Psychology of Language
|
|
- Aron Bennett
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PSYCH 150 / LIN 155 UCI COGNITIVE SCIENCES syn lab Psychology of Language Prof. Jon Sprouse : Animal Communication 1
2 What is Language, and do animals have it? 2
3 What counts as Language There is broad consensus among all biology-based scientists that animals have communication: animals use various types of symbolic representations to convey a message to conspecifics (and in rare cases, other species). Today we are going to look at some of the more interesting communication systems employed by various animals. But the question of whether animals have language or not is tricky because it depends on how you define language. In conversations, most people use language to mean communication, in which case the answer is undoubtedly yes. Cognitive scientists on the other hand, use language to mean precisely the system of representations and processes that humans have, in which case the answer is undoubtedly no. What we will see is that the communication systems of animals range from relatively simple to relatively complex, but none reach the complexity of the human communication system that we call language. 3
4 The bee waggle dance Female scout bees go out and search for pollen and nectar. After they find this food source, they come back to the hive to tell the other bees where they found the food. They communicate this location with a dance: 4
5 Information contained in the dance 1. The direction of the food source Bees dance on a vertical wall. Straight up represents the direction of the sun. The angle of the waggle run represents the direction of the food source in relation to the sun! 2. Distance of the food source The length (in time) of the waggle run represents the distance to the food source. Different bee species have different ratios, but a common figure is that 75ms of waggling means 100 meters of flight. 3. Quantity of the food source When a food source is better, a bee will shorten the time spent on the round bits, thus spending relatively more time on the waggle run, and also waggle more vigorously. 5
6 An interesting question: external or internal reference? Communication involves the use of symbolic relationships: a word stands for its meaning, or a series of beeps in morse code stands for a letter. An interesting question about symbolic relationships is whether the thing being specified is internal to the communicator, or external (out in the world): hunger = internal to the communicator the dog = external to the communicator Symbolic relationships that involve internal objects or states are in some sense simpler than relationships involving external objects: think about how shivering can signify that you are cold or afraid -- it doesn t take any complex thought to communicate this, it is simply a reflex of the body in response to an internal state. So it is an interesting question whether bees use symbolic relationships involving external objects or not... 6
7 An interesting question: external or internal reference? In the case of the bee dance, various parts of the dance stand for pieces of information necessary for finding the food: 1. The angle from vertical represents direction. 2. The length in time of the waggle run represents distance. 3. The energy expended dancing represents quality of the food source. These feel external to us, because that is how we would describe a food source (using external referents). But are they really? When investigating the cognitive systems of another species (including communication), it is crucial that you do not assume that behavior that are similar to humans involve the same cognitive systems. 7
8 An interesting question: external or internal reference? In the case of the bee dance, various parts of the dance stand for pieces of information necessary for finding the food and feel external -- Can we find a way to interpret these as internal referents? 1. The angle from vertical represents direction. Angle could represent the angle the bee turned, which is an internal state. 2. The length in time of the waggle run represents distance. Distance could represent the amount of energy the bee expended, which is an internal state Bees with weights on their legs overestimate distance in their dances, suggesting that it really is about energy not distance. 3. The energy expended dancing represents quality of the food source. The quality of the food could represent an internal state of excitement about the food source (not the food itself). 8
9 Bird Calls Bird calls are a basic example of symbolic representations of internal states. Birds use calls to signify lots of different internal states: 1. I am taking off/landing 2. I exist 3. I have food 5. I am dominant/submissive etc.. This is not to say that bird calls are not complex. They can be very complex. For example the Black-capped Chickadee has a set of calls for inter-bird conflict that is composed of 4 notes: A, B, C, D The actual call takes the form A* B* C* D*, which means that any number of A notes is followed by any number of B notes, which is followed by any number of C notes, which is followed by any number of D notes. What is interesting is that the number of each note conveys a message: the number of A s indicates the likelihood of attack, the number of D s indicates the likelihood of retreat. 9
10 Bird Songs Bird songs are different from calls -- they tend to be much longer, involve more notes, and exhibit more complex patterns The function of bird song is related to territory-marking and mate-attraction -- therefore males tend to be the singers and both females and males tend to be the listeners. song sparrow swamp sparrow 10
