Matériaux chalcogénures pour le stockage des données
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1 Matériaux chalcogénures pour le stockage des données A. Pradel, A. Piarristeguy, M. Ribes Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier, Équipe Chalcogénures et Verres CC1503, Université Montpellier 2, Pl. E. Bataillon, F Montpellier cedex 5, France
2 Stockage des données Demande croissante et variée : densité d information re-inscription stockage pérenne Contraintes différentes Différentes voies de stockage possible Optique (CD-ROM, CD-Rw, ) Electrique (mémoire flash) Magnétique (disque dur)
3 Optical devices CD-ROM (Compact Disc- Read-Only Memory) dye CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) Chalcogenide materials BD (Blu-ray Disc) Chalcogenide materials Mais aussi exploration de nouvelles voies Cu/Si
4 CD-ROM (Compact Disc- Read-Only Memory) Materiau actif: - colorant (phtalocyanine) Longévité de l information numérique, Hourcade, Laloë, Spitz, EDP Sciences 2010, p 84
5 BD (Blu-ray Disc) Recording with TDK Blu Ray Disc Materials: - Cu/Si Principle: -Melting + alloying of Si and Cu alloy -Creation of a metallic spot in a semiconductor medium Blu Ray Double Layers Companies: - TDK - Philips
6 CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) Active material : a phase change material i.e. a chalcogenide UV resin Reflection layer (heat sink) Protection layer ZnS-SiO 2 Active layer (GST, AIST) Protection layer ZnS-SiO 2 Polycarbonate disc T. Ohta, JOAM 2001
7 CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) principle of a memory device based on phase change materials Amorphous state low-reflectivity ON OFF Crystalline state high-reflectivity M. Wuttig and N. Yamada, Nature Materials 6 (2007) 824.
8 Electrical memory (PC-RAM) Amorphous state high-resistance ON OFF Crystalline state low-resistance M. Wuttig, Nature Materials 4 (2005) 265.
9 To be eligible a Phase Change Material (PCM) requires Large optical and/or electrical contrasts between amorphous and crystalline phases Very fast crystallization Such a family of materials exists: it belongs to the telluride family Ia 0 1 H IIa IIIa IVa Va VIa VIIa 2 He 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr 4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra B IIIb IVb Vb VIb VIIB VIIIb Ib IIb 13 Al 21 Sc 39 Y 57 La 89 Ac 22 Ti 40 Zr 72 Hf 104 Unq 23 V 41 Nb 73 Ta 105 Unp 24 Cr 42 Mo 74 W 106 Unh 25 Mn 43 Tc 75 Re 107 Uns 26 Fe 44 Ru 76 Os 27 Co 45 Rh 77 Ir 28 Ni 46 Pd 78 Pt 29 Cu 47 Ag 79 Au 30 Zn 48 Cd 80 Hg 5 31 Ga 49 In 81 Tl 6 C 14 Si 32 Ge 50 Sn 82 Pb 7 N 15 P 33 As 51 Sb 83 Bi 8 O 16 S 34 Se 52 Te 84 Po 9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn 58 Ce 90 Th 59 Pr 91 Pa 60 Nd 92 U 61 Pm 93 Np 62 Sm 94 Pu 63 Eu 95 Am 64 Gd 96 Cm 65 Tb 97 Bk 66 Dy 98 Cf 67 Ho 99 Es 68 Er 100 Fm 69 Tm 101 Md 70 Yb 102 No 71 Lu 103 Lr
10 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (Hexagonal Stable phase) OFF Cubic metastable phase Rock-salt structure ON Te atoms occupy one sublattice of the crystal, and Ge atoms, Sb atoms and vacancies randomly occupy the second sublattice. Amorphous phase The amorphous phase not so well known: Presence of Ge in Td environment. M. Wuttig and N. Yamada, Nature Materials 6 (2007) 824.
