Gooch & Housego Active components for 2µm fibre lasers. Jon Ward- 2015
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1 Gooch & Housego Active components for 2µm fibre lasers Jon Ward PAGE 1 ISLA Workshop June 2015
2 Key Components AO Modulator - TeO 2 - Chalcogenide Glass - Si Pulse Picker AO Tunable Filter - Narrow-resolution Quasi-Collinear 2µm AOTF - Null frequency-shift 2µm AOTF-pair PAGE 2 ISLA Workshop June 2015
3 Acousto-Optics The Principle Acoustic beam creates a sinusoidal refractive-index variation (photo-elastic effect) Periodic variation acts as diffraction-grating Light diffracted when matching-condition is satisfied - Matching is a function of optical and acoustic wavelengths Depth of diffraction is a function of the index contrast - Can be set by the acoustic intensity Diffracted beam can be intensity modulated Diffracted beam is Frequency-Shifted (Doppler Effect) PAGE 3 ISLA Workshop June 2015
4 Acousto-Optics AO Cell Features Solid-State: no moving parts Fast switching-time <10ns for fast AOM <10µs for Frequency-Shifter, Tunable Filter etc Acoustic transducer Impedance Matching network PAGE 4 ISLA Workshop June 2015
5 Acousto-Optics Intra-cavity modulators - AO Q-switches - AO Mode-lockers - AO Cavity Dumpers Extra-cavity modulators AO Modulators AO Pulse Pickers AO Beam Deflectors AO Frequency-Shifters AO Tunable Filters RF Drivers PAGE 5 ISLA Workshop June 2015
6 Choice of AO Material The optical medium should be transparent at the required wavelength(s) The material should have good Acousto-Optic properties Efficient AO interaction Reasonable acoustic attenuation Compatible with manufacturing process PAGE 6 AOTF
7 Chalcogenide Glass AMTIR-1 Ge 33 As 12 Se 55 Large M 2 (>200x10-15 s 3 /kg) Transparent at 2µm Significant acoustic attenuation Poor thermal-conductivity Challenging to process but problems have been solved PAGE 7 AOTF
8 Silicon Single Crystal Silicon (Si) Transparent at 2µm High index n=3 46 Reasonable M 2 ~11x10-15 s 3 /kg isotropic Polarisation sensitive Fast acoustic velocity (v=9310ms -1 ) Straightforward to process Good thermal properties PAGE 8 AOTF
9 Tellurium Dioxide Single Crystal Tellurium Dioxide (Te0 2 ) Supports both isotropic & anisotropic AO interactions Transparent at 2µm Reasonable M 2 ~20x10-15 s 3 /kg isotropic ~600x10-15 s 3 /kg anisotropic Well understood Used extensively for VIS & SWIR PAGE 9 AOTF
10 AO 2µm The TeO 2 based AOM (Right) showing the longer cell than the AMTIR-1 chalcogenide glass based AOM (Left). PAGE 10 ISLA Workshop June 2015
11 Diffraction Efficiency vs drive power for the AMTIR-1 chalcogenide glass AMTIR based AOM showing reduced dive power & polarisation dependence Diffraction Efficiency vs drive power for the TeO 2 based AOM showing polarisation dependence TeO 2 PAGE 11 ISLA Workshop June 2015
12 Device: Interaction Material: Wavelength: AR Coating Reflectivity: RF Frequency: Active Aperture: Input Polarisation: Risetime: Beam Diameter: 200µm Diffraction Efficiency: > 85% Typical RF Drive Power: 7.5W Input Impedance: 50Ω AO Modulator Silicon 2100nm 0 2% /surface 250MHz 0 25mm (Height) Linear horizontal wrt base 15ns (For 0 2mm spot) Si Pulse-Picker (fast risetime) PAGE 12 ISLA Workshop June 2015
