GridFTP Configuration Recommendations (SDIACT-105) Summarized Recommendations

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1 GridFTP Configuration Recommendations (SDIACT-105) Summarized Recommendations Default GridFTP configuration for XSEDE Packages Set the default blocksize in distributed configuration packages to 4MB Manual GridFTP server configuration for SP administrators Ensure that your GridFTP servers network parameters are tuned in accordance with the recommendations here: Set the maximum server thread limit to system memory in bytes / max kernel TCP buffer size limit , where max kernel TCP buffer size limit is the max( net.ipv4.tcp_rmem max limit, net.ipv4.tcp_wmem max limit ) and (2MB) is the memory required by GridFTP server to handle each connection. Use filesystem benchmarking or documentation to determine if there are performance limitations associated with large numbers of parallel threads accessing a single file system on a single node. Set the maximum thread count to this value if it is lower than that determined in the recommendation above. Recommendations to the Globus/Globus Transfer development team(s) The optimal parallel streams setting is 4 for the file sizes that constitute the majority of transfer activity, e.g. those between 1MB and 2GB. Thus this is the optimal default setting. Change the default blocksize setting in the GridFTP distribution from 256KB to 1MB The GridFTP development team should devote effort to hardening the prototype on-the-fly tar and untar capability (via popen XIO driver) for transferring batches of small files. Globus Transfer should use (and expose) TCP buffer size setting for performance tuning (an option equivalent to tcp-bs in globus-url-copy). Recommendations to SDI for further activities An activity should be initiated to convert the analyses and logging infrastructure into a permanent facility, including determination of a long- term home for a combined database and deployment of a REST API (developed as a side- effect of this activity) on a permanent basis to allow querying of the database on- demand. An activity should be initiated to develop and implement configuration options and documentation for small- file transfers, enabling the on- the- fly tar/untar capability at all sites and providing documentation on its use on the XSEDE website.

2 GridFTP Configuration Recommendations (SDIACT-105) Detailed Discussion Introduction Science projects using XSEDE generate data volumes in an unprecedented amount that demands XSEDE network to use its resources more efficiently. Determining bottlenecks in communication between participating XSEDE endpoints is therefore important. GridFTP continues to be a major component of the data infrastructure of XSEDE, and is one of the most-used services provided by XSEDE. The focus of our study is twofold: (1) characterize the end-to-end data transfer rates based on studies conducted on GridFTP logs collected by various XSEDE endpoints and (2) develop best practices and configuration recommendations to improve the performance of GridFTP transfers between XSEDE resources. GridFTP background The GridFTP protocol specification extends the File Transfer Protocol to provide secure, reliable, and efficient transfer of data across wide-area distributed networks. GridFTP extensions provide for striping (i.e., the use of multiple data movers on a cluster file system), parallelism (i.e., the use of multiple socket connections between pairs of data movers), restart markers, and data channel security. Globus GridFTP is an open source GridFTP implementation developed primarily at Argonne National Laboratory and the University of Chicago. Globus GridFTP servers have been deployed on all XSEDE resources. A number of client tools are available for GridFTP, such as Globus transfer, globus-url-copy, and uberftp. Globus transfer simplifies the bulk transfer task for users by managing security credentials, including for transfers across multiple security domains; selecting appropriate GridFTP tuning parameters for high speed; monitoring and retrying transfers when there are faults; and allowing the user to monitor status. Globus transfer service s autotuning mechanism takes care of the client side performance tuning. But there are a number of configurations on the GridFTP server software, and the server hosts that affect the transfer performance. These configurations include the number of servers; number of data nodes in case of striped servers, block size used for disk I/O, stripe layout, host TCP configurations, congestion control algorithm, and frame size. The goal of this study is to provide recommendations for network tuning and GridFTP server tuning. Design and Implementation of GridFTP Logs analysis GridFTP server logs information about transfers. The captured information includes transfer type (store or retrieve), size, start time, transfer duration, IP address of self and the server at other end, number of parallel TCP streams, TCP buffer size, and block size. A few XSEDE SP s are archiving these logs locally. Globus GridFTP servers support

