Effect of Recycled PET Fibers on the Performance Properties of Knitted Fabrics

Transcription

1 Effect of Recycled Fibers on the Performance Properties of Knitted Fabrics Abdurrahman Telli 1, Nilgün Özdil 2 1 Cukurova University, Department of Textile Engineering, Adana TURKEY 2 Ege University, Department of Textile Engineering TURKEY Correspondence to: Abdurrahman Telli atelli@cu.edu.tr ABSTRACT (polyethylene terephthalate) is mostly used in textile and packaging industries. Bottle wastes are separated from other wastes and after that some processes are applied to obtain flakes, such as breaking, washing, drying and etc. r- fibers are produced by melt spinning method from these recycled flakes. r- fibers have already been used for secondary textile products like as carpet bottoms, sleeping bags and insulation materials. In this study usability of recycled fibers in apparel industry were researched. Comparative investigations of bursting strength, abrasion resistance, air permeability, surface friction, circular bending rigidity and dimensional stability properties were done to knitted fabrics produced from r- and blends with and cotton fibers. It was found that, instead of, r- fibers can be blended in certain amounts without compromising fabrics performance. Keywords: bottle, r- fibers, recycling, cotton,, interlock fabric INTRODUCTION Plastics are divided into two groups as thermosets and thermoplastics. Thermosets become softer structure when heated but they don t get into liquid form. Because of this, they can t be used again by simply process. However, thermoplastics can be softened and hardened again. In 1987, Society of Plastics Industry developed descriptive codes for thermoplastics to increase their reusable for a sustainable future. In this way, they have aimed to classify thermoplastics from thermosets and other waste. Plastics have similar densities which changes in a narrow range and they have the same or very similar electrical and magnetic properties. There are too many types of plastic wastes, so separation of them is a difficult process and they are usually used as composites. Plastics can be separated with various chemical and technological processes but they have to be carried out without causing economic and ecological problems. When the lifecycle analysis of plastics is investigated it is found that is rarely used in composites and because of this, they can be recycled easier. Society of Plastics Industry gave based products the code 1 because they believe recycling of should be prioritized [1-2]. (Polyethylene terephthalate) contains ester groups [3]. This polymer is mostly used in textile and packaging industries. About 60% of world s polymer production is used in textile industry for fiber production and about 30% of its production is used in bottles industry [4-5]. In textile industry fibers are generally used in blends, recycle of polymers from them is not possible. Therefore to use bottle wastes are the best way to obtain pure polymers [6]. flakes are gained from bottles after a series of processes like breaking, washing, drying and etc. [7]. Recycling wastes into new products is essential in an ecological approach. bottle wastes are valuable for environment if they are used as bottles again. Because this way, material gets primary raw material status and it will have a longer lifecycle. But because of the contamination content and low intrinsic viscosity s of flakes, bottle wastes are not used for bottle production again. These restrictions do not prevent to usage of flakes as a raw material for fiber production, therefore flakes are generally utilized in textile industry [8-12]. In 2007, bottle consumption in the world was 15 million tons and it is only 8% of the whole plastics consumption. Besides, in million tons of bottle were recollected and 3.6 million tons of them were broken into flakes. 8% of the whole fiber production was supplied from flakes [12]. 10%-20% increase is expected for upcoming 5- Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 47

