Introduction The US Transportation System
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1 Introduction The US Transportation System Philip A. Viton January 5, 2012 Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
2 The Transportation Networks Airport Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
3 The Transportation Networks Navigable Waters Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
4 The Transportation Networks Natural Gas Pipeline Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
5 The Transportation Networks The Rail Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
6 The Transportation Networks Highway Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
7 The Transportation Networks Interstate Highway Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
8 Importance of The Transportation Sector Industrial Components of Nominal GDP ($b) Distrib Gross domestic product 9, Private industries 8,614 12, Mining + Utilities Agriculture + Forestry + Fisheries Construction Manufacturing 1,426 1, Wholesale + Retail Trade 1,254 1, Transportation + Warehousing Information Finance and Insurance 741 1, Real estate, rental, leasing 1,191 1, Services, exc government 2,398 3, Government 1,203 1, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
9 Importance of The Transportation Sector Transportation Industry Component of Nominal GDP ($b) Change Distrib 2009 Transportation and warehousing Air transportation Rail transportation Water transportation Truck transportation Transit and ground passenger transportation Pipeline transportation Other transportation and support activities Warehousing and storage Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
10 Importance of The Transportation Sector Personal Consumption Expenditures Component of Nominal GDP ($b) Personal Consumption Expenditures 6, ,001.3 Transportation Transportation % of PCE Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
11 Importance of The Transportation Sector Transportation Component of Nominal PCE ($b) Distrib Change 2009 Transportation PCE Motor Vehicle Purchases Motor Vehicle Operations Public Transportation Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
12 Importance of The Transportation Sector Federal Government Expenditures on Transportation Avg Ann % Change Total Transportation ($b) % of federal budget Percent Distribution Ground Air Water Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
13 Importance of The Transportation Sector State and Local Government Expenditures on Transportation Avg Ann % Change Total Transportation ($b) % of direct budgets Percent Distribution Highways Transit Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
14 Mileage and Fleet System Mileage Change Highway 3,863,912 4,051, Class 1 rail 145,764 94, Amtrak 24,000 21, Transit: Commuter rail 3,574 7, Heavy rail 1,293 1, Light rail 384 1, Navigable channels 26,000 25, Oil pipeline 213, , Gas pipeline 1,118,875 1,540, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
15 Mileage and Fleet Bridge Inventory Year Number % Structurally % Functionally Deficient Obsolete , , , Structurally deficient: restricted to light vehicles, require immediate rehab, or closed. Functionally obsolete: bad deck geometry, carrying capacity, clearance, or approach alignment, relative to needs. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
16 Mileage and Fleet Transportation Fleet Non-Highway Change Air: Air carrier 6,083 (NA) General aviation 198, , Rail: Class I, freight cars 658, , Class I, Locomotive 18,835 24, Nonclass I freight cars 103, , Car cos., shippers freight cars 449, , Amtrak, passenger train car 1,863 1, Amtrak, locomotive Water Commercial vessels 40,080 40, Recreational vessels 10,997,000 12,722, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
17 Mileage and Fleet Transportation Fleet Highway Change Highway, registered vehicles Passenger car 133,700, ,932, Motorcycle 4,259,462 7,138, Vans, pick-ups, SUVs 48,274, ,469, Trucks 6,195,876 9,027, Bus 626, , Transit: Motor bus 58,714 65, Light-rail cars 910 1, Heavy-rail cars 10,567 11, Trolley bus Commuter rail cars, locomotives 4,982 6, Demand response 16,471 64, Other 1,197 13, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
18 Mileage and Fleet Freight Movements on the Network, 2007 Value Ton-miles % % All modes Single modes Multiple Modes Other Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
19 Freight Movements Freight Movements on the Network Single Modes Value Ton-miles % % Single modes Truck For-hire truck Private truck Rail Water Shallow draft Great lakes Deep draft 0.1 NA Air (includes truck + air) Pipeline 4.1 NA Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
20 Freight Movements Freight Movements on the Network Multiple Modes, 2007 Value Ton-miles % % Multiple modes Parcel services (incl PO) Truck and rail Truck and water Rail and water Other multiple modes Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
21 The Highway Network The Highway Network By Class, 2009 Total Urban Rural % Urban US 4,050,717 1,081,371 2,969, California 171,874 90,043 81, Florida 121,447 81,040 40, New York 114,546 48,431 66, Ohio 123,024 44,783 78, Texas 310,850 97, , Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
22 The Highway Network The Highway Network Control Distrib Change 2008 Total mileage 3,955,000 4,059, Urban mileage 624,000 1,079, Under state control 79, , Under local control 543, , Rural mileage 3,331,000 2,980, Under state control 702, , Under local control 2,270,000 2,223, Under federal control 262, , Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
23 The Highway Network The Highway Network By Type, 2009 Unit Inter- Other Total state Fwy Arterial Collector Local US 4,050,717 46,720 12, , ,249 2,795,813 Distrib California 171,874 2,460 1,537 27,423 32, ,203 Florida 121,447 1, ,779 14,409 92,017 New York 114,546 1, ,852 20,685 76,515 Texas 310,850 3,233 1,486 31,645 64, ,757 Ohio 123,024 1, ,978 22,737 87,255 Distrib Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
24 The Highway Network Interstate Network Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