11 Bird Songs have complex representations The representation of sparrow songs has two parts: (i) the specific notes being used, and (ii) the pattern of the notes. song sparrow swamp sparrow We can see this by creating artificial songs that cross the two properties: 1. Song sparrow notes and Swamp sparrow patterns 2. Swamp sparrow notes and Song sparrow patterns Female Song and Swamp sparrows do not respond to these aberrant songs. 11
12 Variability in Bird songs Some species of birds have several songs in their repertoire: Common yellow-throat: 1 song Carolina wren: 2-10 songs The marsh wren: > 100 songs The northern mockingbird: unlimited! 12
13 Interesting question: How much of the complex representation is learned? For most birds, the songs that they sing are genetically specified. This isn t to say that they can t learn variability. In fact, many birds demonstrate regional dialects: small variations in the song that they learn from their local neighbors. However, in 3 (out of 27) orders of birds, the songs must be learned from other birds, or they won t be able to sing them properly! (songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds) For example, white crowned sparrows go through the following learning stages: 0-35 days: no singing (but probably lots of learning) days: subsong (like babies babbling) days: plastic singing -- closer and closer approximations of the full song > 90 days: crystallization of the song 13
14 Alex the Parrot Though parrots can be taught to mimic strings of human speech sounds, they don t really use those sounds as complex communication. However, there is one example of a parrot being taught to use human-sounds in a relatively complex way: Alex was an African Grey Parrot that was taught an extensive vocabulary of color terms, number terms, shape terms, etc. He demonstrated the ability to use those terms to answer complex questions about the world. 14
15 Vervet Monkeys 3 types of calls: eagles, leopards, snakes http-// http-// Are they three distinct calls, or just three versions of danger? Record a specific monkey s leopard call, and play it back to a group of other monkeys over and over again, even when no leopard is present. Over time, the group will ignore that monkey s leopard call, but will still respond to the eagle and snake calls. This suggests that they are 3 distinct calls. Is the reference external or internal? -- Probably external! Vervets don t make alarm calls when they are alone. Submissive vervets make fewer alarm calls than dominant vervets. 15
16 Lying Monkeys? Here is a video of a capuchin monkey making a false snake call in order to eat an egg in peace. feature=player_embedded&v=3agj-y0shis The question is what is driving this call. Is it really lying, which would mean that the monkey has a theory of mind (i.e., knows that other monkeys have different beliefs than him)? Or is it just a second association between the call and behavior? Something like snake call = everyone in the trees. 16
17 Nim Chimpsky the Chimpanzee Born in 1973 and raised by a family in NYC as part of a research project to teach chimpanzees sign language. Learned about 125 signs over three years! Major conclusions: 1. All (or nearly all) signs were performed when the referenced object was visually or auditorily present in the environment. No discussion of non-present objects except for requests for rewards (food, tickling, etc). 2. Though Nim could create several signs in a row, they tended to be repetitive and without ordering constraints (no syntax): GIVE ORANGE ME GIVE EAT ORANGE ME EAT ORANGE GIVE ME ORANGE 17
18 Chantek and Koko Chantek the orangutan was taught signs just like Nim, though actually in a more relaxed environment. It has been claimed that she knows about 150 signs, and will spontaneously start signing without any prompting from humans. But like Nim, she does not have any syntax associated with strings of signs. Penny Patterson has claimed that Koko the gorilla knows over 250 signs. She also claims that Koko uses language just like humans: swearing, making jokes, etc. The problem is that the researchers have never allowed anyone to see the data. Similarly, they have tried to use Koko to inspire donations to build a research facility in Maui... 18
19 (Matata and) Kanzi the bonobo Matata was a bonobo (related to chimpanzees) that Sue Savage-Rumbaugh tried to teach to use a special keyboard. This keyboard used colored keys with shapes to symbolize words (instead of signs). The idea was to teach them both the spoken English words AND the keys for the words. That way they could both hear and speak. Matata was really bad at this. But she had a son named Kanzi who was too young to be left alone. So Kanzi was present during Matata s training. Though Kanzi was never explicitly trained, when he became an adult (~2.5 years old), he demonstrated impressive abilities to use the special keyboard in response to spoken English. Kanzi can now use a keyboard with 256 words on it, and he can recognize many more than 256 spoken English words! 19
20 There is even some evidence that Kanzi knows some word-order constraints. Kanzi and syntax For example, the order of actors in an English sentence matters for the interpretation of who is doing what to whom : Make the doggie bite the snake. Make the snake bite the doggie. Kanzi can distinguish these two sentences of spoken English. However, his syntax abilities seems to be restricted to these types of ordering relationships. For example, he has never learned that words like and mean that both actors worked together: The doggie and the snake bit the cat 20
