Sustainability Assessment of Biorefinery Systems
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1 Sustainability Assessment of Biorefinery Systems Life Cycle Analyses of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Cumulated Primary Energy Consumption JOANNEUM RESEARCH/Austria Gerfried Jungmeier, Francesco Cherubini, Angelika Lingitz Biorefinery Course Adding Value to the Sustainable Utilisation of Biomass RRB5 satellite event Ghent, Belgium, 12 June 2009 Development of Greenhouse Gas Concentration in Our Atmosphere Nitrogen Oxide (N 2 O) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Source: IPCC 2007 Industrial revolution since 1850
2 Observed Changes Source: IPCC 2007 Outline Outlook Example Wood Biorefinery Environmental Evaluation Introduction
3 According to Life Cycle Analyses ISO Life Cycle assessment Bioenergy system Slow increasing atmospheric carbon Renewable biotic carbon stock Auxiliary fossil energy emissions Carbon fixation Carbon oxidation Biomass Fossil energy system Strong increasing atmospheric carbon Fossil fuel Decreasing fossil carbon stocks Auxiliary fossil energy emissions Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 Greenhouse Gas Balances of Bioenergy systems Cultivation Processing Harvest Transport Biofuel Auxiliary fossil energy Production Transport Processing Storage Fossil fuel Byproducts Byproducts Recommendations of COST Action E9 Life Cycle Assessment of Forestry and Forest Products Conversion in vehicles Conversion in vehicles Services for persons and good Carbon flow* Energy flow oe fpo s Criteria for Environmental Evaluation Greenhouse gas emissions [t CO 2 -eq.] including Carbon dioxide (1 kg CO 2 = 1 kg CO 2 -eq) Methane (1 kg CH 4 = 25 kg CO 2 -eq ) Nitrous oxide (1 kg N 2 O = 298 kg CO 2 -eq) Cumulated primary energy demand [PJ primary energy ] shared in biomass (e.g. wood, straw) fossil energy (e.g. oil, coal, natural gas) others (e.g. hydro power, waste, nuclear) Indicators for Environmental evaluation Specific GHG reduction [t CO 2 -eq/t biomass ] or [t CO 2 -eq/ha] Specific fossil energy reduction [TJ fossil energy/t wood ]
4 Criteria for Environmental Evaluation Greenhouse gas emissions [t CO 2 -eq.] including Carbon dioxide (1 kg CO 2 = 1 kg CO 2 -eq) Methane (1 kg CH 4 = 25 kg CO 2 -eq ) Nitrous oxide (1 kg N 2 O = 298 kg CO 2 -eq) Cumulated primary energy demand [PJ primary energy ] shared in biomass (e.g. wood, straw) fossil energy (e.g. oil, coal, natural gas) others (e.g. hydro power, waste, nuclear) Indicators for Environmental evaluation Specific GHG reduction [t CO 2 -eq/t biomass ] or [t CO 2 -eq/ha] Specific fossil energy reduction [TJ fossil energy/t wood ] Criteria for Environmental Evaluation Greenhouse gas emissions [t CO 2 -eq.] including Carbon dioxide (1 kg CO 2 = 1 kg CO 2 -eq) Methane (1 kg CH 4 = 25 kg CO 2 -eq ) Nitrous oxide (1 kg N 2 O = 298 kg CO 2 -eq) Cumulated primary energy demand [PJ primary energy ] shared in biomass (e.g. wood, straw) fossil energy (e.g. oil, coal, natural gas) others (e.g. hydro power, waste, nuclear) Indicators for environmental evaluation Specific GHG reduction [t CO 2 -eq/t biomass ] or [t CO 2 -eq/ha] Specific fossil energy reduction [TJ fossil energy /t wood ]
5 Outline Outlook Example Wood Biorefinery Environmental Evaluation Introduction Process System: Wood Biorefinery Electricity Heat Phenols
6 Process System: Wood Biorefinery Wood chips Pretreatment Hydrolysis Fermentation Electricity Heat Phenols Process System: Wood Biorefinery Wood chips Pretreatment Lignin Hydrolysis Fermentation Residues Combustion Electricity Heat Phenols
7 Process System: Wood Biorefinery Wood chips Pretreatment Lignin Drying Hydrolysis Pyrolysis Biooil Fermentation Residues Char Separation Combustion Electricity Heat Phenols LCA of Wood Biorefinery Wood forest residues Wood chips 530 kt/a -Biorefinery 100 kt/a Heat Electricity Phenols Distribution Heat grid Electricity grid Distribution Vehicle 110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 5.6 kt/a 1,000 Mio. km/a service, electricity, heat and chemicals
8 Functional Units for Environmental Evaluation Each system provides: 4 Electricity: 175 GWh/a 4 service: 1,000 Mio. km/a (based on 100 kt/a of bioethanol for passenger car) 4 Phenols: 5,600 t/a 4 Heat: 110 GWh/a System Description for Example Environmental Evaluation Systems Heat Electricity service *) Phenols 110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 1,000 Mio. km/a 5,600 t/a Wood bioethanol biorefienery wood Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP **), gasoline, con. phenols wood gasoline oil Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols wood natural gas gasoline oil *) : t/a **) Combined heat and power Supplied energy services wood Fossil reference system oil natural gas gasoline oil oil