2 10 years in these s [13]. Furthermore, according to new market predicts, global consumption of bottle will grow to almost 19.1 million tons by 2017 [14]. flakes are converted to fibers using chemical or mechanical methods. In mechanical method the filaments are spun from melted flakes. is degraded into oligomer or monomer form and again a polymerization happens in chemical method. Glycolysis, methanolysis, hydrolysis, ammonoylsis and aminolysis are some of the commercial chemical methods. However, chemical methods do not seem to have economical for recycling wastes at this time [9, 11-12, 15-16]. r- fibers are produced by melt spinning process of the flakes which obtained from recycled wastes. These fibers have economic advantages due to the lower raw material cost. They also have lower energy consumption in production stage and low carbon emission. Because of these factors, it can be said that r- fibers are environmentally friendly fibers. However, in mechanical cycling method, flakes include too much contamination and during reheating process molecular weight of the polymer changes. So, it is quite clear that pure fibers and recycled fibers have different properties [7-8, 17]. The aim of this study to determine the advantage of usage r- fibers which have different features from fibers, on the product quality in textile and apparel industry without taking into consideration of the cost and environmental factors. r- fibers produced low viscosity polymer have different crystalline/amorphous region ratio and there are differences in fiber matrix because of contamination. So, it is thought that, using of r- fibers in blending could create advantages for fiber/fiber cohesion and covering capacity. From this point of view, knitted fabrics were produced from r- and r- blended with and cotton yarns and comparative investigations for fabric properties were done. Most of the studies about bottle and its recycling are related with flake production phase. Especially, there are a number of studies about classifying and PVC wastes [2, 6, 11]. Another topic which gets much attention is comparing ecological effects of recycled and raw productions [12]. Additionally, there are not many studies about r- spinning parameters and yarn production [7, 17-19]. There is no study about fabric properties produced from r- and r- blended yarns. It is thought that this study can contribute to knowledge about r- fiber. MATERIALS AND METHODS r-, and cotton fibers were used in this study. r- fibers were supplied from one of the company (Bozoglu Textile Inc.) that is produced r- fibers using flakes by mechanical method in Turkey. Fiber properties used in experimental were given in Table I. TABLE I. Fiber properties. Fiber Properties Cotton (Co) Polyester () Recycled Bottle (r-) Fineness (dtex) Mean length (mm) Tenacity (cn/tex) Elongation at break (%) Three different types of, r- and cotton slivers were produced on carding machine. Then two draw frame passages were used. Blending operations were designated on the first draw-frame machine in different ratios as shown in Table II. The blended slivers were regulated using second draw-frame machine. After that the rovings were produced in roving frame and using ring spinning system nine different type of Ne 20 carded yarns in different fiber blending ratio in the twist coefficient of αe= 3.6 were produced. Knitted fabrics in interlock structure were produced using 30 inch circular knitting machine with 16 E gauge and 36 systems. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 48