21 Do animals have Language? What we ve learned is that the answer depends on the definition of language No animals have the system of representations and processes that humans have. And so far, we haven t been able to teach that system to any other animals. But many species do have relatively complex communication systems that involve complex representations: Bees represent direction, distance/energy, and quality of food sources Birds and monkeys have various types of calls that represent danger or other maintenance functions, though they may all be internal states Bird songs have complex representations and may require complex learning, though songs don t have complex meanings Primates can be taught large inventories of signs ( ), and can combine them in meaningful ways, though not as complex as language 21
Interest in Animal Communication. Structural properties. Birds 3/3/10. Assume human language evolved
Interest in Animal Communication Assume human language evolved Identify properties in common with other communication systems Need communication model that captures the salient features of human communication
More informationHuman Language vs. Animal Communication
Human Language vs. Animal Communication Linguistics 101 Outline Human Language Review 1 Human Language Review 2 3 What Is Human Language? Human language consists of a lexicon and a grammar. Design features
More informationThe Cricket Lab. Introduction
The Cricket Lab Introduction Humans have always been fascinated by crickets, mostly because crickets sing. Movie producers add their songs to sound tracks. The Chinese have used them for medicinal purposes,
More informationBackground Biology and Biochemistry Notes A
Background Biology and Biochemistry Notes A Vocabulary dependent variable evidence experiment hypothesis independent variable model observation prediction science scientific investigation scientific law
More informationA Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture
Biology 103 A Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture Objectives: 1. Learn one method used by wildlife biologists to estimate population size of wild animals. 2. Learn how sampling size effects
More informationCulture and Language. What We Say Influences What We Think, What We Feel and What We Believe
Culture and Language What We Say Influences What We Think, What We Feel and What We Believe Unique Human Ability Ability to create and use language is the most distinctive feature of humans Humans learn
More informationCalifornia Treasures High-Frequency Words Scope and Sequence K-3
California Treasures High-Frequency Words Scope and Sequence K-3 Words were selected using the following established frequency lists: (1) Dolch 220 (2) Fry 100 (3) American Heritage Top 150 Words in English
More informationONLINE SAFETY TEACHER S GUIDE:
TEACHER S GUIDE: ONLINE SAFETY LEARNING OBJECTIVES Students will learn how to use the Internet safely and effectively. Students will understand that people online are not always who they say they are.
More informationCommon Backyard Birds of Alabama
Common Backyard Birds of Alabama Alabama Ornithological Society (AOS) state list includes 420 species: 158 species regularly breed in Alabama 174 species regularly winter 80 species migrate through Alabama
More informationTalk To Your Baby Quiz
Talk To Your Baby Quiz 1. When should you start talking to babies? a) From the moment they are born b) After six weeks c) When they smile at you 2. When does the majority of brain development occur in
More informationEnglish lesson plans for Grade 1
English lesson plans for Grade 1 Lessons in this section 1.1 Vocabulary, listening and speaking: parts of the body and can 26 1.2 Vocabulary, listening and speaking: colours and parts of the body 29 1.3
More informationCYBERBULLYING TEACHER S GUIDE:
TEACHER S GUIDE: CYBERBULLYING LEARNING OBJECTIVES Students will understand the meaning of cyberbully. Students will learn to recognize different forms of cyberbullying. Students will learn different strategies
More informationPre-K. Animals Around Us. Differentiated Resources. English Language Learners... 2 Three-Year-Olds...3-4 Small Groups...5-6
Pre-K Differentiated Resources Animals Around Us English Language Learners.......... 2 Three-Year-Olds...................3-4 Small Groups......................5-6 Visit www.macmillanmh.com for online games
More informationKoko's Kitten/Dr. Francine Patterson/Created by Long Beach District
Unit 5/Week 4 Title: Koko s Kitten Suggested Time: 5 days (45 minutes per day) Common Core ELA Standards: RI.4.1, RI.4.2, RI.4.3, RI.4.4; RF.4.4; W.4.2, W.4.4, W.4.7, W.4.9; SL.4.1; L.4.1, L.4.2, L.4.4
More informationCulture (from the Encarta Encyclopedia)
Culture (from the Encarta Encyclopedia) 1. Introduction Culture, in anthropology, is the patterns of behavior and thinking that people living in social groups learn, create, and share. Culture distinguishes
More informationLINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS Music Learning Expectations: Grade 4
Singing Singing is a fundamental and universal form of expression that requires active listening skills. sing, alone and with others, a varied repertoire of music. demonstrate an understanding that singing
More informationAP Stats - Probability Review
AP Stats - Probability Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. I toss a penny and observe whether it lands heads up or tails up. Suppose
More informationBBC Learning English Talk about English Business Language To Go Part 2 - Induction
BBC Learning English Business Language To Go Part 2 - Induction This programme was first broadcast in 2001. This is not a word for word transcript of the programme Forget about struggling with dictionaries
More informationPronouns. Their different types and roles. Devised by Jo Killmister, Skills Enhancement Program, Newcastle Business School
Pronouns Their different types and roles Definition and role of pronouns Definition of a pronoun: a pronoun is a word that replaces a noun or noun phrase. If we only used nouns to refer to people, animals
More informationHow songbirds sing birdsongs?
