1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the human digestive system.
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1 1. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents the human digestive system. Which statement best describes the chemical digestion of carbohydrates? (1) It begins in A and ends in G. (2) It begins in B and ends in C. (3) It begins in G and ends in D. (4) It begins in A and ends in E. 2. Which type of digestion occurs in the mouth when an individual chews a piece of bread? (1) mechanical digestion, only (2) chemical digestion, only (3) both mechanical and chemical digestion (4) neither mechanical nor chemical digestion 3. Which activity normally occurs in the esophagus of a human? (1) hydrolysis of protein (2) process of peristalsis (3) secretion of amylase (4) absorption of cellulose
2 4. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram and graph below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents the human digestive system. Pepsin and trypsin are human digestive enzymes. The graph indicates that pepsin would function best in the (1) mouth (2) stomach (3) small intestine (4) large intestine 5. In humans, structures that absorb most of the products of digestion are the (1) ducts of the pancreas (2) cells of the esophagus (3) villi of the small intestine (4) muscular folds of the gallbladder
3 6. Base your answer to the following question on your knowledge of biology and on the graph below which shows the extent to which carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are chemically digested as food passes through the human digestive tract. The letters represent sequential structures that make up the digestive tract. 8. Base your answer to the following question on select the organ, chosen from the diagram below, that is most closely related to that malfunction. Water is removed from the undigested material in (1) A (3) E (2) B (4) D 7. Bile is a secretion which aids in the digestion of (1) lipids (3) saccharides (2) proteins (4) starches Too much unabsorbed water in this organ results in diarrhea. (1) 1 (3) 3 (2) 2 (4) 4 9. What is a major difference between red blood cells and white blood cells? (1) Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, but white blood cells do not. (2) Red blood cells can move, but white blood cells cannot. (3) Red blood cells contain nuclei, but white blood cells do not. (4) Red blood cells engulf foreign bacteria, but white blood cells do not. 10. A substance which causes an immunological reaction when introduced into the body of man is (1) glucose (3) an antibody (2) insulin (4) an antigen
4 11. An organism develops active immunity as a result of (1) manufacturing its own antigens (2) producing antibodies in response to a vaccination (3) receiving an injection of antibodies produced by another organism (4) receiving an injection of a dilute glucose solution 15. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of the human heart below and on your knowledge of biology. 12. The release of histamines within the body is most closely associated with (1) rejection of a transplanted organ (2) active immunity (3) blood clotting (4) an allergic reaction 13. The thick, muscular vessels that transport blood away from the heart are the (1) atria (3) veins (2) arteries (4) ventricles 14. Which body structures have walls one cell thick? (1) veins and arteries (2) trachea and bronchi (3) capillaries and alveoli (4) lymph vessels and stomach Oxygenated blood from the left lung is returned to the heart through a structure labeled (1) A (3) C (2) E (4) D 16. High blood pressure can usually be reduced if a person (1) eats a diet high in salt and reduces physical activity (2) eats a diet high in saturated fats and reduces stress (3) reduces physical activity and decreases the consumption of complex carbohydrates (4) exercises regularly and lowers the amount of saturated fats consumed 17. People with AIDS are unable to fight multiple infections because the virus that causes AIDS (1) weakens their immune systems (2) produces antibodies in their blood (3) attacks muscle tissue (4) kills pathogens
5 18. Which statement best describes the function of the respiratory passageways of a human? (1) They permit digestive end-products to make contact with body cells. (2) They permit exchange between the external atmosphere and the circulatory system. (3) They transport gaseous cellular wastes from body cells to the lungs for excretion. (4) They regulate the amount of ammonia and salt dissolved in body fluids. 19. Which sequence correctly indicates the branching pattern of the human respiratory system? (1) trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli (2) trachea bronchioles bronchi alveoli (3) alveoli trachea bronchioles bronchi (4) alveoli bronchioles trachea bronchi 23. The principal function of perspiration is to (1) regulate hormone secretion (2) remove oils from the surface of the skin (3) deposit antibodies on the surface of the skin (4) regulate body temperature 24. In addition to water, the principal components of urine are (1) amino acids and fatty acids (2) urea and salts (3) ammonia and bile (4) hydrochloric acid and bases 25. In the diagram of the human urinary system below, which letter indicates a structure responsible for filtering urea out of the bloodstream? 20. In humans, most gas exchange occurs between the (1) excretory tubules and body cells (2) arteries and body cells (3) skin and air (4) alveoli and capillaries 21. Which disease is linked to smoking and results in a reduction in the number and elasticity of alveoli? (1) emphysema (3) bronchitis (2) asthma (4) meningitis 22. An allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of the bronchial tubes is known as (1) coronary thrombosis (3) asthma (2) arthritis (4) emphysema (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 26. When leg muscles respond to a stimulus by moving the foot, the response depends most directly on the functioning of (1) bronchioles (3) capillaries (2) nephrons (4) neurons
6 27. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Which statement best describes the diagram? (1) Nerve cell X is releasing receptor molecules. (2) Nerve cell Y is signaling nerve cell X. (3) Nerve cell X is attaching to nerve cell Y. (4) Nerve cell Y contains receptor molecules for substance A.
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