25 The Highway Network Highway Finance ($m) Change Total receipts 75, , Current income 69, , Highway-user revenues 44,346 94, Other taxes and fees 19,827 61, Investment income and other receipts 5,707 17, Bond issue proceeds 5,564 19, Funds drawn from or placed in reserves , Total funds available 75, , Total disbursements 75, , Current disbursements 72, , Capital outlay 35,151 91, Maintenance and traffi c services 20,365 44, Administration and research 6,501 14, Highway law enforcement and safety 7,235 14, Interest on debt 3,205 8, Bond retirement 2,951 8, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
26 Moving People Commuting to Work 2009 Work at Area Drive alone Carpool Transit Walk Other Home US Average California NY Ohio Washington DC Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
27 Moving People Transit Users in Urban Areas 2009 Distribution Area Motor Heavy Light Commuter Bus Rail Rail Rail Other US avg 53.0% 34.6% 4.6% 4.6% 3.1% Boston Chicago Dallas Los Angeles New York San Francisco Washington DC Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
28 Moving People Highway Vehicles Average Annual Usage, 000 miles Year All Vehs Autos Buses Vans,SUVs Trucks Change Annual Average Change Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
29 Moving People Highway Vehicles Average Fuel Economy, mpg Year All Vehs Autos Buses Vans, SUVs Trucks Change Average Annual Change Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
30 Moving People Traffi c Congestion 2009 Area Daily VMT Ann Hrs Delay /Lane-Mile /Person US Average 15, Boston 15, Chicago 18, Dallas 17, Los Angeles 23, New York 15, San Francisco 19, Washington DC 18, Cincinnati 14, Cleveland 11, Columbus 14, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
31 Moving People Air Pollution Emissions, 2008 (thousand tons) PM- PM- Source NH3 CO NOx SO2 VOC Total emissions 4,043 77,685 16,339 14,805 4,892 11,429 15,927 Fuel combustion stationary sources 685 5,2834 5,597 1,330 1,006 9,872 1,450 Industrial processes 206 3,767 1,047 1, ,025 7,142 Highway vehicles ,866 5, ,418 Off-highway 3 18,036 4, ,586 Miscellaneous 3,457 11, ,540 2, ,332 Highway contrib Key: NH3: ammonia; CO: carbon monoxide; NOx: oxides of nitrogen; PM: particulate matter (-diameter); SO2: sulfur dioxide; VOC: volatile organic compounds. Off highway: agricultural/construction machinery, recreational marine vessels etc. Miscellaneous: forest fires, other burning, dust, natural sources. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
32 Moving People Motor Vehicle Accidents Change Total (m) Fatal crashes ( 000) Persons involved in fatal crashes ( 000) Occupants Non-Occupants Fatalities /10 9 VMT Fatalities / 10 6 licensed drivers Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
33 Public Transit Transit Industry Structure Distrib Operating systems 5,078 7,200 Motor bus-only systems 2,688 1,088 Revenue vehicles, active 93, ,893 Motor bus 58,714 64, Commuter rail 5,007 6, Demand response 16,471 68, Heavy rail 10,419 11, Light rail 913 2, Trolley bus Other 1,197 18, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
34 Public Transit Transit Industry Finances, $m Change Operating funding sources, total 16,053 38, Agency funds 6,786 14, Passenger funding 5,891 12, Other 895 2, Government funds 9,267 24, Directly generated NA 2,543 Local 5,327 8, State 2,970 9, Federal 970 3, Operating expense 15,742 37, Vehicle operations 6,654 16, Maintenance 4,631 9, General administration 3,450 5, Purchased transportation 1,008 5, Capital expenditures (NA) 17,918 Net Operating Revenues -8,956-20, Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
35 Public Transit Transit Industry Output (millions of miles) Distrib Change 2009 Vehicle-miles operated 3,242 5, Motor bus 2,130 2, Trolley bus Heavy rail Light rail Commuter rail Demand response 306 1, Other Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
36 Public Transit Transit Industry Demand Met, Fare Distrib Change 2009 Trips taken (m) 8,799 10, Motor bus 5,677 5, Trolley bus Heavy rail 2,346 3, Light rail Commuter rail Demand response Other Average fare per trip, cents Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
37 Issues for Transportation Planning Issues for Urban Transportation Planning, I Highway System Construction Maintenance Control and Privatization Externalities generated by urban travel Congestion Air Pollution (Accidents) (Noise) Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
38 Issues for Transportation Planning Issues for Urban Transportation Planning, II Urban Transit Role of mass transit Role of public mass transit Effi ciency Demand management Construction of large systems (Non-motorized modes) (Day-to-Day operations) (Airport Planning) (Intercity Transport Planning) Regulation Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
39 Sources Latest data is from the 2012 Statistical Abstract of the United States Prior data is generally from an earlier edition (often the 2010 edition) of the same publication. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
40 Appendix 1 Price Changes All money data here is in current (nominal) dollars. The data below may help you convert to real (ie inflation-adjusted) dollars. Indices have PPI: 1982 = 1.000; CPI: = Year PPI CPI Change Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
41 Appendix 2 Average Annual Rates of Change In the data, columns marked Change show the absolute change between the two columns immediately to its left. It may be easier to think about the data if you convert it to an average annual rate of change. To do this, let a 1 be the smaller quantity, at time t 1, and let a 2 be the larger quantity at time t 2. The average rate of change r is given implicitly by The solution is: a 1 (1 + r) t 2 t 1 = a r = ( a2 a 1 ) 1 t 2 t 1 That is, if the series started at level a 1 at time t 1 and changed each period by the same rate (1 + r), then at time t 2 it would be at level a 2.. Philip A. Viton () CRP 776 Intro January 5, / 41
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