3 Blending Ratio TABLE II. Properties of the yarns and fabrics produced in experimental. Yarn diameter (mm) Yarn tenacity (cn/tex) Yarn hairiness (H) Fabric weight (g/m 2 ) Fabric thickness (mm) Fabric porosity (%) Co % Co / 30% r % Co / 50% r % Co / 70% r r % / 30% r % / 50% r % / 70% r Because of the more stable fabric structure that provides constituent results for laboratory tests, the interlock structure preferred. The same tightness factor was used all type of the fabrics. The properties of the fabrics were given in Table II. All fabrics were applied soda and oil solvents at 90 ºC in 1/20 liquor ratio to remove paraffin and then the fabrics were washed at 40 ºC for one hour, and dried by laying. During the production process of the yarn and fabrics, no important problem was encountered as compared to the production of ordinary product. Performance tests were carried out after all the fabrics were conditioned at standard atmospheric conditions (20±2 ºC temperature and %65±4 relative humidity) according to TS EN ISO 139 [20-22]. Uster Tester 5 S800 was used to determine the yarn evenness, yarn diameter and hairiness s. Thickness s of the fabrics were measured according to TS 7128 EN ISO 5084 by SDL ATLAS Digital Thickness Gauge [19, 23]. Bursting strength s of the fabrics were tested by Lawson Hemphill Bursting Strength Tester instrument according to TS 393 EN ISO [24]. Abrasion resistance s of the fabrics were obtained using Martindale Abrasion Tester with 9kPa weights according to ISO standard. For observing the first break on the fabric, machine was used up to rubs but no breakage on fabric surface was encountered. For this reason, results were based on the weight loss at 2500, 5000, 10000, 12500, 15000, and rubs [25]. Nu-Martindale Test Instrument was chosen to evaluate pilling resistance of the fabrics in compliance with ISO [26]. The tests were carried out at 2000 turns. After this procedure, pilling degrees of the fabrics were determined using with Pillgrade-3 Dimensional Pilling and Hair grading instrument [27]. The related standard gives the pilling s of the fabrics as 1-5 from the worse to the best numeric. Air permeability tests of the fabrics were carried out with Textest AG FX 3300 Air Permeability Tester according to TS 391 EN ISO cm 2 measurement area and 100Pa air pressure were used and average of the 10 tests was taken as a test result [28]. Friction coefficient of fabric surface was tested using Frictorq (Fabric Friction Tester) instrument. In this instrument, a square-like contact sensor which has 3 contact points covered by a number of calibrated steel needles and creates a 3.5 kpa pressure is set on fabric surface. The kinetic friction coefficient (μ kin ) which is measured via differentiating rotating forces during the complete movement of the sensor was determined [29]. According to ASTM D 4032 standard SDL Atlas Digital Pneumatic Stiffness Tester was used to measure fabrics circular bending rigidity s [30]. TS 5720 EN ISO 6330 used for testing dimensional stability of the fabrics. Unwashed fabrics were marked 15 cm inside from the edges using a 50cm x 50 cm template. This marking process was repeated 3 times on both lengthwise and widthwise directions and after that, fabrics were washed and dried according to the standard. Percentage changes on the dimensions of the fabrics after drying were determined [31]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mean s of bursting strength, pilling resistance, air permeability, surface roughness, circular bending rigidity and dimensional stability of the fabrics with different blending ratios were summarized in Table III. Test results were statistically evaluated with Post- Hoc techniques and in order to determine the calculation method for comparison of the mean s, firstly whether the variances of the Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 49

4 parameters are equal or not is checked by using Levene Homogenity Test For the situation of equal variances LSD (Least Significant Difference) test and for unequal situation Tamhane T2 method was used. The analysis was carried out according to 95% confidence level. Therefore if the p is less than 0.05, it means that the difference is statistically significant. A multi-comparison test called LSD was performed for pilling resistance (p=0.102), air permeability (p=0.0504), friction coefficient (p=0.508), dimensional stability in wale direction (p=0.080) and other multi-comparison test called Tamhane T2 was performed for bursting strength (p=0.0002), circular bending rigidity (p=0.002), dimensional stability in course direction (p=0.042). All the statistical analysis was performed on a computer using the SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Science) program. The result (p s) of multiple comparisons of the fabric properties were given in Tables IV-IX. Material Mean Bursting Strength (kpa) Max Min TABLE III. Test results of the fabrics. CV% Mean Fabric Surface Roughness (µkinetic) Max Min CV% Mean Air Permeability (lt/m²/s) Co r % % % Shrinkage in course Circular Shrinkage in wale Pilling (Grade) direction Material Bending Rigidity (Newton) direction (%) (%) Mean Max Min CV% Mean Max Min Co CV% r % % % Mean Max Min CV% Mean Max Max Min Min CV% CV% Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 50

5 Bursting Strength Figure 1 shows bursting strength results of the fabrics. Table IV provides the result of multiple comparisons for bursting strength. According to the results fabrics have the highest and the /r- blended fabrics have higher bursting strength than cotton and r-/co blended fabrics. Differences between r- fabrics blended with and cotton are statistically significant. As shown in Figure 1, r- fabrics have lower bursting strength than fabrics. The increase of r- content cause decrease in bursting strength of the /r- blended fabrics, but this change is not significant as compared with fabrics according to Table IV. All of the /r- blended fabrics have higher bursting strength than r- fabrics. This result is mainly because of the higher fiber and yarn strength s of the fibers (Table I and Table II) as compared with r- fibers and yarns. Moreover, in cotton/r- blended fabrics, the amount of the r- content have not affected bursting strength of the fabrics. TABLE IV. The result of multiple comparisons for bursting strength. 50% Co 30% Co 70% 50% 30% Co r- Co * * 0.006* 0.025* * 0.000* 0.001* 0.013* * 0.000* 0.001* 0.011* r * 0.001* 0.002* 0.068* 0.013* 0.041* 0.026* 0.028* 0.031* % * 0.000* 0.000* 0.001* * 50% * 0.001* 0.001* 0.002* % * 0.011* * * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level Abrasion Resistance FIGURE 1. Bursting strength results. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 51

