Organic matter important task for Europe: Necessity of new research structures The European Research and Technology Network for Soil and Land Use
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1 Organic matter important task for Europe: Necessity of new research structures The European Research and Technology Network for Soil and Land Use Franz Makeschin Chair of Soil Science and Soil Protection Dresden University of Technology
2 C-Sequestration in Soil: State of knowledge Pools and changes of C-sequestration in soils are rather unknown (esp. subsoils)! Data from the Carbo-Europe-Project: NBP (Soil) forest: 20 g m -2 a -1 (+/-60%) NBP (Soil) pasture: 57 g m -2 a -1 (+/- 130%) NBP (Soil) arable land: -10 g m -2 a -1 (+/- 95%) (Schulze et al., 2008) 2
3 Regional distribution of soil organic carbon in Europe JRC-Map: Organic carbon content (%) in the surface horizon of soils in Europe European Soil Data Base 1: 1 Mio 3
4 4 Soil organic matter the old truth and new challenges Gt C C-Pools in Surface Soils (0-30 cm) in the EU -example Germany- 5.8 Gt C correspond to 27 years of the present energyrelated CO 2 -emission of Germany A reduction of the C-content of all German arable soils by 0.2 per cent would be equivalent to 48 per cent of the anual energy-related CO 2 - emission of Germany
5 C-Sequestration in Soil: State of knowledge Pools and changes of C-sequestration in soils are rather unknown (esp. subsoils)! Data from the Carbo-Europe-Project: NBP (Soil) forest: 20 g m -2 a -1 (+/-60%) NBP (Soil) pasture: 57 g m -2 a -1 (+/- 130%) NBP (Soil) arable land: -10 g m -2 a -1 (+/- 95%) (Schulze et al., 2008) Pools Regional and site specific with high variability! 5
6 Soil organic matter the old truth and new challenges 1) Soil texture, parent material, climate (precipitation)...and topography form soil type patterns! BGR BGR 6
7 Soil organic matter the old truth and new challenges 2) Together will land use type (intensity?) an estimation of soil organic carbon is possible (ranges!!) Düwel, et al., 2007 BGR 7
8 Clustering of influencing factors on SOC Clay -Cluster average to distinctive content of organic C (t corg = 0,31) Warm Cluster Average content of organic C (t corg = -0,04) / ,5 0 0,5 1 t-value scale for SOC Drought Cluster Very low content of organic C (t corg = -1,11) Silt Cluster average to distinctive content of organic C (t corg = 0,32) Mountain / Hill Cluster distinctive content of organic C (t corg = 0,5) Precipitation (Altitude) Cluster distinctive to superior content of organic C (t corg = 0,77) Kartengrundlage: Nutzungsdifferenzierte Bodenübersichtskarte der UTERMANN 2009 Bundesrepublik Deutschland - BÜK 1000 N, BGR, Hannover
9 Cropland: Changes of SOC-content are influenced by fertilization 2,4 30 t/ha Std.+NPK 30 t/ha Std. 20 t/ha Std.+NPK 20 t/ha Std. NPK ohne Düngung 2,2 2 1,8 1,6 1,4 r = 0,94** r = 0,93** r = 0,70* r = 0,93** Even extrem amounts of stable manure lead only to a maximum change of 0,6 mass per cent SOC, in average to 0,4 per cent in comparision to humus consuming cultivation UFZ, Leipzig Dynamik Dynamic des of C-Content Kohlenstoffgehaltes due Fertilization in Abhängigkeit in the von Static der Düngung Fertilization im Statischen Experiment Düngungsversuch Bad Lauchstädt, Bad Germany Lauchstädt 9
10 Cropland: Changes of SOC-content are influenced by management 1000 Sugar beet Potato Corn W-rape Wheat Sunflower Grassland ZuckerRüben Kartoffeln Mais Winterraps Getreide Sonnenblume Ackergras 500 Humusbilanz Carbon balance in kg C kg ha ha-1 a a "VDLUFA untere Werte" Strohabfuhr > Straw removal "VDLUFA untere Werte" Stroh > Straw bleibton field Conventional "VDLUFA obere Werte" Strohabfuhr > Straw removal "VDLUFA obere Werte" Stroh > Straw bleibton field HE-ökologisch Strohabfuhr> Straw removal Organic HE-ökologisch Stroh bleibt> Straw on field Key importance of crop rotation / Crop (bio)diversity!! Different crops have different impacts via harvest and root residues (KBU 2008) 10
11 Important for assessment and modelling: time span! Conclusion: Influence of texture cultivation (C-Qual.) water Balance Smith
12 Regional challenges in Europe e.g. - Intensive cropping - Minesite areas - Mediterranean 12
13 Conclusion: Storage and distribution of soil organic carbon C-sequestration is depended on - soil texture (clay content) - temperature - soil moisture (precipitation & ground water) - land use (arable << grassland </= forest) Principles are well understood but knowledge about impact of management systems is insecure Subsoil-C not very well known! Extreme regional variation, data-base heterogeneous and cooperation between research institutions poor (exchange of experiences) 13