How songbirds sing birdsongs? Liora Las Michale Fee (MIT) Veit et al. (J Neurophysiol, 2011) Outline: 1) Introduction to songbirds as a model. 2) Neuronal circuits underlying mature song production (motor
More informationEXPRESSING LIKES, DISLIKES AND PREFERENCES DIALOGUE SCRIPT AND GLOSSARY
EXPRESSING LIKES, DISLIKES AND PREFERENCES DIALOGUE SCRIPT AND GLOSSARY INTRODUCTION In this podcast we re going to be looking a various ways of expressing likes, dislikes and preferences. It is very easy
More information9/14/2015. Innate behavior. Innate behavior. Stimuli that trigger innate behaviors are called releasers.
& & has a fixed, genetic component. Despite differing environments, the behavior develops in all individuals. Learned behavior is acquired and modified over development. s can be triggered or enhanced
More informationCommunication Process
Welcome and Introductions Lesson 7 Communication Process Overview: This lesson teaches learners to define the elements of effective communication and its process. It will focus on communication as the
More informationPatient Education Connecting patients to the latest multimedia resources. Marra Williams, CHES
Patient Education Connecting patients to the latest multimedia resources Marra Williams, CHES Thanks for staying with us. Buh-bye! When your patient is discharged, you may be done taking care of them BUT
More informationPUSD High Frequency Word List
PUSD High Frequency Word List For Reading and Spelling Grades K-5 High Frequency or instant words are important because: 1. You can t read a sentence or a paragraph without knowing at least the most common.
More informationLast name: State/ Province: Home telephone number:
60 Ages & Stages Questionnaires 57 months 0 days through 66 months 0 days Month Questionnaire Please provide the following information. Use black or blue ink only and print legibly when completing this
More informationExpressive Objective: Realize the importance of using polite expressions in showing respect when communicating with others
QUARTER 4 - WEEK 1 Theme: My School and Friends TARGET SKILLS : At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: Expressive Objective: Realize the importance of using polite expressions in showing
More informationFemale Child s date of birth: Last name: State/ Province: Home telephone number:
60 Ages & Stages Questionnaires 57 months 0 days through 66 months 0 days Month Questionnaire Please provide the following information. Use black or blue ink only and print legibly when completing this
More informationLast name: State/ Province: Home telephone number:
54 Ages & Stages Questionnaires 51 months 0 days through 56 months 30 days Month Questionnaire Please provide the following information. Use black or blue ink only and print legibly when completing this
More informationLesson 1 Characteristics of Life
Lesson 1 Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For: Launch Lab 8 all students Content Vocabulary ELL 9 all students Lesson Outline ELL 10 all students MiniLab 12 all students Content Practice A
More informationFry Phrases Set 1. TeacherHelpForParents.com help for all areas of your child s education
Set 1 The people Write it down By the water Who will make it? You and I What will they do? He called me. We had their dog. What did they say? When would you go? No way A number of people One or two How
More informationMontana State University-Billings. Apes and Language: A Turabian Style Sample Paper. Karen Shaw. English 214. Professor Bell
Montana State University-Billings Apes and Language: A Turabian Style Sample Paper Karen Shaw English 214 Professor Bell 22 March 2001 Shaw 2 Apes and Language: A Literature Review Over the past thirty
More informationLIFE OF CHRIST from the gospel of
LIFE OF CHRIST from the gospel of Mark Lesson 40 The greatest commandment Mark 12:28-34 Created for use with young, unchurched learners Adaptable for all ages including adults Mission Arlington/Mission
More informationGrade 1 Geometric Shapes Conceptual Lessons Unit Outline Type of Knowledge & SBAC Claim Prerequisite Knowledge:
Grade 1 Geometric Shapes Conceptual Lessons Unit Outline Type of Knowledge & SBAC Claim Prerequisite Knowledge: Standards: Lesson Title and Objective/Description Shape names: square, rectangle, triangle,
More informationThe Planets? Suite! The Cleveland Institute of Music Class Materials. Table of Contents
1 Dear Educator, Thank you for choosing the Cleveland Institute of Music. Inside this packet, you will find all of the materials your class will need for your upcoming The Planets? Suite! videoconference.