13 What is an AOTF? An AOTF (Acousto Optic Tunable Filter) is an optical passband filter that is tunable AOTFs are made from crystals whose optical properties can be controlled by sending sound waves through them. Ultrasound in the crystal generates a refractive index grating (photo-elastic effect) that diffracts light that satisfies certain matching conditions. The sound waves are generated by applying a sinusoidal radio-frequency electrical signal to a specially designed transducer bonded to the crystal. As a result, the key filter parameters - centre wavelength & throughput (ie intensity of diffracted light) - are under complete electronic control. There are no moving parts, no maintenance, and an indefinite lifetime. PAGE 13 AOTF
14 AOTF Schematic Non-collinear AOTF ( parallel-tangents ) design Default configuration for bulk-optic AOTFs Gives wide field-of-view Large apertures (>10x10mm) are possible PAGE 14 ISLA Workshop June 2015
15 Quasi-Collinear AOTF concept Quasi-Collinear AOTF is configured so that the direction of acoustic energy propagation is collinear with the optical direction. Low RF drive Power Narrow resolution with inherent side-lobe suppression Narrow field-of-view PAGE 15 ISLA Workshop June 2015
16 Quasi-Collinear AOTF Quasi-Collinear AOTF o Narrow resolution - <1 2µm o Low Drive Power - 400mW Relative DE - % QC-AOTF Passband Wavelength - nm PAGE 16 ISLA Workshop June 2015
17 AOTF in Reverse-Pass (K-Space Representation) K-Space Representation - k i is incident light momentum vector - k d is diffracted light momentum vector - K a is acoustic (phonon) momentum vector Strong diffraction occurs when momentum vector triangle is closed (conservation of momentum) Forward-Pass; 1 st quadrant - k i is o-ray - k d diffracted to e-ray - f d = f i - f a - k d is down-shifted [001] k i ± K a = k d o-ray is diffracted to e-ray (or vice-versa) Conservation of energy leads to the relation k i K a k d f d = f i ± f a ie the optical frequency is Doppler-shifted either up or down depending on the direction of K a. k i [110] Reverse-Pass; 3 rd quadrant - k i is e-ray - k d diffracted to o-ray - f d = f i - f a - k d is down-shifted K a k d PAGE 17 ISLA Workshop June 2015
18 Null-Shift AOTF Pair (K-Space Representation) A B B A [001] [001] Two Identical AOTFs with transducers bonded to opposite faces 1st AOTF - o-ray incident, is down-shifted (represented in 1st quadrant of k-space diagram). Transducer bonded in the usual manner. 2 nd AOTF - Cell identical to 1st AOTF; e-ray incident, is up-shifted. Transducer bonded to opposite face AOTFs aligned so that [001] directions are parallel - output face (AOTF-1) and input face (AOTF-2) will be parallel PAGE 18 ISLA Workshop June 2015
19 Null-Shift AOTF Pair PAGE 19 ISLA Workshop June 2015
20 Thank you for your attention PAGE 20 ISLA Workshop June 2015
21 Quasi-Collinear AOTF concept Non-collinear ( parallel-tangents ) design Default configuration for bulk-optic AOTFs Gives wide field-of-view Large apertures (>10x10mm) are possible Quasi-Collinear AOTF is configured so that the direction of acoustic energy propagation is collinear with the optical direction. Low RF drive Power Narrow resolution with inherent side-lobe suppression Narrow field-of-view Quasi-collinear design PAGE 21 ISLA Workshop June 2015
22 IL0 Null frequency-shift 2µm AOTF A B B A [001] [001] Two Identical AOTFs with transducers bonded to opposite faces 1st AOTF - o-ray incident, is down-shifted (represented in 1st quadrant of k-space diagram). Transducer bonded in the usual manner. 2 nd AOTF - Cell identical to 1st AOTF; e-ray incident, is up-shifted. Transducer bonded to opposite face AOTFs aligned so that [001] directions are parallel - output face (AOTF-1) and input face (AOTF-2) will be parallel PAGE 22 ISLA Workshop June 2015
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