14 Can we detect changes in SOC due to Climate Change sofar? Field study Bavaria 1986 to 2007 Permanent monitoring sites (100 on cropland, 21 of grassland) indication of an average decrease of soil carbon of 3 per cent in cropland as well in grassland. However: Crops and fertilization are the main causes of the observed changes! A climate effect could be neither proved nor excluded! The results in Bavaria are in line with the reported changes in soil organic matter in Austria, Belgium, France and England! CAPRIEL and SEIFFERT,
15 Field study Bavaria 1986 to 2007 Number permanent monitoring plots No change Decrease sign. Increase Corg changes at arable sites between 1986 and 2007 CAPRIEL and SEIFFERT,
16 Field study Bavaria 1986 to 2007 Number permanent monitoring plots No change Decrease sign. Increase Corg changes at grassland sites between 1986 and 2007 CAPRIEL and SEIFFERT,
17 C-inputs in soils: Option II Import of external C-ressources Biowaste and artificial Soil Improvers Long term C-Sequestration may be possible with Compost HTC-coal Pyrolytic-coal Antoinetti 17
18 Soil Improvers! /? Precaution: There are more hazardous compounds in waste (e.g. sewage sludge and compost) than in harvest residues (evaluation: improving effects vs accumulation of hazardous compounds New products like hydrothermale oder pyrolytic coals promise long term C-Sequestration and/or improvement of soil functions (experience?) If new amendments do not show soil improving effects they should not be applied. Then a C- sequestration could better be conductet on a landfill or repository 18
19 A second challenge: assessment of global soil carbon (esp. developing and emerging countries) 19
20 General conclusions: (Europe & international ) Strong demand on data for soil assessment (CC, functions, ESS) Rio + 20 Process (Green Economy, Low Carbon Economy) Soils under stronger focus (CC, BioDiv, Desert Convention: up to date or relict): protection of fertile soils under global view! Strong demand on pinpoint monitoring and continuous field experiments! 20
21 General conclusions: (Europe & international ) Take more advantage of the experiences of the others! Regional knowledge (CC // Scenarios, prediction, models) Long term trials and monitoring Different intensification and land management types Methodological knowledge Cooperation with international networks Thus: very strong demand on intensified cooperation in research between scientific institutions and key target players in Europe! 21
22 Georesource Soil Functions Soil Protection The Story behind the Strategy, EU-Com. Key soil challenges Land use (change) Biomass production Degradation/ Contamination Climate Chance Urban/ infrastructure management
23 Georesource Soil Functions Soil Protection The Story behind the Strategy, EU-Com. Precondition: appropriate scientific and Key soil challenges Land use (change) Biomass production Degradation/ Contamination Climate Chance Urban/ infrastructure management research structures necessary
24 Centres of Soil Research in Europa (not complete!) BENELUX z. B. Wageningen Nordic-Countries z.b. Upsalla F GB z. B. Rothamsted z. B. CNRS (Paris, Montpellier) EC JRC Seville Poland IUNG Pulawy AT/CH Boku Wien ETH/WSL Zürich EC JRC Ispra ESB 24
25 European Research and Technology Network for Soil and Land Use (ERTN Soil and Land Use) Results of a current meeting in Berlin September
26 European Research and Technology Network for Soil and Land Use (ERTN Soil and Land Use) Results of a current meeting in Berlin September 2011 Soil and land management research in connection with joining sectors is one important basis for the success of a bio-based economy in Europe and world Soil and land management research in connection with joining sectors can provide answers and concepts for the big challenges (e.g. climate change, adaptation, food security, bio-energy) Connection between soil and land management research an other research areas is necessary Connection between public research and private research (companies) is necessary 26
27 European Research and Technology Network for Soil and Land Use (ERTN Soil and Land Use) Results of a current meeting in Berlin September 2011 There is no or less information/ overview about the research capacities in the EC at member state level There is no or less information about specific research centers (research knots) in the area of soil and land management research in the EC at member state level Increase of efficiency with respect to scientific cooperation at an institutional level is needed between member countries 27
28 We need stronger footprints on / for soils! Thank you for your attention! 28
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