciplines of law, criminology, (business) economics, (information) management, applied ethics, psycho l ogy and sociology. Carlos E. Santa Maria, Shutterstock 16

19 The many aspects of cyber security We have an information leak. What happened? Develop technology to detect information leakage automatically Develop new forms of cryptography Can we apply IPR protection law to close down USENET groups that host copyrighted material? Is the new public transport card secure? How can access control for SCADA systems be improved? Assess resilience of electricity grid against cyber threats" Develop new legislation to handle security incidents in Cloud computing Develop methodology to assess software security Design a next generation citizen e ID card CONSULTANCY SHORTER TERM APPLIED LONGER TERM APPLIED FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH AD-HOC AGENTSCHAP S SBIR PROGRAMME NWO CYBER SECURITY SCOPE OF NCSRA Figure 3: The spectrum of ICT security research problems with examples The many aspects of cyber security Cyber security is a complex issue, affecting many application domains and straddling many (scientific) disciplines and fields. Many different dimensions could be used to classify and categorize the research challenges in cyber security, for example: the different scientific disciplines: the β disciplines of computer science and engineering, and neighbouring areas such as cryptology, and the α and γ disciplines such as law, criminology, (business) economics and (information) management, and psychology. the different application domains, such as finance, commerce, government, telecom, transport and logistics, which includes some critical infrastructures. the different stages: prevention, detection, analysis, response & recovery, governance, with risk assessment as the overarching activity to balance these. the different layers: the basic infrastructure of networks, hardware, and software (e.g. for internet, cloud computing, or pervasive systems); the applications, services, and service providers; the content, content providers, and users. 17

20 the different technologies: tools, techniques, systems, and methods to build solutions and applications, cloud computing, mobile devices, embedded systems, pervasive computing, internet of things, etc. All these classifications or dimensions have their pros and cons: no matter which is chosen, there are always some research questions that span multiple categories. After considering the alternatives above (and others), a thematic classification (with nine research themes) mapped on a number of application domains (resulting in a two dimensionial representation), as will be presented in Sections 4.2 and 4.3, was chosen for this agenda as the preferred approach. The research will involve and benefit the entire field: industry, knowledge centers, education, and the various levels of government. Similarly, research will comprise both visionary, long-term aspects of cyber security (how do we prepare for the security issues in 2020 and beyond?), and more immediate goals (how do we deal with a future Stuxnetlike attack on a power plant in the Netherlands, and guarantee sufficient resilience?). Short vs long term research Cyber security research spans a broad range from short-term to long-term, and from applied to fundamental, as illustrated in Fig 3. At one end of the spectrum are short-term consultancy-type projects, e.g. to evaluate security concerns or proposed solutions. Because of their urgent and ad-hoc nature, these do not easily lend themselves to synchronisation in a broader research program. At the other end of the spectrum is fundamental scientic research, carried out at universities. Longer term research, both applied and fundamental, often involves training of PhD students. Intermediate forms are carried out internally inside many companies and organisations, but also occur as separate projects across organisations. Good examples are the projects funded in the 2012 SBIR call for proposals in cyber security supported by AgentschapNL and earlier programs such as the NAVI Sub-arena (which focused on vital ICT infrastructure). Although different types of organisations may typically be involved in more short-term or long-term research, these do not form separate and isolated communities. This is important for sharing knowledge and expertise, but also for sharing challenges and problems a practical immediate problem may pose an interesting scientic challenge and inspire and stimulate more fundamental research and to see to it that the right knowledge is delivered in education, as illustrated in Fig

21 The many aspects of cyber security PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR SOCIETY AT LARGE Problems Challenges Knowledge opportunities solutions Solutions APPLIED RESEARCH FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Problems Problems Challenges Knowledge opportunities solutions COMPANIES GOVERNMENT AGENCIES TNO, NOVAY UNIVERSITIES Knowledge Trained personnel EDUCATION Trained personnel Figure 4: ICT security research 19

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23 Technologies, application domains, and research themes 21

