Cellular Structure and Function

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2 Section 1: Cell Discovery and Theory Section 2: The Plasma Membrane Section 3: Structures and Organelles Section 4: Cellular Transport Click on a lesson name to select.

3 Section 1 Cell Discovery and Theory The Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms. All cells come from preexisting cells.

4 Section 1 Cell Discovery and Theory Light Microscopes Utilizes a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify an image Magnifies images up to 1,000 times the actual size CMCD/Getty Images

5 Section 1 Cell Discovery and Theory Electron Microscopes Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons at a cell to produce an image Magnifies images up to 500,000 times the actual size MedicalRF.com/Getty Images

6 Section 1 Cell Discovery and Theory Prokaryotic Cell Simple structure Contains a plasma membrane Does not contain membrane-bound organelles Steven P. Lynch

7 Section 1 Cell Discovery and Theory Eukaryotic Cell More complex structure Contains a plasma membrane Contains membranebound organelles The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

8 Section 1 The Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane Thin, flexible boundary between the cell and its environment Allows nutrients into the cell Allows waste to leave the cell

9 Section 2 The Plasma Membrane Selective Permeability The plasma membrane controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell. Plasma Membrane Controls the amount of a substance entering the cell Controls the amount of a substance leaving the cell

10 Section 2 The Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane is composed of the phospholipid bilayer. A phospholipid molecule is composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.

11 Section 2 The Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model The phospholipid bilayer allows other molecules to float in the membrane. Other Components Proteins Cholesterol Carbohydrates

12 Section 2 The Plasma Membrane Proteins Transmit signals inside the cell Act as a support structure Provide pathways for substances to enter and leave

13 Section 2 The Plasma Membrane Cholesterol Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together

14 Section 2 The Plasma Membrane Carbohydrates Identify chemical signals

15 Section 2

16 Section 3 Structures and Organelles Plant and Animal Cell Structures Animal Cell Plant Cell Cellular Pursuit

17 Section 3

18 Section 3 Structures and Organelles

19 Section 3 Structures and Organelles

20 Section 3 Structures and Organelles

21 Section 3 Structures and Organelles

22 Section 3 Structures and Organelles Cilia Short, numerous projections that look like hairs Flagella Longer and less numerous than cilia Create movement with a whiplike motion

23 Section 3 Table 7.1 Summary of Cell Structure

24 Section 4 Cellular Transport Passive Transport Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy Three Modes of Passive Transport Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis

25 Section 4 Cellular Transport Diffusion Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

26 Section 4 Cellular Transport Diffusion is controlled by Temperature Pressure Concentration Dynamic Equilibrium Reached when diffusion of material into the cell equals diffusion of material out of the cell Molecules continue to move, but the overall concentration remains the same.

27 Section 4 Cellular Transport Diffusion in a Cell

28 Section 4 Cellular Transport Facilitated Diffusion Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using proteins

29 Section 4 Cellular Transport Channel Proteins Carrier Proteins

30 Section 4

31 Section 4 Cellular Transport Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Three Types of Solutions Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic

32 Section 4

33 Section 4 Cellular Transport Isotonic Solution Water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate. Plant Cell

34 Section 4 Cellular Transport Hypotonic Solution Solute concentration is higher inside the cell. Water diffuses into the cell. Plant Cell

35 Section 4 Cellular Transport Hypertonic Solution Solute concentration is higher outside the cell. Water diffuses out of the cell. Plant Cell

36 Section 4 Cellular Transport Active Transport Movement of particles across the cell membrane using energy Active Transport Using Carrier Proteins

37 Section 4 Cellular Transport Types of Active Transport Pumps Na + /K + ATPase pump Moves three Na + ions out of the cell and two K + ions into the cell

38 Section 4

39 Section 4 Cellular Transport Endocytosis Process by which the cell surrounds and takes particles into the cell Exocytosis Secretion of material out of the plasma membrane

40 Chapter Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice connected.mcgraw-hill.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

41 Chapter Chapter Diagnostic Questions If you wanted to see a three-dimensional image of DNA from a live specimen, which type of microscope would you use? A. scanning electron microscope B. transmission electron microscope C. scanning tunneling microscope D. simple light microscope 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

42 Chapter Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a part of the cell theory? A. Cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living things. B. All living things are composed of one or more cells. C. Cells arise only from previously existing cells. D. Cells are produced spontaneously as an organism grows. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

43 Chapter Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which cell organelles are directly involved with the production of proteins? A. ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus B. cell membrane, lysosome, Golgi apparatus C. nucleus, centriole, vacuole D. endoplasmic reticulum, cilia, mitochondrion 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

44 Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed microscopes that enabled them to see organelles within the cells they observed. A. true B. false 1. A 2. B

