Scheduled Caste Workers in Secondary Sector of Economy in Uttar Pradesh: A Regional Analysis

Transcription

1 86 Scheduled Caste Workers in Secondary Sector of Economy in Uttar Pradesh: A Regional Analysis Dr. Falak Butool, Guest Faculty, Women s College, A.M.U, Aligarh, U.P., India ABSTRACT The present paper aims to study the regional pattern of work participation of scheduled caste population in secondary sector of economy in Uttar Pradesh and how their secondary work participation rates (Total, Rural and Urban) are related with various socio-economic indicators. The entire study is based upon the district level secondary data obtained from Census of India, 2001 and the State Planning Institute, Lucknow, Carl Pearson co-efficient of correlation and student t test techniques are used to find out the relationship between secondary work participation rate of scheduled caste population (Total, Rural and Urban) and various other socio-economic indicators. From the results it is clear that secondary work participation rates of scheduled caste population is high in the central and southern part of the state, whereas, western districts are showing low level of secondary work participation rates of scheduled caste population. It is also clear from the results of co-efficient of correlation that scheduled caste sex ratio have indirect bearing on secondary work participation rates of total scheduled caste population. Contrary to it industrial indicators, level of urbanization and indicators of infrastructural facilities show direct relationship with secondary work participation rate of total scheduled caste population. Keywords Scheduled Caste, Work Participation Rate, Secondary Sector of Economy, Uttar Pradesh INTRODUCTION The socio-economic development of any region is mainly related to degree of work participation and the proportion of workers in different sectors of economy (Chaudhary, 2007). Work participation refers to economic activities in which workers are differentiated (Jaffe and Stwart, 1951). It is not easy to enumerate the economic activities into certain number. The census of India in 2001 has divided economic activities into seventeen comprehensive categories. They are i. Agriculture, Hunting and forestry ii. Fishing iii. Mining and Quarring iv. Manufacturing v. Electricity,Gas and Water Supply vi. Construction vii. Wholesale and Retail Trade viii. Hotels and Restaurants ix. Transport, Storage and Communications x. Financial Intermediation xi. Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities xii. Public Administration and Defence, Compulsory Social Security xiii. Education xiv. Health and Social Work xv. Other Community, Social and Personal Service Activities xvi. Private Household with Employed Persons xvii. Extra Territorial Organizations and Bodies. These economic activities may be broadly grouped into three classes namely primary, secondary and tertiary economic activities. The primary group of occupation includes the first three heads of seventeen categories of work participation rate. The secondary group of occupation includes its fourth, fifth and sixth categories. Rests of the eleven categories lie in tertiary economic activity. One important phenomenon in the process of development in an economy is the structural shift in the relative importance of its different sectors. As the economy modernizes, secondary and tertiary economic activities gain importance, and these two sectors are generally associated with higher productivity as compared to the primary sector (Mehrotra, Gandhi, Saha, and Sahoo, 2013). The growth of secondary sector more specifically the industrialization forms the base for the economic development of any region. High rate of industrialization is always associated with rapid urbanization, modernization and in-turn rapid growth of economy. Industrialization reduces the dependency of people on agricultural sector and increases the per capita income as economic returns of a worker are more from industrial sector than agricultural sector. The share of agricultural sector has declined from 33 per cent of GDP in to 15 per cent in , whereas, the industrial sector s share in GDP is hovering around per cent between and (Mehrotra, Gandhi, Saha, and Sahoo, 2013). The growth of construction sector (another head of secondary sector) is also associated with rapid rate of industrialization and urbanization. The 18 million increases in jobs in construction sector were offset by the 5 million declines in manufacturing sector, resulting in industrial employment increasing by 13 millions in the period The 68 th round data suggests that industrial employment has increased by 15.7 millions during The disaggregated data for brings good news for India s manufacturing sector. It suggests that employment in manufacturing rose by 8.9 million in this two year period, while non manufacturing (mostly accounted for by construction) rose by 6.8 million. This clearly is a turnaround from previous five year period

