District Heating Possibilities within the European Energy Balance

Transcription

1 District Heating Possibilities within the European Energy Balance Sven Werner Department of Energy & Environment Chalmers University, Göteborg, Sweden 1 Possibilities for higher energy efficiency when heating buildings Demand side reductions: Higher heat resistances, lower ventilation rates, lower indoor temperatures etc. Internal heat recycling from outlet air and outlet sewage water External heat recycling from natural or waste heat sources transferred to buildings through a DISTRICT HEATING network, substituting primary energy supply for heating. 2 1

2 District heating in Europe 5 networks, excl Russia, Ukraine and Belarus 15 km of distribution pipes 2 EJ of district heat deliveries About % of all net heat use in the industrial, residential, and service sectors Also about district cooling networks delivering abut 5 PJ cold. Annual revenues of 2 billion Current replacement value of 15 billion 3 European Energy Balance - Heat Dominates End Use EJ EU25 + ACC4 + EFTA3 during 23 Total Primary Energy Supply = 81,1 EJ Losses in the energy transformation sector Losses in end use Combustible Renewables and Waste Solar/Wind/Other Geothermal Hydro Nuclear Natural Gas Petroleum Products Coal and Coal Products Transportation Total Primary Energy Supply Total Final Consumption Total End Use (estimated) Electricity Heat Energy balance for EU25+ACC4+EFTA3 during 23. Heat in the Total Final Consumption bar considers commercial heat deliveries, mostly through district heating systems, while heat in the Total End Use bar considers all heat used by end users, except heat generated from electricity, still allocated to the electricity area. 4 2

3 Heat Use Is Dominated by the Supply of Natural Gas and Electricity EJ heat Final end use of net heat and electricity for EU25 + ACC4 + EFTA3 with origin of supply Industrial sector Residential sector Service sector Solar/Wind/Other Combustible Renewables and Waste Coal and Coal Products Petroleum Products Natural Gas Electricity Geothermal Heat 3,4 % of district heat 8,6 % of district heat 6,3 % of district heat In total, the market share was 6, % for district heat when electricity was included. Otherwise the market share was 8,9 %. 5 Expansion possibility supply side Available sources and corresponding heat flows during 23 in EJ/year for the target area of 32 countries Residual heat from all thermal power generation 19,2 Total resources suitable for direct use of geothermal heat 37 1,8 Heat generation for total district heating potential in the 32 countries Industrial CHP European biomass potential ,6,17 2, 2,3,14,5,3 District heat generated,3 1,1 Non-recycled waste Surplus heat from industries Waste incinerated 6 3

4 District heating expansion benefits Obtained from improved district heat generation and doubling heat sales, increasing the DH share from 6 to 12 % in all end use of net heat and electricity: Higher energy efficiency: Reduction of primary energy supply by 2,1 EJ/year ( = primary energy supply of Sweden) Higher security of supply: Reduction of the import dependence by 4,5 EJ/year ( = primary energy supply of Poland) Lower carbon dioxide emissions: Reduction by 4 million tons/year, corresponding to 9 % of the current emissions ( = current emissions of France from fuel combustion) 7 District heating expansion benefits carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide emissions for EU25+ACC4+EFTA3 by sector Mton per year in four different district heating scenarios DH/CHP Energy sector excl DH/CHP Outcome for 23 Improved district heat generation Doubling district heat sales Total district heating potential Industry Transport Residential, Service, and Agricultural Carbon dioxide emissions by sector in four different scenarios: The 23 outcome with 2 EJ heat deliveries, Improved heat generation for 23 outcome, Doubling heat sales to 4 EJ with improved heat generation, and Total district heating potential with heat deliveries of 8,8 EJ (market share of 26%). Total reduction in the fourth scenario will be Mton/year. 8 4

