Co-digestion of manure with straw and perennial grasses. Henrik Bjarne Møller, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
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1 Co-digestion of manure with straw and perennial grasses Henrik Bjarne Møller, Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark
2 Straw and perennial grass for biogas Why use straw and perennial grass? Biogas plants miss high value substrates for biogas production as co-substrates for livestock manure - crops should be phased out. Straw is the agricultural by-product with the highest energy potential. Recycle nutrients from uncultivated meadows to organic arable land. Harvest of meadows has a number of positive side effects What conditions must be met? There must be a positive economy and in the short term the economy must be in line with corn. Biogas technology should be optimized to handled and convert the biomass
3 Biogas research plant Fullscale pre-treatment Extruder Briquetting Fullscale plant 1,200 m3 digester, 22,000 tonnes manure) 4,100 tonnes straw, Grass and maize Solid feeding >1.7 mill. m3 biogas 3,223 MWh el 6,200 MWh heat Gas upgrading Research plant 2 x 30m 3 CSTR pilot digesters 2 x 10m 3 CSTR pilot digesters
4 Handling and pre-treatment of grass/straw at Foulum Wet-line (20-80% DM) Storage Feeding Dry-line (>80% DM) Pre-treatment Digestion
5 Transition from maize to fiber rich material In warm periods dosing of solid material is reduced due to lack of gas sale
6 Biomass Foulum biogas plant
7 Pre-treatment of ligno-cellulose - why? Improvement Lowering of viscosity and mixing ability Higher methane yield Lignin hemicellulose cellulose Drawbacks Higher energy demand Investment and running costs
8 Types of pre-treatment of lignocellulose - why? Pre-treatment Mechanical Chemical Technologies Briquetting Maceration Extrudation Acid (acetic acid, Sulfuric acid), Alkali (NH 3, KOH, NaOH) Untreated Macerated Briquetting Extrudation
9 Gas potentials of straw/grass effect of briqueting/extrudation +29% +10% -1,1% Briqutted grass +18% +12% +4,1% Extruded straw 15 days Briqutted straw +36% +12% -1,1% 30 days 60 days 90 days Untreated straw L CH4/kg VS 9
10 Increased methane yield (%) Gas potentials effect of briqueting and chemicals Increased effect of briqueting by addition of alkalis % 0,50% 1% 2% 5% Addition of alkalis (% of ww) 30 days (KOH) 60 days (KOH) 30 days (NaOH) 60 days (NaOH) Poly. (30 days (KOH)) Poly. (30 days (KOH)) Poly. (60 days (KOH)) Poly. (30 days (NaOH)) 10
11 Kwh/tonnes freshmatter Pre-treatment Energy demand 160 Energy consumption Dry-matter (%) Extrudation Mixing/dosing Total extrudation Briqeting Mixing/dosing Extrudation 11 Bale opener Hammermill Briquetting
12 Energy balances by pre-treatment Energybalances Wheat straw Maize silage Deep litter Liquid manure Liquid Maize Wheat Deep litter manure silage straw Energy feeding unit Energy extrudation Energy production Adddional yield by extrudation Kwh/tonnes freshmatter 12
13 Biomixer Extruder Redler Σ Economy Costs for extrudation 2013/2014 Total Electricity Chain Bearings Electricity wearings Oil change Electricity Knifes Oil change (kr/tons)
14 Economy No treatment Extruder Briquetting Medium Capacity Full capacity Full capacity Biomass Type Maize Straw Straw m3 Gas yield CH4/ton Electricity kwh/ton Investment Pre-treatment kr Capacity ton/år Electricity kr/ton Investment Pre-treatment kr/ton Investment Infrastruktucture on biogas kr/ton/år Depreciation 15% p.a kr/ton 7, Running costs Wearing kr/ton Total costs Excl. manning kr/ton Extra gas yield % Value extra gas yield kr/ton Total revenue Excl. manning kr/ton Buying substrate kr/ton Net revenue Excl. manning kr/ton Net revenue Excl. manning kr/ton DM
15 Experiments with co-digestion of straw Volume: 15 L Temperature: 49±1 o C Stirring: 100 rpm HRT: 20 days 30 m 3 Temperature : 50 o C HRT: 25 days Briqueting of straw
16 Hydrogen sulphur (ppm) Thermophilic co-digestion of straw influence of sulfur in gas Days Manure (90% pig, 10% cattle) Manure+8% straw Addition of 8,3% wheat straw reduce sulphur to 25% of original
17 Biogas (m 3 /tonnes) Co-digestion of straw influence of hydraulic retention time Thermophilic Thermophilic/mesophilic % Retention time (Days) CM (mesophilic post digestion) CM+straw (mesohilic post digestion) CM (thermophilic post digestion) CM+straw (thermophilic post digestion) If retention time should be prolonged mesophilic conditions is sufficient
18 Foulum biogas plant primary and post digestion Thermophilic Thermophilic/mesophilic + 37% 0,5-5 m3/ton Thermophilic 53 o C HRT=13 days Mesophilic o C HRT=40 days Psycrophilic o C HRT=40 days Psycrophilic 0-20 o C HRT=100 days
19 Conclusion Straw can succesfully be used for co-digestion of straw and manure, pre-treatment can enhance the yield. The increased yield depends on technology and retention time in the biogasplant. With short retention time, post digestion is recomended Mechanical and chemical pre-treatment can be combined with briquetting technology Foulum biogas plant has been through a succesfull transition from high value energy crops to straw Straw reduces sulphur in the gas significantly
20 Thanks for your attention 20
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