2 87 which brought forth concerns over an absolute decline in workers engaged in manufacturing sector. The studies on scheduled caste work participation are not meagre. Some of the important studies are mentioned here. Scheduled Caste work participation and their occupational structure have been studied by Mohammad, 1987, Gosal, 1991 and Tiwari, The reasons of scheduled caste backwardness have been analysed by Tripathi, However, Kapoor, 2006 has worked upon the work participation of various socially and economically backward groups. But perhaps there is no such study on secondary work participation of scheduled caste population in the districts of Uttar Pradesh. Therefore, in this study an attempt has been made to visualize the participation of scheduled caste population in secondary sector of economy taking Uttar Pradesh (UP) as a case study and district as a unit of analysis. and Delhi in the west, Rajasthan in the south-west, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh in the south and Bihar and Jharkhand in the east (Fig.1). Thus, it is surrounded by nine states from all the sides. Uttar Pradesh is the fourth largest state in India in terms of area, while in terms of population it ranks first. According to 2001 census, the state has been divided into seventy districts which form 7.6 per cent of the total geographical area and per cent of the total population of the country. The scheduled caste population in Uttar Pradesh accounts for per cent of the total population of the state and the proportion of main workers in the scheduled caste population to the total population of the state was recorded per cent in 2001, while, the corresponding figures for the India, as a whole, were and per cent respectively. OBJECTIVES 1. To show the patterns of scheduled caste work participation (Total, Rural and Urban) in secondary sector of economy in Uttar Pradesh in To test differentials of work participation rates (total, rural and urban) in secondary sector with various socio-economic determinants. DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY The entire study is based upon the secondary sources of data which have been collected from census of India publications, New Delhi and the Publications of the Statistical Division, State Planning Institute, U.P., Lucknow for the decade For the analysis of the data various methods have been used: Simple percentage method is used to calculate the work participation rates. Karl Pearson s correlation co-efficient (r) Where, r = co-efficient of correlation x,y = the two given variables n = Number of observation Student t-test Where, 2 t = calculated value of t in the 1test r of significance, n = number of observations, r = computed value of coefficient correlation STUDY AREA t = r ( n 2) Uttar Pradesh is a heartland state lying between 23 52' and 30 24' North latitudes and and 84 38' East longitudes. It is bounded by China, Nepal and Uttarakhand in the north, Himachal Pradesh in the north-west, Haryana Secondary Group of Occupation of Scheduled Caste, 2001 General Distribution As far as the secondary group of work participation of scheduled caste people is concerned, it varies from per cent in Sant Ravidas Nagar to 0.96 per cent in Shrawasti district. The whole range of this variation is divided into following five categories: Very High (above 5.61 per cent), High (4.49 per cent to 5.61 per cent), Medium (3.36 per cent to 4.48 per cent), Low (2.11 per cent to 3.35 per cent) and Very Low (below 2.11 per cent). It is visible from fig 2 that the distribution of various grades is highly uneven. The category of very high rate of total scheduled caste secondary work participation is observed in around eleven per cent districts of the state. A single identifiable region of this grade is formed by the districts namely, Sitapur, Hardoi, Unnao, Rae Bareilly and Kaushambi. High rate of total scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is observed in eighteen per cent

3 88 districts of the state. These districts are scattered over the whole state. The third category of medium grade is identified in seventeen per cent districts of the state. These districts form an identifiable region of considerable size and the constituent districts are namely Faizabad, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh, Allahabad, Sant Ravidas Nagar and Jaunpur. Fig. 2 The low grade of total scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is observed in around seventeen per cent districts of the state. Apart from scattered districts of this grade, few districts are distributed in the form of tiny regions. One tiny region of this grade is formed by the eastern districts namely, Maharajgang, Sant Kabir Nagar and Basti. The second tiny pocket of this grade is formed by the western districts namely, Bulandshahar, Aligarh and Mathura. Very low level of total scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is observed in around thirty five per cent districts of the state. These districts form two eastern pockets and one western continuous region. The constituent districts of first eastern pocket are Kushi Nagar, Deoria and Ballia, whereas, the second eastern pocket is formed by the districts namely, Bahraich, Shrawasti, Gonda, Balrampur and Sidharthnagar. Table 1 District wise Per cent Distribution of (Main Workers) in Secondary Occupations, Uttar Pradesh, 2001 District Total Rural Urban Saharanpur Muzaffarnagar Bijnor Moradabad Rampur Jyotiba Phule 2.67 Nagar Meerut Baghpat Ghaziabad Gautam 4.18 Buddha Nagar Bulandshahar Aligarh Hathras Mathura Agra Firozabad Etah Mainpuri Budaun Bareilly Pilibhit Shahjahanpur Kheri Sitapur Hardoi Unnao Lucknow Rae Bareli Farrukhabad Kannauj Etawah Auraiya Kanpur Dehat Kanpur Nagar Jalaun Jhansi Lalitpur Hamirpur Mahoba Banda Chitrakoot Fatehpur Pratapgarh Kaushambi Allahabad Barabanki Faizabad Ambedkar