6 Abrasion resistance test results of the fabrics can be seen in Figure 2. At the lower number of rubs, the weight s of the all synthetic fabrics increased because of the static electricity of the these fibers that causes collecting the fuses from abradant fabric and environment. For all of the fabrics, as the number of rubs increase the mass loss increases. cotton fabrics have the highest mass loss for every rubs whereas the fabrics have the lowest s. This result is attributed to the higher tenacity s of the fibers than cotton and r- fibers. Co/r- blended fabrics have the lower mass loss s for each number of rubs than pure cotton fabrics and as the r- ratio increase the mass loss decrease. Results of the fabrics produced from blended yarns revealed that, cotton blends have higher mass loss than blends and the result of r- fabrics is in between them. But for the higher than rubs, r- fabrics displayed higher tendency to be abraded as compared with Co/r- blended fabrics. When the abrasion resistance of the r-/ blended fabrics examined 70% / 30% r- fabrics have the lowest mass loss comparing to the other blended fabrics up to rubs and 50% / 50% r- fabrics have the highest (Figure 2). FIGURE 2. Abrasion resistance- % mass loss chart. Pilling Resistance Figure 3 displays the pilling resistance results of the fabrics and Table V presents the result of multiple comparisons for pilling properties. According to test results r- fabrics have the lowest pilling degree that means higher pilling tendency and there were no significant differences between r-, and r-/ fabrics (Table V). This study produced results which corroborate the findings of a great deal of the previous work in this field. The pilling tendency of the fabrics knitted r-, and r-/ blended fibers are higher than the fabrics produced cotton and blends. It is a well-known fact that the reason of that circular cross section with a smooth surface of the synthetic fibers allows the fiber to come to the surface and form pills [33] and high tensile strength causes difficulty of the pills do not wear away quickly [32]. The results, as shown in Table V, indicate that the differences between Co and Co / r- blended fabrics and between and / r- blended fabrics were found statistically insignificant. The most important finding was that all cotton / r- blended fabrics have similar results to Co fabrics and these pilling results are in merely pilling category. It was noticed that the lower blending ratio of the r- fibers to the yarn does not cause any significant differences on the pilling degree of fabrics. But the ratio is increased (%70) the pilling tendency of the fabric increases for both cotton and polyester fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 52

7 TABLE V. The result of multiple comparisons for pilling properties. 50% Co 30% Co 70% 50% 30% Co r- Co * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.026* 0.001* 0.001* 0.000* 0.002* 0.006* 0.006* 0.000* r * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * 0.000* 0.000* 0.002* % 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.006* % 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.006* % 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level FIGURE 3. Pilling Resistance Results. Air Permeability As the Figure 4 and Table VI examined, it was noticed that fabrics displayed the highest air permeability result among the nine different fabrics. Because of the similar fabric thickness and porosity s of the fabrics with the others, this result can be attributed to the lower cover factor of the fabrics which is caused by lower hairiness and yarn diameter s of the yarns (Table II). Air permeability differences between cotton and cotton/r- blended fabrics are statically insignificant (Table VI). But it was explored that increased r- ratio caused increased air permeability. Cotton blended yarns have higher hairiness and the fabrics have slightly higher thickness s, so fabrics produced from them have lower air permeability than blended fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 53

