VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND RISKS IN SOUTHERN ITALY

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1 63 EFG Council Meeting Workshop Managing Natural Hazards Tenerife (May 10-11, 2012) VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND RISKS IN SOUTHERN ITALY Graziano G.V., Calcaterra D. & Cencetti C. National Council of Geologists, Italy* * Via Vittoria Colonna, Roma Ph Fax consiglio@cngeologi.it 1

National Council of Geologists, Italy* * Via Vittoria Colonna, 40-00193 Roma Ph.

2 Mt. Eyjafjöll (Iceland) eruption in March 27, Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) eruption in January 12, Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) Moderate-resolution Imaging sectroradiometer (MODIS) of July 22, etna-12-gennaio-2011-spettacolo

Etna (Sicily, Italy) eruption in January 12, 2011 http://epod.usra.edu/blog/2001/07/mt-etna-eruption.html Mt.

3 di_somma_1944.jpg Mt. Vesuvio today and during the last eruption occurred in March The towns of Massa di Somma, 3 San Sebastiano al Vesuvio and Terzigno were almost destroyed (21 dead and 2,750 homeless)

html http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:lava_del_vesuvio_a_massa_ di_somma_1944.jpg Mt.

4 Google earth Naples has been growing between the Campi Flegrei caldera and the SommaVesuvius complex. This megacity is located on two active volcanoes and is close to a third active volcano (the Isle of Ischia). 4

This megacity is located on two active volcanoes and is close to a third

5 Mattheus Merian Vesuvius Mons Neapoleos (323 x 191 mm) Frankfurt,

6 GEOLOGIC CONTEXT OF ITALIAN VOLCANISM Collision between African and Eurasian plates Tyrrenian Rifting 6

Tyrrenian Rifting http://www.laquilanuova.

7 VOLCANIC AREAS IN ITALY 7

8 Neapolitan Area: Phlegrean Fields (an unrest caldera) Geological and structural sketch map of Southern Campanian Plain (Orsi et alii, 2004) Geological cross section through the Campi Flegrei caldera (Orsi et alii, 2004) - caldera (12x15 kms) - active since 60,000 years - last eruption: 1538 a.c. Mt. Nuovo (130 m a.s.l.) Mt. Nuovo, Pozzuoli 8

caldera (Orsi et alii, 2004) - caldera (12x15 kms) - active since 60,000 years - last eruption:

9 Solfatara (Pozzuoli, Naples) The "Serapium" or Macellum of Pozzuoli demonstrates the effects of bradyseism. 9

org/wiki/solfatara_di_pozzuoli Solfatara (Pozzuoli, Naples)

10 1.5 million people live within the caldera 350,000 people live in its active portion NEXT ERUPTION?! When? Where? How? 10

11 Orsi et alii,

12 The southeastern, instable slope of the Camaldoli hill (northern Phlegrean Fields caldera wall) - Orsi et alii (2003) The instable slope of Solfatara 12 Photo by Corrado Cencetti

13 Abandoned tuff quarry Posillipo, Napoli Active tuff quarry 13

14 Camaldoli Hill, Phlegrean Fields 14

15 Camaldoli Hill, Phlegrean Fields 15

16 Neapolitan Area: Vesuvius

17 /12/02/news-pompei-crolla/ ei.htm The city of Pompei, destroyed in 79 A.C. by the eruption of Vesuvius 17

html http://www.viagginews.com/201 0/12/02/news-pompei-crolla/ http://www.ragostahotels.

18 18

19 Main eruptions of Vesuvius during the last 20,000 years (OsVe IDIS, 1995) maggio4c.htm 1944 eruption RED = plinian eruptions GREY-GREEN = subplinian eruptions ile:vista_vesuvio_napoli.jp g 1631 eruption GREY = strombolian eruptions WHITE = uncertain attribution diso.com/it/escursioni_guid ate.php Pompei eruption (79 a.c.) 19

htm 1944 eruption RED = plinian eruptions GREY-GREEN = subplinian eruptions http://it.wikipedia.

20 a-24-agosto-anniversario-eruzione-del-vesuvio-del-79-dc-il-video-delleruzione-del-marzo-1944-ripreso-in-diretta/ Simplified sketch of the structure of Somma-Vesuvius (Di Vito et alii, 2011) The last eruption of Vesuvius, occurred in %20Escursioni/041_Vesuvio_Cratere_26mar06.htm Fumaroles within the main crater of Vesuvius 20

21 What can we expect by Vesuvius? Icelandic eruption Hawaian eruption Vulcanian eruption Strombolian eruption Plinian eruption Pelean eruption 21

22 4D simulations of explosive eruptions in Vesuvius (Neri et alii, 2007) The sequence shows the evolution of the distribution of temperature of pyroclastic flow (the two isosurfaces orange and pink indicates respectively 350 C and 100 C) at 300, 500, and 750 seconds from the beginning of the collapse of eruptive column. 22

23 P = relative probability of invasion by lava flows in case of eruption 0.15<p 0.10<p< <p<0.10 0<p<0.05 Probable opening of vents Areas with different probabilities to be buried by flows of lava and vents, in case of resumption of effusive activity of Vesuvius (Scandone & Cortini, 1982, modified) 23

24 Areas exposed to lahars and mud-flows in the northern slope of Vesuvius. The numbers from 1 to 4 show the areas probably affected by these phenomena in ascending order. In 24 the area 5 (grey) lahars can accumulate (Scandone & Cortini, 1982)

