Validation of Geant4 Hadronic Physics

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1 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, 22 October 2003 Validation of Geant4 Hadronic Physics J. Beringer, G. Folger, F. Gianotti, A. Ribon, J.P. Wellisch CERN D. Barberis, M. Cervetto, B. Osculati Genoa University and INFN Outline Overview of Hadronic Physics in Geant4 Simple benchmark studies ATLAS Pixels Test Beam Conclusions

2 Geant4 Physics Electromagnetic physics: a consistent, rigorous, perturbative, and precise theory (QED) allows an accurate description of all electromagnetic processes and observables from 250 ev up to T ev. Extensive tests, with different particles, energies and materials have validates already most of the Geant4 electromagnetic part. Hadronic physics: most of the energy range of interest in hadronic physics for Geant4 applications lies outside the perturbative QCD, so there is no a single consistent theory but several models whose validity is limited in either particle type, energy, or material. There are three classes of models in Geant4 Hadronic Physics: data-driven, parametrized, and theory-driven. 2

3 Hadronic Physics Validation Given the richness of different hadronic models in Geant4, various set of choices are available according to the application area (e.g. LHEP, QGSP, QGSC, QGSP BIC, QGSP BERT, etc.). It is of paramount importance to test them thorougly, with different particles, energies, and materials. Currently, there are three main areas of validations: Calorimetry : the main area of validation in High-Energy Physics. Geant4 is predicting very well the energy resolution of various kind of calorimetries. Tracking detectors and simple benchmarks they provide a clean, simple and microscopic (single-interaction) data, which is complementary to the more complex calorimeter test-beams. Radiation background : important and wide area, but the validation of Geant4 is just beginning. 3

4 Simple Benchmark Studies: Proton Thin-Target Hadronic Benchmark Check individual interactions between particles and detector materials, for simple geometries, for single incident particles of various energies. Look at (p,xn) for different materials. Double-differential cross sections (e.g. neutron production rate and energy spectrum at a given angle). Consistency checks (energy-momentum conservation, charge and baryon number conservation, flat azimuthal distributions, etc.) 4

5 Data from Los Alamos (LAMPF) Incident proton energies: 113, 256, 597, 800 MeV Thin targets (< MeV thick for the incident proton energies, i.e. 1 interaction for incident proton): Al, Fe, Pb. Neutron detectors (TOF) at 5 angles: 7.5, 30, 60, 120, 150. References: Nucl Sci Eng 102 (1989) 310; 110 (1992) 289; 112 (1992) 78; 115 (1993) 1. o o o 150 o 30 o Detector 7.5 o Beam (proton) Target (Al, Fe, Pb) 5

6 Sample Cross Section: Fe(p,xn). 256 MeV, 30 PRELIMINARY 6

7 ... and the Ratios Simulation / Data PRELIMINARY 7

8 Conclusions from Proton Thin-Target Hadronic Benchmark LHEP physics list is not suitable for (p,xn) double differential cross sections (but for most high-energy calorimetry applications this does not matter, and LHEP gives good results). Fluka, QGSP BERT, QGSP BIC can all reproduce d 2 dedω with a typical level of agreement with Los Alamos data on the order of 20% 50%. These measurements are quite difficult and delicate, and data was corrected in 1999 (10 years after the publication). Other more recent measurements are available as well. The level of agreement between these different measurements is still under discussion. So it is not possible yet to draw firm conclusions! 8

9 ATLAS Pixel Test-Beam 9

10 Setup Beam: nominal 180 GeV π + but indeed: 67 % p, 29 % π +, 4 % K +. Two pixels layers: 50 µm 400 µm thickness 280 µm; Telescope: 4 silicon microstrip planes, double-sided, 50 µm pitch; Scintillator: trigger energy deposit 3 mips. 10

11 Analysis 3 clusters in each of the three microstrip planes downstream the pixels; alignment of the telescope planes; calibration of individual pixels (single pixel clusters, pulse injection, radioactive sources); calibration below 1 mip, work with mip, saturation different pixel by pixel. track reconstruction in the three microstrip planes downstream of the pixels (straight line fit in xz and yz planes, match in energy); interaction point (vertex) reconstruction (weighted mean of all two-by-two track intersections); Pix2 is selected because of the better resolution; selection of the interactions in the silicon sensor (closest pixel cluster in transverse plane, z < 4 mm; E loss /N dig > 100, 000 electrons). Then, study of pixel cluster corresponding to the reconstructed vertex coordinate. 11

12 Number of tracks Number of reconstructed tracks in the interaction. For practical detector simulations, this is by far the most important observable. 12

13 Number of tracks (cont.) 13

14 Emax/Eloss Ratio of the maximum energy released in a pixel and the total cluster energy. 14

15 Emax/Eloss (cont.) 15

16 Cluster size Number of digits in the cluster. 16

17 Cluster size (cont.) 17

18 Conclusions from ATLAS Pixels Test Beam The calibration has been done for energy depositions 1 m.i.p. whereas, in hadronic interactions, we have energy depositions of m.i.p., but if we assume that, in first approximation, this affects only the absolute energy values, then we can draw the following conclusions: Theory-driven models in general (QGSP, QGSP BIC, FTFP) are better than the parametrized one (LHEP). QGSC has some problem to be fixed. Reasonable but not yet very good agreement of theory-driven models with data. For QGSP BIC, the energy flow seems ok, but the cluster is too narrow. A likely explanation is a slightly i.e. few MeV too soft proton spectra: 3 12 MeV proton range in Silicon µm ( 45 MeV 1 cm ) Hopes to fix it in future release of QGSP BIC! 18

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