More informationKickass JV Interview Generator
Kickass JV Interview Generator How to make it easy and fun for your JV partners to interview you during teleseminars and webinars!. Any time I am invited to interview a JV partner to my audience I find
More informationPSYCHOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD REVIEW QUESTIONS
PSYCHOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD REVIEW QUESTIONS These review questions are designed to help you assess your grasp of the facts and definitions covered in your textbook. Knowing facts and definitions is necessary
More informationAssessment Management
Facts Using Doubles Objective To provide opportunities for children to explore and practice doubles-plus-1 and doubles-plus-2 facts, as well as review strategies for solving other addition facts. www.everydaymathonline.com
More informationEARLY CHILDHOOD LITERACY AND NUMERACY BUILDING GOOD PRACTICE MARILYN FLEER AND BRIDIE RABAN
EARLY CHILDHOOD LITERACY AND NUMERACY BUILDING GOOD PRACTICE MARILYN FLEER AND BRIDIE RABAN EARLY CHILDHOOD LITERACY AND NUMERACY CARDS This set of cards has been developed to help you support young children
More information1. Find a partner or a small team of three or four classmates to work on this lesson.
Culture Inspiration for this lesson came from ESL Special Collection found at: http://www.literacynet.org/esl/tta5.html. Within that website, there is Building Bridges: A Peace Corps Guide to Cross-Cultural
More informationESL 3 8 8 + 1 62 QUESTION 62 ANSWER 8 LUCKY CARDS
Speaking Cards ESL Card Game For 3 8 players Age: 8 + Level of English: High Beginners or False Beginners (at least 1 year of learning English) 62 QUESTION cards, 62 ANSWER cards, 8 LUCKY CARDS (together:
More informationSermon Lent 4b 2015: What Funny Signs God Uses to Save Us Introduction: Looking for Signs
Sermon Lent 4b 2015: What Funny Signs God Uses to Save Us Introduction: Looking for Signs We live by signs; We live by symbols or marks or indications or even hints To help us understand our lives, to
More informationGUESSING BY LOOKING AT CLUES >> see it
Activity 1: Until now, you ve been asked to check the box beside the statements that represent main ideas found in the video. Now that you re an expert at identifying main ideas (thanks to the Spotlight
More informationGrade 5: Module 3A: Unit 2: Lesson 13 Developing an Opinion Based on the Textual Evidence:
Grade 5: Module 3A: Unit 2: Lesson 13 Developing an Opinion Based on the Textual Evidence: Jackie Robinson s Role in the Civil Rights Movement This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
More informationSeattle is -- FOR THE BIRDS. How to Identify Common Seattle Birds
Seattle is -- FOR THE BIRDS How to Identify Common Seattle Birds Want to learn more about birds? Join Seattle Audubon s Family and Youth Programs Mailing List to hear about upcoming opportunities. Name:
More informationMammal Scavenger Hunt Activity
Mammal Scavenger Hunt Activity Materials: Mammal questions worksheet (pages 2-3) 18 Mammal fact cards (pages 4-8) Tape and scissors Preparation: Print the fact cards on card stock or brightly-colored paper
More informationA Writer s Workshop: Working in the Middle from Jennifer Alex, NNWP Consultant
Structure of a Workshop: A Writer s Workshop: Working in the Middle from Jennifer Alex, NNWP Consultant For the last four years, writing and reading workshops have been the foundation of my classroom practice.