8 TABLE VI. The result of multiple comparisons for air permeability. 50% Co 30% Co 70% 50% 30% Co r- Co * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* * 0.043* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* r * 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.036* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 70% 50% 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.036* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.015* 30% 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.000* 0.015* * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level FIGURE 4. Air permeability results. Fabric Surface Friction Fabric surface friction coefficient results of the fabrics can be observed in Figure 5. It can be seen from Table VII and Figure 5 that difference between the groups of cotton / r- blended fabrics and / r- blended fabrics have been found statically insignificant. In terms of surface friction coefficient, there is no significant difference between / r- blends and r- fabrics. r- fiber presence in / r- fabrics influenced surface friction properties negatively as compared with fabrics (Figure 5). This result is related to the higher yarn hairiness s of the r- blended yarns that cause to increase protruding fibers from yarn and fabric surface. The cotton fabrics gave the highest kinetic friction coefficient among the r- /cotton blended fabrics. But it was found that the presence of the r- fibers in the structure caused lower friction s. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 54

9 TABLE VII. The result of multiple comparisons for fabric surface friction. 50% Co 30% Co 70% 50% 30% Co r- Co 0.001* * * * 0.011* * * * * * * * r * * 0.000* * * * 0.007* 0.020* 0.000* 70% * * 50% * * 30% * * * 0.037* 0.013* * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level FIGURE 5. Fabric surface friction coefficient results. Circular Bending Rigidity As it can be seen Figure 6, and blends tend to have lower bending rigidity than cotton and cotton blended fabrics. The present findings seem to be consistent with other research which found that cotton fibers have higher flexural rigidity than fibers [34]. From the figures it is apparent that and r- fabrics have significantly different bending rigidity results. The r- blended fabrics have higher bending rigidity than fabrics. It was observed that there were no significant differences between / r- blended fabrics and r- fabrics. Furthermore, Co and cotton / r- blends have statistically insignificant difference in terms of bending rigidity results (Figure 6, Table VIII). Cotton / r- blends have higher bending rigidity results than r- fabrics. Because of the lower bending rigidity of the r- fibers than cotton fibers, the increase of the r- fiber content cause decrease in bending rigidity for cotton / r- blended fabrics. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 55

10 TABLE VIII. The result of multiple comparisons for circular bending rigidity 50% Co 30% Co 70% 50% 30% Co r- Co * 0.000* 0.001* * * 0.008* 0.013* * * 0.003* 0.005* * * 0.000* 0.001* * r * 0.013* 0.004* 0.002* 0.028* * 0.008* 0.003* 0.000* 0.028* 0.027* % 0.001* 0.013* 0.005* 0.001* * % % 0.001* 0.004* 0.001* 0.001* * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level FIGURE 6. Circular bending rigidity test results. Dimensional Stability Dimensional stability was investigated as % shrinkage in both course and wale directions. Lowest shrinkage percent in wale direction belongs to 30% / 70% r- fabrics and the highest of this parameter belongs to cotton fabrics as expected. Difference between r- and fabrics was found statistically insignificant (Table IX). The test results and statistical evaluations revealed that as the amount of r- fibers increase in the fabric, the wale direction dimensional change of the fabrics decrease for cotton/r- blended fabrics and it is statistically significant. The differences between the r- and r--cotton blended fabrics were found statistically insignificant (Table IX). Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 56