24 Concrete research questions typically arise in a specific context, which may involve a certain technology (e.g. cloud computing), or a particular application domain (e.g. finance), or a combination of the two. Still, similar research questions arise across different contexts, representing broader research themes. The next two sections make an inventory of the most important contexts, both regarding technology and application domain. The last section then lists the underlying research themes that represent the central challenges for security across these contexts. 4.1 Technologies A central technology that is at the heart of most applications is of course Internet, fixed or mobile. Telecommunications and the Internet are merging more and more to become an all-ip environment, where traditional telephony (voice), television (video) and data exchange are integrated into a multi-channel system. Services can be provided to large groups of users (broadcasting and information sharing), specific groups (narrowcasting and user communities) as well as single users. As many critical applications have come to rely on Internet, the Internet itself has become an ever more critical infrastructure. An important technology that builds on top of this is cloud computing. Cloud computing uses the communication infrastructure provided by the Internet to provide on-demand computation resources, in the form of raw computing power or more specialised services, by offering infrastructure, platforms or software as a service. Cloud computing is increasingly used by individual citizens and companies to outsource their ICT needs. Cloud computing may offer economic bene- fits, by exploiting economies of scale and releasing users from maintenance tasks. However, cloud computing also introduces extra (communication) costs, and raises serious challenges for security. Rafal Olechowski, Shutterstock Challenges are also raised by the sheer amount of data. More and more organizations are amassing data sets that are so large and so complex that they cannot easily be processed by conventional means of data processing. Finding anomalies that point to security incidents in Big Data is a difficult problem. Another important technological trend is pervasive systems: we are rapidly moving away from the desktop-model, and increasingly 22

25 Technologies, application domains, and research themes government transport & logistics finance telecom Malware & malicious infrastructures Attack detection, attack prevention & monitoring Forensics and incident management industrial control commerce healthcare Identity, privacy, and trust management Offensive cyber capabilities news & media NCSRA II Secure design & engineering domestic Risk management, economics and regulation Data, policy and access management Cybercrime & underground economy law enforcement defense smart grids Figure 5: Application domains (outer ring) and research themes (inner ring) interact with ICT that is integrated into everyday objects and activities, that make up the Internet of things. Some of these devices are fully connected to the wider Internet (e.g. smart phones), but many are not (e.g. wearable computing, or smart insulin pumps). The security of machine to machine (M2M) interactions as seen in modern cars, and manufacturing, is becoming an increasing concern. In some respects, cloud computing and pervasive systems are polar opposites: cloud computing relies on massive centralisation of data and processing power, whereas pervasive systems rely on a massive distribution of processing power. As we are surrounded by ever more devices with embedded electronics, the digital and physical worlds are rapidly converging to form one cyber-physical reality in our homes, our workplaces, in semi-public places such as care homes and hospitals, in public spaces such as the (public) transport systems, and ultimately at a global level. Pervasive systems have important implications for privacy, security, trust and have a deep impact in our social lives. Also, some of the devices, for instance RFID tags, have only very limited capabilities when it comes to information storage, processing and communication, so that traditional methods for providing security are not feasible. 23

26 Besides the location of computation and hardware capabilities, we distinguish a myriad of technologies in the nature of the software that have heavy implications for security. Information exchange no longer has a predominantly client-server nature. Information is exchanged in peer-to-peer fashion, more and more information is shared via social networks, and security sensitive operations (related to banking, health-care, taxes, etc.) all occur via the Internet with a variety of technologies for things like authentication and protection. A research program in security should find its place in this moving technology land scape. Rafal Olechowski, Shutterstock 4.2 Application domains ICT is used in many applications, ranging from generic use of ICT in the office or at home, to more specific applications in industry, each with their own security requirements and threats. Many of these domains are interdependent and incidents in one sector will have cascading effects. Below we highlight some but by no means all of these application domains. Several of these can be considered as critical infrastructures. Domestic. ICT and ICT networks play an increasingly important role in people s private lives, as the way to communicate and socialize (e.g. through social net- work), as source of information and entertainment (e.g. with gaming, and Internet taking over the role of television). This clearly has important security and privacy implications. Also, huge ICT infrastructure collectively provided by the Dutch citizens, with its excellent broadband connections, in itself has proved to be an interesting target for botnets. Commercial. Trust in ICT and Internet is vital for its ongoing and increasing use, and for companies to reap the economic benefits that this brings. Online commerce, or e-commerce, is increasingly important, and lack of trust in ICT and Internet could undermine its growth: Ernst&Young (2011) estimates that in creased trust in Internet by consumers could provide an additional 1.4 billion euro of online trade by Just as private individuals are concerned with privacy, companies are concerned with their intellectual property and confidential information. Companies are faced with a rapid rise of ever more sophisticated cyber attacks aimed at corporate espionage. Industrial Control Systems. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems monitor and control large industrial systems, such as chemical and nuclear plants, and large parts of the national critical infrastructure, such as the water, gas and electricity supply. Disruptions in SCADA systems can have disastrous consequences, but their increasing reliance on ICT including the Internet has made them vulnerable to remote attacks. Stuxnet is the most famous one among numerous examples here. This is especially 24