3 usage statistics collection at a centralized location as well. At the end of each transfer, XSEDE GridFTP servers send the above-mentioned information on the transfer as a UDP packet to a usage collector run by Globus as well as to a usage collector run by XSEDE. The Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center has developed the speed page that runs GridFTP test transfers between XSEDE sites every day and reports transfer speeds. These tests are done using globus-url-copy. Both memory-to-memory transfers and disk-to-disk transfers are done. Striped transfers (multinode to multinode) are also covered. The speed page reports the transfer speeds and error messages (if any). NICS, TACC, PSC, and SDSC have all turned on GridFTP logging and have accumulated logs of up to a year of past transfer activity. We used the logs at NICS, TACC, and PSC, as we could not get access to SDSC logs for the relevant time periods. We developed scripts that parse these log files and puts them into a database at each site. Eventual goal is to get these logs into a central XSEDE database or make sure the XSEDE GridFTP usage collector database has all the required information. This way all sites have access to all the data. Creation of databases containing the contents of the entire log files enables in-depth analysis of the nature of user data transfers as well as the performance achieved for both past and future transfers. We separate out the speed page transfers from these logs and did analysis comparing the performance of memory-to-memory speed page transfers, disk-to-disk speed page transfers and disk-to-disk user transfers. For our analysis, we used a 6-month log from July 2013 to December We considered the logs from three sites TACC, NICS, and PSC (i.e., we considered only those transfers between TACC, NICS, and PSC and other XSEDE sites). In the future, we will include logs from all sites for a more comprehensive analysis. We analyzed the average throughput for memory-to-memory and disk-to-disk transfers obtained for different pairs of XSEDE endpoints. We did the analysis for transfers with NICS, TACC and PSC as one of the transfer endpoints. Preliminary Analysis Parallelism: Parallelism involves the use of multiple socket connections to transfer chunks of a file in parallel from a single-source GridFTP server process to a single-destination GridFTP server process. Parallel streams may increase performance, but suboptimal values may degrade the network throughput performance. We analyzed the performance achieved for various values of parallelism for different file size categories. Parallel streams 1,2,4 and 8 are the most popular among end users. Parallelism of 4 provides the best performance over the largest range of common file transfer sizes. See the recommendations section for specific recommendations on parallelism values to use.

4 TCP Buffer Size We found that approximately 40 different TCP buffer size values were used for the data transfers on XSEDE. Given that TCP autotuning has been ubiquitously enabled on linux kernels and has been shown to work well, there is a general recommendation towards no manual setting of TCP buffer size in GridFTP clients. In fact, some studies have shown that manually setting the TCP buffer size to the bandwidth-delay product in GridFTP client, for transfer between hosts that have TCP autotuning enabled in the kernel, can have a detrimental effect on performance. Surprisingly, our study shows that manually setting the TCP buffer size to bandwidth-delay product in GridFTP clients significantly improves the performance even if TCP autotuning is enabled in the kernel and appropriate values were set for TCP rmem, wmem etc. in the kernel as recommended by ESnet. File sizes In terms of the number of transfers, anywhere from 50% to 90% of the transfers, depending on the time period and resources in question, have file sizes <= 10MB. Though these transfers account for a much smaller percentage (3% to 10%) in terms of the amount of data transferred in the 6-month period we considered, it still accounts for several TBs of data. The files in this category suffer from relatively poor performance (order of magnitude or more lower performance than that of large files) due to the overhead of creating and destroying GridFTP connections, an issue that can be exacerbated by using high levels of parallelism and large window sizes. Separate testing during the analysis period demonstrated that the use of the GridFTP pipe functionality with on-the-fly tarring of small files into larger batch transfers offered significant performance gains for small file transfers. Block Sizes The optimal block size setting for transfers overall is a value that matches, or is a low multiple of, the underlying block size of the file system technology in question; this has been determined both by analysis of GridFTP transfer performance as well as from simple I/O benchmarking performed by the SPs. In the case of the file systems that constitute the vast majority of those involved in XSEDE transfers, the most common block or stripe size is 1MB and in the case of parallel file systems such as the Lustre asnd GPFS file systems that make up the majority of file transfer targets within XSEDE, parallel reading and writing of multiple blocks is possible, therefore a low multiple of the block size can make the best use of the underlying file system technology. We recommend 4MB as the default block size setting for GridFTP servers as that value is likely to best match the largest number of file systems across XSEDE, though if SP administrators have specific knowledge of their local file system performance that suggests a different setting that value should be used. Recommendations