5 District heating fundamentals Recycling of low grade heat (from electricity generation = CHP, waste incineration, industrial surplus heat, and geothermal) and central heat generation from fuels difficult to handle locally (biomass) Heat distribution highly competitive in heat dense urban areas, less suitable in heat sparse areas. Heat delivery to connected buildings, that use only what they need. No local excess capacity, since energy conservation measures creates capacity for new customers. The lower customer temperature demands, the higher the overall system efficiency will be. 9 major district heating systems in Europe Basel Belgrade Berlin Bratislava Brescia Brno Budapest Bukarest Charkiv Chisinau Copenhagen Daugavpils Debrecen Dnepropetrovsk Donetsk Dresden Düsseldorf Esbjerg Espoo Essen Flensburg Frankfurt Gdansk Gelsenkirchen Gothenburg Graz Grenoble Hamburg Hanover Helsingborg Helsinki Katowice Kaunas Kiev Kosice Kozani Krakow Köln Lahti Leipzig Linköping Linz Ljubljana Lodz Lublin Lviv Malmö Mannheim Maribor Metz Minsk Moscow Munich Nis Norrköping Nottingham Novi Sad Odense Odesa Oradea Oslo Ostrava Oulu Paris Plovdiv Plzen Poznan Prague Reykjavik Riga Rotterdam Salzburg Sarajevo Sheffield Skopje Sofia Southampton St Petersburg Stockholm Stuttgart Tallinn Tampere Tartu Torino Trondheim Turku Uppsala Utrecht Vantaa Warsaw Vienna Vilnius Wroclaw Västerås Zagreb Zaporizhzhya Zürich Ålborg Århus Örebro 5

6 The ECOHEATCOOL project More information can be obtained from the project reports: WP 1: The European Heat Market 23 WP 4: District Heating Possibilities performed during 25 and 26 Demand analysis, no supply analysis EU25 + ACC4 + EFTA3 = 32 countries Facts about heat demands Focus on the industrial, residential, and service sectors Main information source: IEA Energy balances for The End Thank you for your attention! Any questions? 12 6

7 Additional slides 13 ECOHEATCOOL European Heat Market 23 Some Facts Residential useful floor space per capita, m Cyprus Iceland Sweden Denmark Luxembourg Slovenia Germany Ireland ACC4 EFTA3 EU15 NMS GDP 23 per capita, EUR WP1-Figure 17. Residential useful floor space per capita versus each national GDP per capita for 23. Average lines added for the EU15 and NMS country groups. 14 7

8 ECOHEATCOOL European Heat Market 23 Some Facts Service sector useful floor space per capita, m 2 25 Germany Iceland Slovak rep Greece Portugal Czech rep Spain Croatia Slovenia Lithuania Italy Finland Sweden United Kingdom France Netherlands Denmark Underestimated? Switzerland Norway ACC4 EFTA3 EU15 NMS Turkey Belgium Austria GDP 23 per capita, EUR Ireland Luxembourg WP1-Figure 19. Useful floor space in the service sector per capita versus each national GDP per capita for The European heating index reflecting the optimal space heat demand WP1-Figure 21. The new European heating index (EHI) in a contour map computed from information for 8 urban locations in Europe. The space heating demand should be proportional to this index. Note that the map is not representative for all locations in each country, since the existing data grid consists of only 8 locations

9 About the Same Space Heat Demand in Northern, Central, Western, and Eastern Europe Residential end use of net heat and electricity, MJ/m 2 12 ACC4 EFTA3 Luxembourg Latvia Finland 8 6 EU15 NMS EU15 average line Austria Belgium Estonia Poland Slovenia Hungary Germany United Kingdom Sweden Czech republic France Lithuania Norway 4 Greece Cyprus Italy Croatia Denmark Romania Turkey Bulgaria 2 Malta Portugal Spain European heating index for the capital in each country WP1-Figure 37. Correlation between the residential net heat and electricity use per m 2 during 23 and the new European heating index. Iceland has been excluded due to a high value (175 MJ/m 2 ). 17 Fundamental idea of district heating CHP share: 68 % Renewable share: 14 % % 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% % % Renewable and recycled shares in heat generated for district heating systems during 23 Recycled share Renewable share Austria, EU15 Belgium, EU15 Denmark, EU15 Finland, EU15 France, EU15 Germany, EU15 Italy, EU15 Luxembourg, EU15 Netherlands, EU15 Portugal, EU15 Sweden, EU15 United Kingdom, EU15 Czech Republic, NMS Estonia, NMS Hungary, NMS Latvia, NMS Lithuania, NMS Poland, NMS Slovak Republic, NMS Slovenia, NMS Bulgaria, ACC4 Croatia, ACC4 Romania, ACC4 Iceland, EFTA3 Norway, EFTA3 Switzerland, EFTA3 WP4-Figure 6. Renewable and recycled shares in heat generated during countries omitted due to no or very low district heat supply (Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Malta, Spain, and Turkey). Source: IEA Energy Balances with own corrections. Recycled heat is here defined as the sum of heat from fossil and nuclear CHP together with surplus heat recovered from industrial processes and with heat pumps. 18 9