RESULTS-BASED FINANCING
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1 RESULTS-BASED FINANCING Evidence from Health Preliminary Findings from a Discussion Paper in Progress Amanda Grittner (DIE/ McGill University) December 06, 2012
2 Structure 1. Definitions 2. Types of Results-Based Financing 3. Evaluation Criteria 4. Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfers 5. Evaluation of Performance-Based Financing 6. Summary and Outlook 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 2
3 1. Definition Results-based aid Results-based financing Principal Donor National or sub-national government body Agent National government Implementingagency (private, NGO, sub- national government) or individual Funds Donor funds Domestic or donor funds Relationship Aidpartnership Contractor incentive relationship Examples EC MDG Contracts, Cash on delivery, Millennium Challenge Account Performance-based payment, Payment by Results, CCTs, Vouchers 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 3
4 2. Types of RBF 1. Targeting demand side: Conditional cash transfers (CCTs): Targets individuals Payment to targeted beneficiaries against complying with specific requirements Relax demand side budget constraint Set incentives for investment into human capital 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 4
5 2. Types of Results-Based Financing 2. Targeting supply side: Performance-based payment (PBP)/ Performancebased Financing (PBF)/ Pay for performance Targets service providers Payment against achievement of predefined indicators Align goal of principal with those of agent Set incentives for good performance 3. Combined approaches: CCT + PBF, e.g. Red de ProtecciónSocial in Nicaragua Vouchers 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 5
6 3. Evaluation Criteria 1. Targeting Implications for effectiveness, equity and costs Direct trade-off between precision and costs Most common forms: Geographic targeting, self-selection, means-testing, community-based targeting 2. Incentives and Conditions Measurement and indicators chosen affect incentives: Quality vs. Quantity, Long term vs. short term, Marginal vs. total effort Perverse incentives, gaming Predictability of response 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 6
7 3. Evaluation Criteria 3. Outcome Effectiveness Can results-based financing significantly improve healthcare supply, coverage and health outcomes? 4. Applicability How broadly is results-based financing applicable? Which preconditions have to be in place for results-based financing to succeed? Are there experiences with scaling-up? 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 7
8 4. Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfers Examples studied: Mexico: Oportunidades(formerly Progresa) Colombia: Familias en Acción Honduras: Programa de asignación Burkina Faso: NahouriCash Transfers Pilot Project (NCTPP) Red de Protección Social (RPS) in Nicaragua Others: Brazil, Ecuador, Jamaica, Chile; pilots in Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 8
9 4. Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfers 1. Targeting: All programs targeted (rural) poor Mix of geographical and means-testing targeting Through conditionality, all CCT target by self-selection 2. Conditions and Incentives Usually set at healthcare coverage level Conditions focus on preventive health care, growth monitoring and nutritional supplements of children and prenatal care for pregnant women 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 9
10 4. Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfers 3. Outcome effectiveness Significantly increased utilization of healthcare services Results with respect to health outcomes slightly more mixed RPS Nicaragua: significant improvements of healthcare coverage and health outcomes, especially for poor and very poor but might be due to combination with PBF 4. Applicability CCTs can deliver results in low-income countries, including sub-sahara Africa (so far only pilots) Preconditions: healthcare infrastructure with trained staff Additional strengthening of supply side might be necessary 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 10
11 5. Evaluation of Performance-Based Payment Haiti: USAID contracted NGOs to deliver basic healthcare services Afghanistan: World BankpaysNGOs for performance (funding by European Commission and USAID not PB) Rwanda: Dutch NGOs and BTC pay public and private non- profit healthcare facilities based on performance. Nationwide scaling-up by MoH, supported by Belgium, PEPFAR and World Bank. Cambodia: MoHcontracted NGOs to deliver health services, supported by Asian Development Bank Red de ProtecciónSocial (RPS) in Nicaragua, supported by Inter-American Development Bank 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 11
12 5. Evaluation of Performance-Based Payment 1. Targeting: Most programs do not specifically target poor or remote population Setting incentives for providers to reach poor population and remote areas experienced as challenge, e.g. Afghanistan If contracts explicitly included targeting of poor, contractors were generally able to substantially improve delivery of healthcare services to these groups, e.g. Cambodia 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 12
13 5. Evaluation of Performance-Based Payment 2. Incentives Usually quantitative indicators at level of healthcare supply and coverage Percentage bonus of budget: up to 10% in Haiti and Afghanistan, but 95% remains fixed Payment per unit of healthcare supplied (Rwanda, Cambodia) or combination of both (Nicaragua) Attempts to control for quality (Rwanda) But monetary incentives might be less effective than assumed due to alternative funding sources, missing transfer of incentive to staff etc German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 13
14 5. Evaluation of Performance-Based Payment 2. Incentives Insufficient evidence on perverse incentives Possible unintended non-monetary incentives: Monitoring performance: comparison, reputation effects, team spirit etc. Opportunity to qualify for program: perspective of reduced reporting efforts and increased flexibility Requires further investigation Flexibility of budgets also allowed healthcare managers to set up individual incentive systems for staff 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 14
15 5. Evaluation of Performance-Based Payment 3. Outcome Effectiveness Few rigorous evaluations cannot exclude influence of other factors, e.g. increased autonomy + flexibility Experience suggests: PBP contributed to improve healthcare coverage and outperformed expenditure-based payment 4. Applicability Substantial monitoring efforts PBP can be implemented in fragile and post-conflict settings (but example lacks rigorous evidence for effectiveness) Targeting only supply-side might be insufficient in increasing coverage if demand side is resource-constrained 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 15
16 6. Summary and Outlook Target Incentives Evaluation Results Conditional Cash Transfers Performance-based payment Especially poor populations & remote areas Outcomes: healthcare coverage Not neccessarily poor Healthcare supply and healthcare coverage Manyrigorousevaluations, Lack of rigorous incl. RCTs quantitative evaluations Improvementsin healthcare coverage and healthoutcomes, but mostly short-term Improvement in shortterm healthcare supply and healthcare coverage 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 16
17 6. Summary and Outlook Incentives: Effectiveness of monetary incentives? Evidence for perverse incentives? Influence of non-monetary incentives? More research needed Other areas of research need: Long-term effects of results-based financing More rigorous evaluations of impact of PBF Evaluate broad-based large-scale health CCTs outside Latin America 2012 German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 17
18 Thank you for your attention! German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Tulpenfeld 6 D Bonn Telephone: +49 (0) DIE@die-gdi.de German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) 18
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