9 System Description for Example Environmental Evaluation Systems Heat Electricity service *) Phenols 110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 1,000 Mio. km/a 5,600 t/a Wood bioethanol biorefienery wood Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP **), gasoline, con. phenols wood gasoline oil Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols wood natural gas gasoline oil *) : t/a **) Combined heat and power Supplied energy services wood Fossil reference system oil natural gas gasoline oil oil System Description for Example Environmental Evaluation Systems Heat Electricity service *) Phenols 110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 1,000 Mio. km/a 5,600 t/a Wood bioethanol biorefienery wood Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP **), gasoline, con. phenols wood gasoline oil Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols wood natural gas gasoline oil *) : t/a **) Combined heat and power Supplied energy services wood Fossil reference system oil natural gas gasoline oil oil
10 System Description for Example Environmental Evaluation Systems Heat Electricity service *) Phenols 110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 1,000 Mio. km/a 5,600 t/a Wood bioethanol biorefienery wood Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP **), gasoline, con. phenols wood gasoline oil Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols wood natural gas gasoline oil *) : t/a **) Combined heat and power Supplied energy services wood Fossil reference system oil natural gas gasoline oil oil System Description for Example Environmental Evaluation Systems Heat Electricity service *) Phenols 110 GWh/a 175 GWh/a 1,000 Mio. km/a 5,600 t/a Wood bioethanol biorefienery wood Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP **), gasoline, con. phenols wood gasoline oil Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols wood natural gas gasoline oil *) : t/a **) Combined heat and power Supplied energy services wood Fossil reference system oil natural gas gasoline oil oil
11 Comparison Wood to Biorefinery and Polygeneration Wood Biorefinery Wood forest residues Reference use Wood Polygeneration Wood forest residues Extraction raw oil Natural oxidation -Biorefinery -Polygeneration Refinery Distribution Vehicle Heat grid Electricity grid Distribution Distribution Vehicle Heat grid Electricity grid Phenols Distribution service, electricity, heat and chemicals Comparison Wood to Biorefinery and Polygeneration Wood Biorefinery Wood forest residues Reference use Fossil Reference System Extraction raw oil Extraction natural gas Distribution Vehicle -Biorefinery Heat grid Electricity grid Distribution Natural oxidation Distribution Gasoline Vehicle Heating plant Heat grid Refinery Phenols Distribution Power plant Electricity grid service, electricity, heat and chemicals
12 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Fossil reference system Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols Wood CHP, gasoline, con. phenols Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood bioethanol biorefienery % - 88% - 29% 288 CO2 CH4 N2O % Greenhouse Gas Emissions [1,000 t CO 2 -eq./a] Cumulated Primary Energy Demand Fossil reference system Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols Wood CHP, gasoline, con. phenols Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood bioethanol biorefienery - 84% - 90% - 33% % Reduction fossil energy Cumulated Primary Energy Demand [PJ/a] Fossil energy Biomass Others
13 Indicator for Environmental Evaluation: Specific GHG Reduction -Fossil reference system Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols Wood CHP, gasoline, con. phenols Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood bioethanol biorefienery Specific Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction [t CO 2 -eq./t wood ] Indicator for Environmental Evaluation: Specific Fossil Fuel Reduction -Fossil reference system Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols -9.8 Wood CHP, gasoline, con. phenols -9.1 Wood polygeneration, con. phenols -7.4 Wood bioethanol biorefienery Specific Fossil Fuel Reduction [GJ fossil energy/t wood ]
