Net Irrigation Req. Crop and Base period. Gross Irrigation req. Irrigation and Scheduling and Types of Irrigation

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1 Irrigation and Scheduling and Types of Irrigation Net Irrigation Req NIR= ET - ERAIN where NIR= net irrigation requirement, ET= evapotranspiration, and ERAIN = effective rainfall. ERAIN is that portion of rainfall which can be effectively used by a crop, that is, rain which is stored in the crop root zone. Therefore, ERAIN is less than total rainfall due to interception, runoff and deep percolation (or drainage) losses. 2 Gross Irrigation req The gross irrigation requirement (GIR) is the amount that must be pumped. GIR is greater than NIR by a factor which depends on the irrigation efficiency (EFF): GIR = NIR / EFF where GIR = gross irrigation requirement (inches), NIR = net irrigation requirement (inches), and EFF = irrigation efficiency (decimal fraction). Crop and Base period Crop period = crop period is the time in days that a crop takes From the instant of its sowing to that of its harvesting Base period Base period of a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the time when irrigation water is first issued for preparation of the ground for planting the crop to its last watering 3 4

2 Delta & Duty Delta Delta is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period of the crop in the field Example If a crop requires about 12 waterings at an interval of 10 days and a water depth of 10cm in every watering, then the delta is 12*10= 120 cm Duty Duty is defined as the no of hectares/ acres that one cumec Or cusec of water can irrigate during the base period Relation between duty and delta Delta= 8.64*(B/D) meters D= duty in hectares/cumec B= base period in days. 5 GCA and CCA Gross command area(gca) The GCA is the total area lying between drainage boundaries which can be commanded or irrigated by canals. Culturable Command area (CCA) The GCA also contains unfertile barren land alkaline soil, local ponds, villages, etc. These are known as uncluturable areas. The remaining area is called CCA GCA= CCA+Unculturable area 6 Estimation of water requirement Seasonal Q= 28 *A * I/(R*T*E) Where A = Area in ha I= Depth of irrigation in cm R= Rotation period in Days E= Irrigation efficiency ( In fraction) 7 Monthly Estimation of water requirement IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT TABLE - IR(Cm)/Rotation period(days) CROP JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC HY COTTO N(IR) RT S.CANE SOYAB EAN HY MAIZE HY JOWAR

3 Example: What design discharge is required for a canal to irrigate an area of 10 hectares in the semi-arid subtropics, when the mean daily temperature is 30oC, and the mean rainfall is 0.2 mm/d during the peak period (midseason)? The canal is 800m long and is to operate for 12 hours per day. Losses from a similar canal are measured as 48mm per hour with a water-surface width of 1.5m/m length. ETo= 7.5 mm/day Field irrigation efficiency= 0.6 Effective rain fall = ETo = 7.5 mm/d; Hence the net irrigation requirement is: (0.7 x 0.2) = 7.36 mm/d; and the field irrigation requirement is: 7.36/0.60 = 12.3 mm/d Canal losses = 48*1.5/(60*60)= 0.02 l/s per metre length A = 10ha = 10 x m2 Q = 12.3 x (10 x ) x 0.02 = = 44 l/s This design discharge of 44 l/s should be compared with the water available from the source. If less is available, the area may need to be reduced, or the irrigation time IRRIGATION SCHEDULING Irrigation scheduling is defined as the process of determining when to irrigate and how much water to apply. Through proper irrigation scheduling, it should be possible to apply only the water which the crop needs in addition to unavoidable seepage and runoff losses and leaching requirements

4 Irrigation Scheduling- A decision process Irrigation scheduling concerns the farmers' decision process concerning 'when' to irrigate and 'how much' water to apply in order to maximize profit. This requires knowledge on crop water requirements and yield responses to water, the constraints specific to each irrigation method and irrigation equipment, the limitations relative to the water supply system and the financial and economic implications of the irrigation practice. Thus, the consideration of all these aspects makes irrigation scheduling a very complex decision making process, one which only very few farmers can understand and therefore adopt. Irrigation Scheduling An efficient watering program must include three basic steps: 1. Determining when water is needed. 2. Determining how much should be applied. 3. Deciding how water is to be applied Irrigation Scheduling Common irrigation scheduling approaches include: 1. irrigating on fixed intervals or following a simple calendar, i.e., when a water turn occurs or according to a predetermined schedule; 2. irrigating when one's neighbour irrigates; 3. observation of visual plant stress indicators; 4. measuring (or estimating) soil water by use of instruments or sampling techniques such as feel, gravimetric, electrical resistance (gypsum) blocks, tensiometers or neutron probes; 5. by following a soil water budget based on weather data and/or pan evaporation; and IRRIGATION SCHEDULE CALENDAR DEVELOPMENT Irrigation calendars for each crop are normally determined for two, or in some cases, three planting dates, for the major soils (usually two per scheme) and perhaps for two different initial soil water contents at the beginning of the 6. some combination of the above irrigation season.