11 In course direction, cotton fabrics displayed the highest shrinkage percent same as wale direction. But r- fabrics have lower shrinkage s than fabrics and this fabric type have the lowest among the all fabrics. The differences between r- and cotton / r- blended fabrics were found statistically insignificant. Also, similarly to the wale direction results, it was found that as the amount of r- fibers increase, the dimensional change of the fabrics decreased for Co/r- blended fabrics. The differences between r- and fabrics and between r- and / r- blended fabrics were found statistically insignificant (Table IX). TABLE IX. The result of multiple comparisons for dimensional stability in wale and course direction. Co 50% Co 30% Co r- 50% 70% 30%r- 30% 70%r- Co c:0.939 w:0.164 c:0.217 w:0.003* c:0.520 c:0.059 w:0.069 c:0.250 c:0.174 w: 0.006* c:0.381 c:0.026* w:0.346 c:0.104 c:0.054 w:0.001* c:0.380 c:0.032* c:0.185 c:0.939 w:0.164 w:0.069 c:0.170 w:0.635 c:0.013* w:0.108 c:0.496 w:0.026* c:0.087 w:0.016* c:0.036* c:0.087 c:0.217 w:0.003* c:0.520 w:0.069 c:0.170 w:0.164 c:0.425 w:0.812 c: c:0.999 w:0.478 w:0.010* r- c:0.059 c:0.174 w:0.069 c:0.250 w: 0.006* c:0.381 w:0.635 c:0.013* w:0.108 c:0.496 w:0.164 c:0.425 w:0.812 c: w:0.242 c: w:0.242 c: w:0.010* w:0.001* w:0.043* c:0.303 w:0.346 c: % c:0.026* w:0.346 c:0.104 w:0.026* c:0.087 c:0.999 w:0.010* w:0.001* c: % c:0.054 w:0.001* c:0.380 w:0.016* c:0.036* w:0.478 w:0.043* c:0.303 w:0.346 c:0.940 w:0.043* 30% c:0.032* c:0.185 c:0.087 w:0.010* c: w:0.043* * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level w: wale direction, c: course direction Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 57

12 FIGURE 7. % Shrinkage results in wale direction. FIGURE 8. % Shrinkage results in course direction CONCLUSION Important data have been obtained in this study which was focused on r- fibers used in textile and apparel industry. The arguments given above prove that fabrics produced with r- fibers have not the same properties as well as the fabrics produced with fibers. However, these fibers can be blended with primary raw material (especially cotton) without hardly noticeable changes in quality for textile and apparel industry. For example, adding of % 30 r- fibers to the cotton fibers, higher pilling degree and bursting strength can be obtained. Instead of using fibers, r- fibers can be Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 58