11 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Different classes of phase-change materials were empirically discovered: the tie line between GeTe and Sb 2 Te 3 the region around Sb2Te the area around Sb Ge 8 Sb 2 Te 11 All of these alloys crystallize in a metastable rock-salt structure, where Te atoms occupy one lattice site (anion site) and Ge and Sb atoms as well as vacancies occupy the second lattice site (cation site). Lencer et al. Nature Mater.7 (2008), 972
12 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Very fast crystallization Cell resistance after application of set pulses with different amplitude and length, each starting from the amorphous reset state. The color of each data point represents the cell resistance after the test pulse. For pulses longer than 4 ns a broad crystallization window opens between 1.0 and 1.5 V. The crystallization behaviour shows that the phase transition can be operated within a few nano seconds. G. Brunset al., Applied Phys. Lett. 95 (2009)
13 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Fast switching: «Umbrella flip» Kolobovet al., Nature Mater. 3 (2004) 703 Tellurides are very bad glass formers (Tg ~ Tcryst.)
14 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Large optical contrast between amorphous and crystalline phases Infrared reflectance spectra of a PCM film reference sample Infrared reflectance spectra of an AgInTe 2 film (no PCM material) K. Shportko, S. Kremers, M. Woda, D. Lencer, J. Robertson, M. Wuttig, Nature Mater. 7 (2008) 653.
15 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Amorphous phase behaves in a conventional way (expected polarisability for covalent semiconductor) The crystalline phase has a much larger polarisability. Its refractive index is larger than that of the homologous amorphous phase by 50% Resonance bonding In phase-change materials, an average of three p-electrons per atom is present while the environment is octahedral less than 2 electrons per bond Schematic diagram demonstrating the origin of resonance bonding for Sb K. Shportko, S. Kremers, M. Woda, D. Lencer, J. Robertson, M. Wuttig, Nature Mater. 7 (2008) 653.
16 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) A map for phase-change materials: Resonance bonding Energetic splitting of s- and p-states Difference in valence radii of p- orbitals of anions and cations Lencer et al. Nature Mater.7 (2008), 972
17 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Potentials for atomic displacements Crystalline Phase Strongly distorted structure Undistorted structure Slightly distorted structure Hybridization vs. Ionicity
18 Telluride materials: Phase Change Materials (PCM) Application of rigidity theory (Maxwell constraint) to Ge-Sb-Te system Fully relaxed region: tie line GeTe 4 -SbTe 4 Amorphous Phase Constraint contour plot in the Ge-Sb-Te triangle defining a flexible (green) phase and a stressed rigid phase (red). Increased stability in time for the fully relaxed glasses? No expected ageing Micoulautet al., Phys. Rev. B 2009
19 Ag-Ge-Se(S) systems: Electrical memory (CB-RAM) Conductive Bridging RAM (CB-RAM) Anode: Ag or Ag-containing material Solid electrolyte: Ag photo-dissolution in GeSe(S) y ( 30-50nm ) N. Kozicki, M. Mitkova, M. Park, M. Balakrishnan, C. Gopalan, Superlattices and Microstructures 34 (2003) 459. Cathode: inert metal ( Cr, Ni..) Bipolar resistive switching: write-in and erasure occur under different polarities.
20 PC-RAM Operation principle of an electrical memory 1st sweeping 1,19 µa 2nd sweeping -0,01 µa 1,18 µa -0,01 µa Waser et al., Adv. Mater. 21 (2009) 2632 Conductive spots do not occur at the same place N. Frolet, PhDThesis2009 U. Montpellier
21 Recently. Cu/SiO 2 studied as CB-RAM memory Bipolar resistive switching Similar operation principle to Ag/GeSe(S) memories The couple Cu/SiO 2 is a good choice in order to make CB-RAM integration easier with fabrication processes that are already in use Y. Bernard et al., Microelectronic Engineering 88 (2011) 814.
22 Conclusion Tellurures Matériaux à changement de phase cristallisée-amorphe Étudiés surtout pour la réalisation de mémoires re-inscriptibles et/ou à forte densité de stockage Réflectivité très différente entre amorphe et cristallisé car nature très différente des liaisons chimiques (liaison résonante dans le cas du cristallisé) Vieillissement Cristallisé rôle de lacunes, distorsion, nano-separation de phase Amorphe modèle de rigidité de Maxwell (pas de vieillissement pour la «phase intermédiaire») Sulfures, séléniures Mémoire à pont conducteur Propriété exploitée: très grande mobilité de l argent dans les chalcogénures
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