More informationPIANOWEB.com ( 800 ) 327-4266
Mission Statement: Jazz Piano Lessons To Teach, in their home, on their own piano/keyboard, anywhere in the world, students how to play jazz piano, through a Non Traditional approach which emphasizes Musical
More informationLESSON 2: JESUS, THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD, IS BORN
LESSON 2: JESUS, THE LIGHT OF THE WORLD, IS BORN Leader Guide for One Room Classroom: M y Classroom Luke 2:1-20 06/06/2016 Teachers Dig In Dig In to the Bible Read: Luke 2:1-20 In This Passage: Mary and
More informationParent Education Activities
PART III: PARENT EDUCATION Parent education sessions need to be planned and should follow a similar sequence each time. The suggested sequence is listed here and is explained later in this article. Also,
More informationSTEP 5: Giving Feedback
STEP 5: Giving Feedback Introduction You are now aware of the responsibilities of workplace mentoring, the six step approach to teaching skills, the importance of identifying the point of the lesson, and
More informationThe Role and Responsibilities of the Managing Partner Timothy I. Michel, CPA
The Role and Responsibilities of the Managing Partner Timothy I. Michel, CPA I became the managing partner (MP) in my prior firm after having spent 25 years serving clients as a practice partner. During
More informationOrdinary Moments of Grace
Ordinary Moments of Grace To everything there is a time and a season for every purpose under heaven. A time to be born and a time to die. A time to sow and a time to reap. A time to laugh and a time to
More informationEnglish (Literacy) Reading Target Ideas. P Scale 4
P Scale 4 Pupils listen and respond to familiar rhymes and stories Begin to remember one or two repeated words e.g. names of people or objects, or key words in a repetitive phrase, in a familiar text when
More informationAs Friends. As Family. As Equals.
MACOMB COMMUNITY COLLEGE As Friends. As Family. As Equals. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Dakota Wayne Jackson Jackson 1 As Friends. As Family. As Equals. Cornered. Shameful. Fearful for their very existence.
More informationUSING LANGUAGES TO LEARN AND LEARNING TO USE LANGUAGES
1 USING LANGUAGES TO LEARN AND LEARNING TO USE LANGUAGES David Marsh The future doesn t just happen, it is shaped and modelled by our actions. 2 An Introduction to CLIL for Parents and Young People This
More informationAlphabetic Knowledge / Exploring with Letters
Alphabetic Knowledge / Exploring with Letters Reading Goal 67: demonstrate awareness of the alphabetic principle Reads books with repetitive sounds and/or pronounces words deliberately and slowly when
More informationTerminology and Scripts: what you say will make a difference in your success
Terminology and Scripts: what you say will make a difference in your success Terminology Matters! Here are just three simple terminology suggestions which can help you enhance your ability to make your
More informationOA3-10 Patterns in Addition Tables
OA3-10 Patterns in Addition Tables Pages 60 63 Standards: 3.OA.D.9 Goals: Students will identify and describe various patterns in addition tables. Prior Knowledge Required: Can add two numbers within 20
More informationBuilding a Better Argument
Building a Better Argument Summary Whether it s an ad for burger chains, the closing scene of a Law & Order spinoff, a discussion with the parents about your social life or a coach disputing a close call,
More informationHoney Bee Background Information
Honey Bee Background Information Honey bees are very important. Honey bees are the strongest link in the chain between the people who grow the food and the people who eat the food. Without honey bee pollination,
More informationSociology Test- Chapters 1, 2 & 3 TEST A
Sociology Test- Chapters 1, 2 & 3 TEST A A. Culture B. Norms C. Folkways D. Mores E. Symbolic Interactionist F. Functionalist G. Theoretical Perspectives H. Conflict Theory I. Sociological Imagination
More informationKnowledge and Understanding of the World. Early Learning Goals. National Curriculum. (learning objectives) (level 1 descriptors)
Knowledge and Understanding of the World Knowledge and Understanding of the world Science K&U4 Ask questions about why things happened and how things work To talk about what they see To make recordings
More informationKeep your English up to date 4. Teacher s pack Lesson plan and student worksheets with answers. Facebook
Keep your English up to date 4 Teacher s pack Lesson plan and student worksheets with answers British Broadcasting Corporation 2008 Lesson Plan: Teacher's notes CONTENTS 1. Level, topic, language, aims,
More informationShort vowel a The Apple huge Short vowel o Cute Baby [Boston accent] standard dialect
Short vowel a The Apple The vowels are Super Stars, because if you didn t have vowels, you couldn t make any words. The vowels know this and make their sounds louder and longer than everyone! This is our
More informationDomain and goal Activities Dancing game Singing/Vocalizing game Date What did your child do?
