BBN ANG 141 Foundations of phonology 5 The vowel phonemes of English
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1 BBN ANG 141 Foundations of phonology 5 The vowel phonemes of English Péter Szigetvári Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 1 / 12
2 outline English or Englishes? CUBE vowel phonemes short vowels long vowels diphthongs standard lexical sets szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 2 / 12
3 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
4 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction; a question like does English have the phoneme /N/? is not meaningful szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
5 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction; a question like does English have the phoneme /N/? is not meaningful; unless... szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
6 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction; a question like does English have the phoneme /N/? is not meaningful; unless... English is a shorthand for a given accent of English szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
7 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction; a question like does English have the phoneme /N/? is not meaningful; unless... English is a shorthand for a given accent of English; in this course, it is a shorthand for Current British English (CUBE), aka Standard British English (SBE), formerly known as Received Pronunciation (RP), aka BBC English, Queen s/king s English szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
8 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction; a question like does English have the phoneme /N/? is not meaningful; unless... English is a shorthand for a given accent of English; in this course, it is a shorthand for Current British English (CUBE), aka Standard British English (SBE), formerly known as Received Pronunciation (RP), aka BBC English, Queen s/king s English (a short discussion of some other accents is scheduled for a later session) szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
9 English or Englishes? some clarification what does English mean? English, like any other language name, refers to an abstraction; a question like does English have the phoneme /N/? is not meaningful; unless... English is a shorthand for a given accent of English; in this course, it is a shorthand for Current British English (CUBE), aka Standard British English (SBE), formerly known as Received Pronunciation (RP), aka BBC English, Queen s/king s English (a short discussion of some other accents is scheduled for a later session) accents of English are much more diverse in their vowel than in their consonant inventories szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 3 / 12
10 the symbols szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 4 / 12
11 the symbols szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 4 / 12
12 the symbols all of them (again) i y I Y ø e 1 0 W u U E œ 3 Æ æ 5 a Œ 2 O A 6 szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 4 / 12
13 the symbols all of them (again) i y I Y ø e 1 0 W u U E œ 3 Æ æ 5 a Œ 2 O A 6 szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 4 / 12
14 the symbols all of them (again) i y I Y ø e E œ 1 0 W u U Æ æ 5 a Œ 2 O A 6 for CUBE FRONT CENTRAL BACK (j) 0 (w) HIGH I 8 o HIGH-MID O LOW-MID a A LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 4 / 12
15 short vowels short vowels of CUBE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 5 / 12
16 short vowels short vowels of CUBE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 5 / 12
17 short vowels short vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK 0 HIGH I HIGH-MID O LOW-MID a LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 5 / 12
18 short vowels short vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK 0 HIGH I HIGH-MID O LOW-MID a LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 5 / 12
19 short vowels short vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK the standard lexical sets FRONT CENTRAL BACK 0 HIGH I HIGH-MID O LOW-MID a LOW FOOT KIT DRESS STRUT LOT TRAP szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 5 / 12
20 short vowels short vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK the standard lexical sets FRONT CENTRAL BACK 0 HIGH I HIGH-MID O LOW-MID a LOW FOOT KIT DRESS STRUT LOT TRAP minimal pairs pit /pit/, pet /pet/, pat /pat/, put /p0t/, putt /p@t/, pot /pot/ szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 5 / 12
21 long vowels long vowels of CUBE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 6 / 12
22 long vowels long vowels of CUBE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 6 / 12
23 long vowels long vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK (0:) HIGH I: o: HIGH-MID LOW-MID A: LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 6 / 12
24 long vowels long vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK (0:) HIGH I: o: HIGH-MID LOW-MID A: LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 6 / 12