45 Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions Which type of electron microscope directs electrons over the surface of a nonliving specimen, producing a three-dimensional image? A. transmission electron microscope B. scanning electron microscope C. scanning tunneling electron microscope D. atomic force microscope 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

46 Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions All cells, whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic, have a plasma membrane. A. true B. false 1. A 2. B

47 Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions What feature of eukaryotic cells has enabled them to develop more specific functions than prokaryotic cells? A. nucleus B. organelles C. genetic material (DNA) D. larger cell size 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

48 Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions Which term describes the function of proteins found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane? A. identifiers B. receptors C. supporters D. transporters 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

49 Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions Which component of the plasma membrane contributes to the fluidity of the plasma membrane? A. phospholipids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. cholesterol molecules 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

50 Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions What is the function of carbohydrates that stick out from the outer surface of the plasma membrane? A. They give the cell shape and enable it to move. B. They give the plasma membrane fluidity. C. They help the cell identify chemical signals. D. They hold the cell in place. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

51 Chapter Section 3 Formative Questions In prokaryotic cells, where does the conversion of fuel particles into usable energy occur? A. cytoplasm B. DNA C. mitochondria D. ribosomes 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

52 Chapter Section 3 Formative Questions Which organelle is similar to the section of a factory that organizes, boxes, and ships the final product? A. chloroplast B. endoplasmic reticulum C. Golgi apparatus D. mitochondrion 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

53 Chapter Section 3 Formative Questions In which structure is light energy captured and converted to chemical energy? A. chloroplast B. lysosome C. nucleus D. vacuole 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

54 Chapter Section 4 Formative Questions Which type of cellular transport does not require an input of energy? A. active transport B. endocytosis C. exocytosis D. facilitated diffusion 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

55 Chapter Section 4 Formative Questions How does osmosis occur between the two solutions separated by the selectively permeable membrane? A. Sugar moves to the left. B. Sugar moves to the right. C. Water moves to the left. D. Water moves to the right. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

56 Chapter Section 4 Formative Questions Which diagram shows a cell in a hypotonic solution? A. B. C. 1. A 2. B 3. C

57 Chapter Chapter Assessment Questions Compare and contrast plant and animal cells. Answer: Plant cells have both cell walls and chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have these structures. Only animal cells contain lysosomes. Both plant and animal cells have plasma membranes, a nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, a nucleolus, ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton.

58 Chapter Chapter Assessment Questions Identify the structure represented by this image. Answer: plasma membrane and phospholipid bilayer

59 Chapter Chapter Assessment Questions is the net movement of particles from an area where there are many particles of the substance to an area where there are fewer particles of the substance. A. Diffusion B. Endocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Equilibrium 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

60 Chapter Standardized Test Practice What is the magnification of a compound light microscope that uses a 10X lens in series with a 25X lens? A. 2.5X B. 25X C. 35X D. 250X 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

61 Chapter Standardized Test Practice What part of the plasma membrane makes it difficult for water-soluble substances to move freely into and out of the cell? A. membrane proteins B. transport proteins C. the nonpolar tails in the middle of the plasma 1. A membrane 2. B 3. C D. the polar heads facing the inside and outside 4. D of the cell

62 Chapter Standardized Test Practice Muscle cells require a great amount of energy. Which would you expect to find in large numbers in muscle cells? A. centrioles B. endoplasmic reticulum C. mitochondria D. ribosomes 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

63 Chapter Standardized Test Practice In what type of cell would you most likely expect to find numerous lysosomes? A. a plant cell that stores food, enzymes, or other materials B. a plant cell that uses light energy for photosynthesis C. a single-celled organism that moves around its environment D. a white blood cell that digests bacteria and viruses 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

64 Chapter Standardized Test Practice Why are the carrier proteins that move substances across a plasma membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration called pumps? A. They require energy to move substances against a concentration gradient. B. They open and close to allow substances to diffuse across the plasma membrane. C. They help with the osmosis of water through the plasma membrane. D. They pump water into the cell, causing the pressure within the cell to increase. 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D

65 Chapter Glencoe Biology Transparencies

66 Chapter Image Bank

67 Chapter Image Bank

68 Section 1 Vocabulary Section 1 cell cell theory plasma membrane prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell organelle nucleus

69 Section 2 Vocabulary Section 2 selective permeability phospholipid bilayer transport protein fluid mosaic model

70 Section 3 Vocabulary Section 3 cytoplasm cytoskeleton ribosome nucleolus endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vacuole lysosome centriole mitochondrion chloroplast cell wall cilium flagellum

71 Section 4 Vocabulary Section 4 diffusion dynamic equilibrium facilitated diffusion osmosis isotonic solution hypotonic solution hypertonic solution active transport endocytosis exocytosis

72 Chapter Animation Plasma Membrane Visualizing Cells Diffusion, Channel Proteins, and Carrier Proteins Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic Solutions Sodium-Potassium Pump

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