14 Indicator for Environmental Evaluation: Trade Off (I) Specific GHG reduction [ t CO 2 -eq/t wood ] Wood bioethanol biorefienery Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP, gasoline, con. phenols Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols Fossil reference system Specific reduction fossil fuels [GJ fossil fuel /t wood ] -14 Indicator for Environmental Evaluation: Trade Off (II) GHG reduction [ t CO 2 -eq/a] Wood bioethanol biorefienery Wood polygeneration, con. phenols Wood CHP, gasoline, con. phenols Wood heating, natural gas, gasoline, con. phenols Fossil reference system Specific GHG reduction [t CO 2 -eq/t wood ] -1.0
15 Outline Outlook Example Wood Biorefinery Environmental Evaluation Introduction Environmental Advantages Biorefineries over Conventional Processes Principles
16 Environmental Advantages Biorefineries over Conventional Processes Principles Main question: What are the conventional processes? Environmental Advantages Biorefineries over Conventional Processes Principles Main question: What are the conventional processes? Answer: Same amount of products with same service Same amount and type of biomass input Same amount of agricultural/forestry area used Conventional Processes for biomass: use for heat and power via different processes
17 Conventional System Biorefinery System Grasssilage Grasssilage Mech. Exraction Example Austria Intermediate 0.3 t Biogasplant Biogasplant Product production Biomethan 0.1 MWh Biomethan 0.09 MWh Biobased products 0.25 t 0.1 MWh Methan and 0.25 t Products Conventional System Biogas and raw oil Biorefinery System Grasssilage Raw oil 0.3 t Grasssilage Example Austria Mech. Exraction Intermediate 0.3 t Product production Biogasplant Biogasplant Product production Biomethan 0.1 MWh Product 0.25 t Biomethan 0.09 MWh Biobased products 0.25 t 0.1 MWh Methan and 0.25 t Products
18 Conventional System Biogas and raw oil Biorefinery System Biorefinery natural gas Grasssilage Raw oil 0.3 t Grasssilage Example Austria Natural gas Product production Mech. Exraction Intermediate 0.3 t Open question: is the fertilzer quality the same for biogas and Green Biorefinery? Product production Biomethan 0.1 MWh Product 0.25 t Biomethan 0.09 MWh Biobased products 0.25 t Methan 0.01 MWh 0.1 MWh Methan and 0.25 t Products Conventional System Biorefinery System Straw 0.5 t Whole crop Grains 0.5 t Example Denmark Whole crop Straw 0.5 t + Grains 0.5 t CHP EtOH- Biogasplant Biogasplant EtOH- 1 MWh Electricity 1.3 MWh + Heat 2.5 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t 1.7 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t 1.7 MWh fuel MWh Electricity MWh Heat t Animal Feed
19 Conventional System Biorefinery System Straw 0.5 t Whole crop Grains 0.5 t Example Denmark Whole crop Straw 0.5 t + Grains 0.5 t CHP EtOH- EtOH- 1 MWh Electricity 1.3 MWh + Heat 2.5 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t 1.7 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t 1.7 MWh fuel MWh Electricity MWh Heat t Animal Feed Conventional System Biorefinery System Whole crop Raw oil 0.9 t Whole crop Straw 0.5 t Grains 0.5 t Example Denmark Straw 0.5 t + Grains 0.5 t CHP EtOH- Oil Refinery EtOH- 1 MWh Electricity 1.3 MWh + Heat 2.5 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t Gasoline 0.7 MWh 1.7 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t 1.7 MWh fuel MWh Electricity MWh Heat t Animal Feed
20 Conventional System Biorefinery System Whole crop Raw oil 0.9 t Whole crop Nat. Gas 2.5 MWh Straw 0.5 t Grains 0.5 t Example Denmark Straw 0.5 t + Grains 0.5 t CHP EtOH- Oil Refinery EtOH- CHP 1 MWh Electricity 1.3 MWh + Heat 2.5 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t Gasoline 0.7 MWh 1.7 MWh Animal Feed 0.13 t Electricity 1.3 MWh + Heat 2.5 MWh 1.7 MWh fuel MWh Electricity MWh Heat t Animal Feed Outlook Analyses of Advantages of Biorefinery vs. Conventional Systems in terms of: t of CO 2 -eq saving MWh of fossil fuel saving energy and mass efficiency of biomass input job creating....
21 Conclusions Indicators developed for environmental evaluation CO 2 -eq and fossil fuel saving (specific/absolut terms) Reference System includes fossil and biomass based systems Evaluation of biorefinery systems is complex LCA is applicable to biorefinery systems
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