25 long vowels long vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK the standard lexical sets FRONT CENTRAL BACK (0:) HIGH I: o: HIGH-MID LOW-MID A: LOW NEAR SQUARE (CURE) NURSE FORCE START szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 6 / 12
26 long vowels long vowels of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK the standard lexical sets FRONT CENTRAL BACK (0:) HIGH I: o: HIGH-MID LOW-MID A: LOW NEAR SQUARE (CURE) NURSE FORCE START minimal pairs beard /bi:d/, bared /be:d/, bird board /bo:d/, bard /ba:d/ szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 6 / 12
27 long vowels the loss of CURE variation after palatals szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 7 / 12
28 long vowels the loss of CURE variation after palatals some speakers retain CURE: ie pronounce it /kj0:/ szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 7 / 12
29 long vowels the loss of CURE variation after palatals some speakers retain CURE: ie pronounce it /kj0:/ many speakers merge CURE with FORCE: /kj0:/ /kjo:/ szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 7 / 12
30 long vowels the loss of CURE variation after palatals some speakers retain CURE: ie pronounce it /kj0:/ many speakers merge CURE with FORCE: /kj0:/ /kjo:/ some speakers merge CURE with NURSE: /kj0:/ szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 7 / 12
31 long vowels the loss of CURE variation after palatals some speakers retain CURE: ie pronounce it /kj0:/ many speakers merge CURE with FORCE: /kj0:/ /kjo:/ some speakers merge CURE with NURSE: /kj0:/ no variation after nonpalatals speakers merge CURE and FORCE: eg poor /po:/, plural szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 7 / 12
32 long vowels the loss of CURE variation after palatals some speakers retain CURE: ie pronounce it /kj0:/ many speakers merge CURE with FORCE: /kj0:/ /kjo:/ some speakers merge CURE with NURSE: /kj0:/ no variation after nonpalatals speakers merge CURE and FORCE: eg poor /po:/, plural CURE POOR split (length is ignored!) NURSE CURE POOR FORCE U o o 0 o o szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 7 / 12
33 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 8 / 12
34 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 8 / 12
35 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK j 0w w HIGH Ij oj HIGH-MID LOW-MID aw Aj LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 8 / 12
36 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK j 0w w HIGH Ij oj HIGH-MID LOW-MID aw Aj LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 8 / 12
37 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels the standard lexical sets FRONT CENTRAL BACK FRONT CENTRAL BACK j 0w w HIGH GOOSE Ij oj HIGH-MID FLEECE CHOICE LOW-MID FACE GOAT aw Aj LOW MOUTH PRICE szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 8 / 12
38 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels FRONT CENTRAL BACK j 0w w HIGH Ij oj HIGH-MID LOW-MID minimal pairs aw Aj LOW the standard lexical sets FRONT CENTRAL FLEECE FACE MOUTH GOOSE GOAT BACK CHOICE PRICE feel /fijl/, fail /fejl/, foul /fawl/, fool /f0wl/, foal /f@wl/, foil /fojl/, file /fajl/ szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 8 / 12
39 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels types of diphthong FRONT CENTRAL BACK marginal: Ij, 0w j 0w w HIGH Ij oj HIGH-MID LOW-MID aw Aj LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 9 / 12
40 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels types of diphthong FRONT CENTRAL BACK marginal: Ij, 0w j 0w w HIGH narrow: Ij oj HIGH-MID LOW-MID aw Aj LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 9 / 12
41 diphthongs diphthongs of CUBE the vowels types of diphthong FRONT CENTRAL BACK marginal: Ij, 0w j 0w w HIGH narrow: Ij oj HIGH-MID wide: aw, Aj, oj LOW-MID aw Aj LOW szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 9 / 12
42 standard lexical sets standard lexical sets 1 groups of words represented by a key word (set in SMALL CAPITALS) containing the same vowel phoneme; in a given accent several lexical sets may contain the same vowel, in other accents they may contain different vowels; the system was devised by John Wells; we here give some transcription systems since 1900 lexical set Sweet Jones Gimson Upton Lindsey simple KIT i i I I I i 2 DRESS e e e E E e 3 TRAP æ æ æ a a a 4 LOT o O 6 6 O o 5 STRUT FOOT u u U U 0 u szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 10 / 12
43 standard lexical sets standard lexical sets 2 lexical set Sweet Jones Gimson Upton Lindsey simple BATH aa A: A: A: A: a: 8 CLOTH o O 6 6 O o 10 FLEECE ij i: i: i: Ij ij 11 FACE ei ei ei ei Ej ej 12 PALM aa A: A: A: A: a: 13 THOUGHT O O: O: O: o: o: 14 GOAT 15 GOOSE uw u: u: u: 0w uw 16 PRICE ai ai ai 2I Aj aj 17 CHOICE oi Oi OI OI oj oj 18 MOUTH au au au au aw aw szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 11 / 12
44 standard lexical sets standard lexical sets 3 lexical set Sweet Jones Gimson Upton Lindsey simple NEAR i@ i@ I@ I@ I: i: 20 SQUARE e@ E@ e@ E: E: e: 21 START aa A: A: A: A: a: 22 NORTH O O: O: O: o: o: 23 FORCE O@ O: O: O: o: o: 24 CURE u@ u@ U@ U@ 0: o: 25 HAPPY Ĭ I I i Ij ij szp (delg) foundations 4/vowel phonemes of E 12 / 12
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