13 blended in small amounts without compromising fabrics performance. Significant point here is choosing suitable r- ratio in the fabric according to usage area. Furthermore, starting from the results of this paper, producers may gain more advantage from r- fiber with a blending at blow-room in place of draw-frame blending. We feel that our study serves as a window to an academic understanding of the r- blended fabrics. Nowadays, r- fiber have lower price by 20% compared to other fibers (Co and ) for the same physical characters. It is clear that cost advantage and being ecologically friendly of the fiber is impetus for increasing r- fiber consumption. Improvements in bottle recycling technology, increase in quality of the recycled polymer because of the waste pureness and performance of cleaning processes will enable high quality r- fiber production and also high quality products in the future. REFERENCES [1] Sevencan, F and Vaizoglu, S, Pet ve Geri Donusumu, TSK Koruyucu Hekim Bulteni, 6: , [2] Kucukgul, E and Kırsen, D, S, Pet Sisenin Yasamsal Dongu Analizi, 7.Uluslararası Cevre Muhendisligi Kongresi, Izmir, Turkey, October 2007, pp [3] Seventekin, N, Kimyasal Lifler, E.U. TEKAUM Yayini, 2003, p.129. [4] Davies, B, Polyester and Nylon: What does the future hold?, 46th Man Made Fiber Congress, Dornbirn, Austria, September [5] Anne, P, Why is recycled polyester considered a sustainable textile?, /why-is-recycled-polyester-considered-asustainable- textile/ (2009, accessed 01 May 2013) [6] Anabal, F,Y, atiklarin endustride degerlendirilmesi MSc Thesis, Gazi University, Turkey, [7] Telli, A and Ozdil, N, Lint Generation of the Yarns Produced Fibers, International Congress of Innovative Textiles, Corlu, Turkey, October 2011, pp [8] Oktem, T, Polyester Atiklarin Degerlendirilmesi, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 6: , [9] Aguado, J and Serrano, D, Feedstock Recycling of Plastic Wastes, RSC Clean Technology Monographs, 1999, p.192. [10] Awaja, F and Pavel, D, Recycling of Pet, European Polimer Journal, 41: , [11] Mancini, S,D, Schwartzman J,A,S, Nogueira, A,R, Kagohara D,A and Zanin, M, Additional Steps in Mechanical Recycling of Pet, Journal of Cleaner Production,18: ,2009. [12] Shen, L, Worrell, E and Patel, M, Open-Loop Recycling: A LCA Case Study of Pet Bottle to-fibre Recycling, Resources Concervation and Recycling Journal, 55: 34-52, 2010 [13] Napcor: National Association for Pet Container Resources, Comprehensive Information about the package, Interactive.pdf (2009, accessed 01 May 2013) [14] Smithers Pira Market Intelligence, The Future of Global Packaging to 2017, (2012, accessed 13 March 2013) [15] Al-Salem, S,M, Lettieri, P and Baeyens, J, Recycling of Recovery Routes of Plastic Solid Waste, Waste Management, 29: , [16] Goodship, V, Introduction to Plastic Recycling, Smithers Rapra Technology Limited, 2007, p.174. [17] Mannhart, M, Pet Siselerden Filament İplik, Melliand Türkiye Sayısı, 3: , [18] Abbasi, M, Mojtahedi M,R,M and Khosroshahi, A, Effect of Spinning Speed on the Structure and Physical Properties of Filament Yarns Produced from Used Pet Bottles, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 103: , [19] Telli, A and Ozdil, N, Properties of the yarns produced from r- fibers and their blends, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 23(1): 3-10, [20] Telli, A, A Study on comparison of yarn and fabric properties which are produce from conventional PES and recycled bottle fibers, MSc Thesis, Ege University, Turkey, [21] Ozdil, N, Kumaslarda Fiziksel Kalite Kontrol Yöntemleri, E.U. TEKAUM Yayini, 2003, p.136. ISBN No: [22] TS EN ISO 139. Textiles- Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. [23] TS 7128 EN ISO Textiles-Determination of thickness of textiles and textile products. [24] TS 393 EN ISO Textiles- Bursting properties of fabrics- Part 1: Hydraulic method for determination of bursting strength and bursting distension. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 59

14 [25] ISO Textiles- Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method- Part 3: Determination of mass loss. [26] TS EN ISO Textiles- Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling- Part 2: Modified Martindale method. [27] SDL Atlas, PillGrade Automated Pilling Grading System, de-automated-pilling-grading-system# (2012, accessed 01 May 2013) [28] TS 391 EN ISO Textiles-Determination of permeability of fabrics to air. [29] Lima, M, Hes, L, Vasconcelos, R and Martins J, Frictorq-Accessing Fabric Friction with a Novel Fabric Surface Tester, Autex Research Journal, 5: , [30] ASTM D Standard test method for stiffness of fabric by the circular bend procedure. [31] TS EN ISO 6330:2012. Textiles - Domestic washing and drying procedures for textile testing. [32] Ukponmwan, J, O, Mukhopadhyay, A and Chatterjee, K, N, Pilling, The Textile Institute: Textile Progress, 1998, p.60. as cited in CD Gintis and E J Mead. The Mechanism of Pilling, Textile Research Journal, 29: , [33] Ukponmwan, J, O, Mukhopadhyay, A and Chatterjee, K, N, Pilling, The Textile Institute: Textile Progress, 1998 [34] Morton,W, E and Hearle, J,W,S, Physical Properties of Textile Fibers, The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing, 2008, p:421. AUTHORS ADDRESSES Abdurrahman Telli Cukurova University Department of Textile Engineering Adana TURKEY Nilgün Özdil Ege University Department of Textile Engineering TURKEY Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 60