AUDITION Sways, dances or vocalizes to music and singing CD, MP3, radio Voice Bombardment of /p/ Speech Sounds p.5 6 An important aspect of learning to listen is learning that music and singing is different
More informationToday, it is spoken in some offices. He's going to study English hard. and talk with a lot of people in the future.
Good. How are you? You re welcome. How are you? Oh, no. You mustn t help him. OK. I ll ask him. Why did you finish the report? You can t buy a dictionary. No, thank you. How are you? It s cloudy. How are
More informationProblem of the Month: Fair Games
Problem of the Month: The Problems of the Month (POM) are used in a variety of ways to promote problem solving and to foster the first standard of mathematical practice from the Common Core State Standards:
More informationUnit 13 Handling data. Year 4. Five daily lessons. Autumn term. Unit Objectives. Link Objectives
Unit 13 Handling data Five daily lessons Year 4 Autumn term (Key objectives in bold) Unit Objectives Year 4 Solve a problem by collecting quickly, organising, Pages 114-117 representing and interpreting
More informationIntroduction to Interactive Journaling Facilitation Notes
Introduction to Interactive Journaling Facilitation Notes SESSION ONE Learning Objectives - Address common questions about the design and application of Interactive Journals - Review some of the evidence-based
More informationSong Writing. Main Goal: Learn how to define and call functions. OVERVIEW: PREPARATION: VOCABULARY: OBJECTIVE: MATERIALS: LESSON NAME:
12 LESSON NAME: Song Writing Lesson time: 45 60 Minutes : 5 minutes (With song intros over several days, if possible) Main Goal: Learn how to define and call functions. OVERVIEW: Reading lyrics is a pretty
More informationAdvanced Techniques for the Walkingbass
Advanced Techniques for the Walkingbass I have seen guys with 5 string basses who can t get half the sounds that you are getting out of just three. -Buddy Fo of the Invitations If you have read the Beginners
More informationHow to teach listening 2012
How to teach listening skills "Great speakers are not born, they re trained." - Dale Carnegie (1921) Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) To enhance deeper understanding of the process of listening as a communicative
More informationSteve Martin, NEI S.G. Friedman, USU. The Power of Trust
The Power of Trust Steve Martin, NEI S.G. Friedman, USU There are many antecedent sources of influence on an animal s motivation to engage in training such as social influences, distractions, and personal
More informationBird Scavenger Hunt Activity
Bird Scavenger Hunt Activity Materials: Bird questions worksheet (pages 2-3) 18 Bird fact cards (pages 4-8) Tape and scissors Preparation: Print the fact cards on card stock or brightly-colored paper and
More informationLesson 6: Solomon Writes Many Proverbs
Lesson 6: Solomon Writes Many Proverbs Bible Point: Wisdom means following God s word. 1 Kings 4:29-34; Proverbs 1:1-7 Key Verse: The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, and knowledge of the Holy
More informationLink: University of Canberra http://www.canberra.edu.au/studyskills/learning/oralpres.html#preparing
6. Voice, speech and body language: The way you speak, the way you act and the way you move around can be very important to succeed in your presentation. Here you will find some useful advices and links
More informationSuggested Grade 1 2 Lesson Plan Students Rights and Responsibilities
Suggested Grade 1 2 Lesson Plan Students Rights and Responsibilities Lesson 1 My Rights and Responsibilities Grade 1 st and 2 nd Objective: The students will discuss and summarize their rights and responsibilities
More informationGrammar Academic Review
Name Grammar Academic Review s Hour s are used in place of nouns. s can be singular or plural. I you he she it they we me him her them us Isaac is in the bad. He is in the band. Connor and Brook like to
More informationCAMBRIDGE FIRST CERTIFICATE Listening and Speaking NEW EDITION. Sue O Connell with Louise Hashemi
CAMBRIDGE FIRST CERTIFICATE SKILLS Series Editor: Sue O Connell CAMBRIDGE FIRST CERTIFICATE Listening and Speaking NEW EDITION Sue O Connell with Louise Hashemi PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE
More informationTools to Use in Assessment
Tools to Use in Assessment II. Observations and Checklists Teachers have always watched and observed students in the classroom and they have made instructional decisions based on these observations. Too
More informationGrade 8 English Language Arts 59B Reading and Responding Lesson 23
GRADE 8 English Language Arts Reading and Responding: Lesson 23 Read aloud to the students the material that is printed in boldface type inside the boxes. Information in regular type inside the boxes and
More informationAcknowledge, Ask, Adapt Negotiation Practice