5 The Check Book Method: Crop Evapotranspiration Action _ August date _ ETc _ Rainfall _ Accumulated ETc inches Irrigate _ _ 0.29 _ _ _ 0.66 _ _ _ _ _ _ 0.37 _ _ 0.63 _ _ 0.94 _ _ 1.22 Benefits of Irrigation Scheduling Scheduling maximizes irrigation efficiency by minimizing runoff and percolation losses. This often results in lower energy and water use Optimum crop yields, When to Irrigate Efficiency of water application The most efficient way to water is to apply water when it begins to show signs of stress from lack of water. The following signs are indications of water need: Bluish-gray areas in the field Footprints or tire tracks that remain in the grass long after being made Many leaf blades folded in half Soil sample from the root zone feels dry 19. An efficient watering does not saturate the soil, and does not allow water to run off.. Typically, two to three waterings per week in the summer and once every 10 to 14 days in the winter are required. If rainfall occurs, irrigation should be suspended according to the rainfall amount. 20

6 Manner of applying water Water should never be applied at a rate faster than it can be absorbed by the soil. If the sprinkler applies too much water, it runs off, and is wasted. Avoid extremes in watering frequency and amount. Light, frequent watering is inefficient and encourages shallow root systems. Excessive irrigation, which keeps the root system saturated with water, is harmful. Roots need a balance of water and air to function and grow properly. The time of watering is important. The best time for irrigation is in the early morning hours. Watering during the day can waste water by excessive Soil Moisture Measuring Techniques Tensiometers These sensors use a porous ceramic cup attached to the bottom of a clear plastic tube/water reservoir and calibrated vacuum gage to measure soil moisture tension in centibars. Tensiometers come in varying lengths, from 1 foot to 4 feet in length, These devices are also soaked in water for at least one day before installation. Good contact between the ceramic cup and the surrounding soil is also essential for this device. As water flows out of the tensiometer into the surrounding soil until moisture equilibrates, it creates a partial vacuum in the tensiometer body which is read on the calibrated vacuum gage as matric potential or soil moisture evaporation. tension. Reading Tensiometers The tensiometer gauge reads the tension between soil and water particles. Soil moisture tension increases when there is less water in the soil. As a result the tensiometer gauge, Figure 2, reads high for dry soils and low for wet soils. A wet soil would be indicated by a reading under 10 cbars and a reading above 50 cbars would indicate a dry soil for most soil types. There should be at least one, and preferably two, tensiometer locations (two or more tensiometers at one location being a station) for each area of the field that differs in the soil type and depth A station located in each different soil type enables you, through timing and duration of irrigation to maintain the same amount of available water in all areas

7 25 26 Placement of Tensiometers in the Field For a sprinkler system the tensiometers should be placed in the area irrigated by the first lateral within the root zone of the crop. When operating a trickle system the soil should be maintained at a constant soil moisture. Tensiometers should be placed 12 to 18 from the emitter in an area that is representative of where the plants are taking up water With micro-sprinkler systems tensiometers are placed along the crop row, in the root zone, at the midpoint between two sprinklers. This should be in an area of the field that represents typical soil and crop conditions. 27 Placement of Tensiometers in the Field For any system a second monitoring site should be installed where a significant change in either the crop, soil or irrigation system is evident. Deep rooted plants, such as fruit trees, should have two tensiometers per site one at 12 and one at

8 Wild flooding Flood irrigation is the least expensive irrigation method where water is relatively cheap. It should only be used on very flat fields, where ponding is not a problem. Flooding is a good way to flush salts out of the soil. It is highly inefficient Check flooding 31 32

9 Basin flooding 33 Flooding- When and why Adopt An abundant supply of water and cheap Close growing crops Farms with low availability of labour and land is cheap Advantages Any amount of water can be used Installation and operation is low System is not damaged by live stock System does not interfere with use of farm implements Disadvantages Excessive loss of water Water distributed unevenly Fertilisers are often eroded Drainage must be provided 34 Furrow Irrigation Furrow Furrow irrigation is relatively inexpensive where water costs are low. Furrows must be carefully dug to ensure an even distribution of water

10 Furrow irrigation The main objective is to direct The water between the rows of a crop and permit it to soak down to the roots Adopt Variable water supply Slopes steep >6% Medium and fine texured soils Where skilled labour is available Advantages Better water efficiency Can be used on any row crops Relatively easy to install Disadvantages High erosion High skilled labour Drainage to be provided Border strip irrigation Adopt Large and dependable supply water Soils at least 3 feet deep Farms with high land values Close growing crops Advantages Efficient use of water Uniform application of water High water values Rapid method Disadvantages Large supply of water is required Deep soils are required Land must be level Drainage must be provided 39 40

11 Sprinkler Irrigation: These methods are more expensive than flood or furrow irrigation, but are more efficient at using water. Still, much water is lost through evaporation, and problems due to foliar moisture-loving diseases Drip or Trickle Irrigation. This is the most expensive, but most water-efficient, method. Low-quality water (high in salts) should not be used, unless filtered, due to potentially devastating effects of clogged emitters. Also, the use of water high in soluble salts will result in localized soil salinity buildup around plants, since drip irrigation is an ineffective leaching method. can arise if over watering occurs Traditional systems By Hand Picota 43 44

12 Mhot Bucket wheet END Leevy 47

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