5 Parallel streams o File size < 1MB, use p=1 o File size >=1MB and <=2GB, use p=4 o File size >2GB, use p=4 if latency <40ms, use p=8 if latency >=40ms TCP kernel settings o Tune as per the recommendations here: TCP buffer size tuning in GridFTP client o Globus transfer should use (and expose) TCP buffer size setting for performance tuning (an option equivalent to tcp-bs in globus-url-copy) o Set TCP buffer size to Bandwidth-delay product / max(1, p-1), where p is the number of TCP streams o If the bandwidth-delay product is unknown, set TCP buffer size to 16MB / max(1, p-1) Blocksize in GridFTP server (size of data blocks to read from storage) o Change the default in GridFTP distributions from 256KB to 1MB (recommendation for GridFTP development team) o Set the default to 4MB on XSEDE GridFTP servers Maximum limit on GridFTP server instances o Set it to system memory in bytes / max kernel TCP buffer size limit , where max kernel TCP buffer size limit is the max( net.ipv4.tcp_rmem max limit, net.ipv4.tcp_wmem max limit ) and (2MB) is the memory required by GridFTP server to handle each connection. o If the file system can not handle the above number of concurrent connections, max GridFTP instances count should be set in accordance with file system limits. In most cases there will be a practical limit as determined by local benchmarking. On-the-fly tarring o Globus should consider hardening the prototype on-the-fly tar and untar capability (via popen XIO driver) for transferring batches of small files. o XSEDE SDI should consider launching an activity to develop configuration details and documentation to allow users to make use of this functionality for intra-xsede transfers. Limitations Some of our logs have destination ip address still as The issue was caused due to globus bug (GT-496). This was a severe limitation for us, as we needed the destination information for our analysis. Because of this limitation, we had to perform our analysis using a much smaller subset of the entire log.

6 New patch have been issued (April 11, 2014) to correct this problem. All XSEDE sites have been requested to apply the new patch immediately. The patch can be found at Future logs should have more entries to use for a similar analysis. We limited our analysis to transfers between XSEDE endpoints, as it is not tractable to get the server configuration, host kernel settings information etc. for the endpoints outside of XSEDE. Issues exist in accessing logs from each XSEDE sites since log resides locally. This limited the input data to a subset of all the sites. Additional Observations: In the design review and implementation phases, we received substantial feedback leading to an additional recommendation related to GridFTP server reliability and overall throughput. Administrators of GridFTP servers at several SPs reported having disabled the striped mode of operation, in which multiple servers at each end of a transfer operate in parallel to execute a single transfer, as a result of experience operating such servers. It was reported that reliability suffers in striped transfers, since and all servers must be configured and operating correctly at all times, and the failure of any one server at either end can cause the entire transfer to fail. Based on the results of the analysis reported above, in which the very large files that would most benefit from such striped transfers are a small percentage of the overall traffic, we recommend that striping be disabled on the server side. While we do not have quantitative data on reliability of striped vs non-striped configurations, what quantitative data we do have suggests that this will not significantly impact overall performance. A general result of note in our analysis is the relatively high importance of smallfile transfer performance in looking at overall performance. While there are transfers of >1GB and even occasionally >1TB, transfer activity is still dominated by files at the megabyte scale. This suggests that documentation and optimization efforts can still usefully be targeted at small-file performance.

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