Sample Issue ~ Late for School Again Sunshine Center s Parent Handbook clearly outlines the center s policy that parents must have their children to the center by 9am at the latest. All parents review
More informationArguments and Dialogues
ONE Arguments and Dialogues The three goals of critical argumentation are to identify, analyze, and evaluate arguments. The term argument is used in a special sense, referring to the giving of reasons
More informationLearning about History through Corridos Lesson 1: Telling our own stories through Corridos
Learning about History through Corridos Lesson 1: Telling our own stories through Corridos Targeted Grade Level: 6-12 National History Standards Objectives v Investigating family history. v Drawing conclusions
More informationClimate Change is Underway Lesson Plan
Climate Change is Underway Lesson Plan For Teachers: The following is a lesson plan designed to be used with section of the Climate Change material entitled Climate Change is Underway from the After Earth
More informationValentine s Day Lesson
Valentine s Day Lesson Sunday School Center Theme: God Loves Me! Teacher Pep Talk: You are so blessed! You get to teach about the MOST important thing we can tell people: Jesus Loves You! I know that it
More informationYou should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about
CHAPTER 4 Using Adjectives and Ads Correctly Do I Need to Read This Chapter? You should read this chapter if you need to review or learn about Distinguishing between adjectives and ads Comparing with adjectives
More informationJean Piaget: Cognitive Theorist 1. Theorists from centuries ago have provided support and research about the growth of
Jean Piaget: Cognitive Theorist 1 Theorists from centuries ago have provided support and research about the growth of children in many different developmental areas. Theorists have played and still play
More informationHome Reading Program Infant through Preschool
Home Reading Program Infant through Preschool Alphabet Flashcards Upper and Lower-Case Letters Why teach the alphabet or sing the ABC Song? Music helps the infant ear to develop like nothing else does!
More informationParticipation Scripts
Participation Scripts WHAT & WHY Students spend much of their day engaged in class activities that may offer limited opportunities for interactive communication. This is especially true in fast-paced general
More informationMATHEMATICS: REPEATING AND GROWING PATTERNS First Grade. Kelsey McMahan. Winter 2012 Creative Learning Experiences
MATHEMATICS: REPEATING AND GROWING PATTERNS Kelsey McMahan Winter 2012 Creative Learning Experiences Without the arts, education is ineffective. Students learn more and remember it longer when they are
More informationUnit 2, lesson 1. 1. Listen! 2. Listen and answer. (You can check with the sentences above.) 3. Draw your pet or the pet you would like.
S é q u e n c e Unit, lesson. Listen! Do you like pets? Peter s got a pet. It s a he-cat. His name is Billy. Dorothea s got a she-dog. Her name is Beauty. Sue s got a guinea-pig. His name is Fluffy. Bruce
More informationHomework Activities for Kindergarten
Homework Activities for Kindergarten Listed below are several learning activities for your child to complete at home to reinforce skills being taught in school. The sight words are on the last page. Reading
More informationSetting up a basic database in Access 2003
Setting up a basic database in Access 2003 1. Open Access 2. Choose either File new or Blank database 3. Save it to a folder called customer mailing list. Click create 4. Double click on create table in
More informationQuantifiers II. One is red. Two are red. Half are red. Some are red. All are red. Each is red. Enough are red.
Quantifiers II Quantifiers are words that tell us how many of something we have. For example, in these sentences, the first words (the ones that look like this) are quantifiers: One of the cars is red.
More informationSongwriting. Geniuses. for. 25 Tips for the Genius in Everyone. By Gene Burnett
Songwriting for Geniuses 25 Tips for the Genius in Everyone By Gene Burnett Songwriting for Geniuses iii Introduction This little book is entitled Songwriting For Geniuses and is comprised of various tips
More information1 Characteristics of Living Things
CHAPTER 2 1 Characteristics of Living Things SECTION It s Alive!! Or Is It? BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are all living things made of?
More informationPLAY STIMULATION CASE STUDY
PLAY STIMULATION CASE STUDY AIMS Play stimulation work contributes towards the following 2003-2006 PSA targets: Improving social and emotional development, and Improving learning. With regard to PSA targets
More informationSing, Spell, Read & Write
Sing, Spell, Read & Write Correlated to Head Start DOMAIN: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Element: Listening & Understanding Demonstrates increasing ability to attend to and understand conversations, stories, songs,
More information