25 Aeolian Archipelago: Isle of Stromboli

26 / Eruptive activity in Stromboli 26

27 The Sciara del Fuoco, Stromboli The eruption of April 5, 2003 and its effects 27

28 Stromboli Ginostra 1/01/lipari-ginostra-arriva-il-sesto.html 28

29 hoto03-it.html Stromboli: flows of lava in the Sciara del Fuoco 29

30 Anomalous wave s Anomalous wave s volcano/beso/bes02c-it.html

31 The tsunami in the Isle of Stromboli (December 30, 2002) in_italia Punta Lena (Isle of Stromboli) damaged after the tsunami occurred in December 30, tsunami_2002.htm 31

32 Stromboli: the explosion of July 5,

33 Mt. Etna (Sicily) - Altitude: 3350 m a.s.l. - Area: 1250 km2 - Diameter: 35 kms - Age of the main structure: about 100,000 years 33

34 Structure of a strato-volcano 34

35 /TrekkingEtnaNord.htm Main craters in the top of Mt. Etna Minor craters on the flanks of volcano Bove Valley 35

36 36

37 by Tibaldi & Groppelli,

38 The eruption of Etna in July, 2011 The deviation of the lava flow during the eruption of 2002, close to Zafferana Etnea (Catania) 38

39 galstep=1&id=

40 Emission of ashes during the eruption of Etna made us blacks! 40

41 na millions_of_sheep_and_cattle_in_peril_over_volcani c_ash_.aspx The airport of Catania Fontanarossa (Sicily) covered by volcanic ash during the eruption of Etna of July

42 MEASURES FOR MITIGATION OF THE VOLCANIC AND VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS AND RISKS IN ITALY Vulnerability Exposure to phenomenon Type of hazard RISK Volcanic risk: the only possibility to reduce it is the not exposure... 42

43 Vesuvius plain

44 Province Region Municipality 44

45 o-idrogeologico-calabria-chiesto-stato-emergenza 45

46 mergenza.wp 46 e.php/?page_id=4144

47 47

48 National Service for Civil Defense Prefecture National Council of Research VOLCANIC EMERGENCY PLAN National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology Universities National Council of Geologists 48

49 Vesuvius and Phlegrean Fields 600,000! ussione.aspx?idd= &p=37 Emergency plan of Vesuvian area 49

50 Geophysical monitoring network of Vesuvio (Orsi et alii, 2012) Vesuvian Observatory 50

51 Alert levels for Vesuvius activity n/view_pde.wp;jsessionid=9d BC206C6859D2994E3? contentid=pde

52 Emergency plan and alert levels for Phlegrean Fields area (limits of Red Zone) 340,000 Orsi et alii (2003) rotezione-civile-arriva-una-leggead-hoc/ 52

53 Stromboli Sections of Catania and Palermo (Sicily) Vesuvian Observatory University of Florence 53

54 Seismic stations in the Isle of Stromboli New videocamera infrastructure with double solar panels Visible light camera installed at 400 m elevation Thermal camera installed on Pizzo Sopra la Fossa with wide-angle 54 optics and 90 horizontal aperture

55 Ground-based SAR radar interferometer installed at Stromboli for monitoring deformations of main crater an slope of Sciara del Fuoco (SdF, in the plot) by Casagli et alii (2009) Characteristics: distance = 650 m spatial resolution = 1.0 m x ca. 1.5 m accuracy = < 0,5 mm 55

56 56

57 One of the borehole strainmeter (dilatometer) installed in Stromboli. Although the dilatometer records only volumetric strain, its has the advantage of recording data at seismic frequencies

58 The C.O.A. (Centro Operativo Avanzato = Advanced Operative Centre) in the Isle of Stromboli Casagli et alii,

59 Mt. Etna

60 Previsional map of areas potentiallly affected by fall-out of volcanic ashes in case of explosive activity of Etna 60

61 Thanks for your attention 61

62 References - Casagli N., Catani F., Del Ventisette C., Guerri L., Antonello G., Fortuny-Guasch J., Tarchi D. & Leva D. (2009) - Monitoring deformations of the Stromboli volcano through ground-based radar interferometry. - Di Vito M.A., Piochi M., Mormone A. & Tramelli A. (2011) Somma Vesuvius: the Volcano and the Observatory - Field trip guidebook. REAKT - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione Osservatorio Vesuviano (Naples, September 22th, 2011). - Neri A., Esposti Ongaro T., Menconi G., De Michieli Vitturi M., Cavazzoni C., Erbacci G. & Baxter P.J. (2007) - 4D simulation of esplosive eruption dynamics at Vesuvius. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, DOI: /2006GL Orsi G., Cuna L., De Astis G., de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Nave R., Pappalardo L., Piochi M., Postiglione C., Sansivero F. (2012) I Vulcani Napoletani: Pericolosità e Rischio. INGV - Osservatorio Vesuviano, 45 pp Orsi G., de Vita S., Di Vito M.A., Isaia R., Nave R. & Heiken G. (2003) Facing volcanic and related hazards in the Neapolitan area. In: Heiken G., Fakundiny R. & Sutter J. (Eds.) Earth Science in the City: A Reader, American Geophysical Union. - Orsi G., Di Vito M.A. & Isaia R. (2004) - Volcanic hazard assessment at the restless Campi Flegrei caldera. Bull. Volcanol., 66, DOI /s Osservatorio Vesuviano & Fondazione IDIS (1995) - Il rischio vulcanico. Il Vesuvio. Napoli, CUEN. - Scandone R. & Cortini M. (1982) Il Vesuvio: un vulcano ad alto rischio Le Scienze, 163, Tibaldi A. & Groppelli G. (2002) - Volcano-tectonic activity along structures of the unstable NE flank of Mt. Etna (Italy) and their possible origin. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 115,

2053-24. Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa.

2053-24. Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa. 2053-24 Advanced Workshop on Evaluating, Monitoring and Communicating Volcanic and Seismic Hazards in East Africa 17-28 August 2009 Emergency management in volcanic crisis: Italian cases Vittorio Bosi