4 89 Nagar Sultanpur Bahraich Shravasti Balrampur Gonda Siddharthnagar Basti Sant Kabir 1.36 Nagar Maharajganj Gorakhpur Kushinagar Deoria Azamgarh Mau Ballia Jaunpur Ghazipur Chandauli Varanasi Sant Ravidas Nagar Mirzapur Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh Source: Census of India, 2001, Tab B4 Sc The western region of this grade is formed by the districts namely, Gautam Budha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Baghpat, Muzaffarnagar,Meerut, Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Moradabad, Rampur, Bareilly, Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur, Badaun, Etah, Farrukhabad, Kannauj and Kanpur Nagar. RURAL AND URBAN DISTRIBUTION Fig. 3 The category of high level of rural scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is constituted by eleven per cent districts of the state. Seven among them are concentrated in the western part of the state in the form of discontinuous region running from Saharanpur to Aligarh. The category of medium level of rural scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is observed in only five (Moradabad, Kanpur Nagar, Jaunpur, Mahoba and Banda) widely spaced districts. Low level of rural scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is found in around thirty seven per cent districts of the state. Majority of them are confined in the central and southern part of the state in the form of discontinuous region. Very low level of scheduled caste rural secondary work participation rate is observed in the form of big region running from Rampur in the west, Mainpuri in the south west to Deoria in the east. Rural scheduled caste secondary work participation rate varies from per cent is Sant Ravidas Nagar to 0.85 per cent in Shrawasti districts. The five grades of this distribution along their numerical values are as follows: Very High (above 4.90 per cent), High (3.88 per cent to 4.90 per cent), Medium (2.86 per cent to 3.87 per cent), Low (1.85 per cent to 2.85 per cent) and Very Low (below1.85 per cent). The distribution of these grades is quite regular. It is clearly visible from fig 3 that the category of very high grade of scheduled caste rural secondary work participation is recorded in the form of three tiny pockets. One pocket is formed by the western districts namely, Meerut and Ghaziabad. However, Mathura, Agra and Firozabad form the second pocket and the third pocket is formed by the southern districts namely, Mahoba, Banda and Chitrakoot. Fig. 4

5 90 The scheduled urban secondary work participation rate varies from per cent in Mirzapur district to 3.57 per cent in Basti district. The five categories of this whole range are; Very High (above 9.47 per cent), High (8.23 per cent to 9.47 per cent), Medium (6.98 per cent to 8.22 per cent), Low (5.73 per cent to 6.97 per cent) and Very Low (below 5.73 per cent) as shown in fig 4. The first category of very high level of urban scheduled caste secondary work participation rate is identified in eleven per cent districts of the state. These districts don t form any region of considerable size. High level of urban secondary work participation rate is also observed in eleven per cent districts of the state and these districts are scattered over the space. Medium level of urban secondary work participation rate is observed in around eighteen per cent districts of the state and these districts also do not form any identifiable region. Low level of urban secondary work participation rate of scheduled caste is observed in twenty three per cent districts of the state. Apart from few widely scattered districts, most of the districts of this group are confined in the form few smaller pockets. One pocket is formed by three western districts namely, Saharanpur, Muzzafar Nagar and Baghpat. However, Shahjanhpur, Hardoi, Lucknow and Unnao form the other pocket and third region of this grade is formed by the eastern districts namely, Faizabad, Sultanpur and Jaunpur. Very low level of scheduled caste urban secondary work participation rate is observed in two identifiable belts. The first belt is running from west to east and then south eastern part of the state along with the districts namely, Badaun, Rampur Bareilly, Pilibhit, Kheri, Sitapur, Barabanki, Bareilly, Pratapgarh, Kaushambi and Allahabad. The second pocket is confined to the eastern part of the state and formed by the eastern districts namely, Kushi Nagar, Maharajgang, Sidharth Nagar, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Ballia, Ghazipur and Chandauli. Secondary Occupational Groups of Scheduled Caste (Total, Rural and Urban) and other Selected Indicators For causal analysis of the secondary work participation of the total scheduled caste population, linear correlation based on the tab 2 has been prepared for thirty one indicators (twenty eight independent indicators and three dependent indicators) measured for total rural and urban scheduled caste population of all the seventy districts of Uttar Pradesh. In this regard correlation coefficient is computed between determinants and secondary group of occupation for total rural and urban scheduled caste population groups, and t test is applied to find out the determinants which are significant at 95 per cent and 99 per cent level of confidence. For the secondary occupation of the total scheduled caste population, twelve indicators are found to have significant relationship. Among them seven indicators namely, X 2 (density of scheduled caste population), X 12 (per cent of scheduled caste urban population), X 17 (literacy rate of scheduled caste population), X 25 (numbers of beds per lakh population), X 27 (length of metalled road per thousand square kilometers), X 29 (primary work participation rate of total scheduled caste population) and X 31 (tertiary work participation rate of total scheduled caste population) are significant at 99 per cent levels of confidence. Except X 29 which bears negative relationship, the other six posses positive relationship. Table 2 Results of Correlation (r) between Secondary Occupational Groups of (Total, Rural and Urban) Scheduled Caste and Other Selected Indicators, Uttar Pradesh, 2001 Ind icat ors Definition Seconda ry Occupat ion of Total Schedul ed Caste Populati on (Y 1) Seconda ry Occupat ion of Rural Schedul ed Caste Populati on (Y 2) Seconda ry Occupat ion of Urban Schedul ed Caste Populati on(y 3) X 1 Growth Rate of Scheduled Caste X 2 Density of Scheduled 0.421** 0.424** Caste X 3 Percentage of Scheduled Caste to the Total X 4 Sex Ratio of Scheduled * Caste X 5 Per Capita Net Sown Area * X 6 Cropping Intensity X 7 Net Sown Area to the Total Cultivated Area X 8 Percentage of Net irrigated 0.247* 0.260* Area. X 9 Irrigation Intensity * X 10 Number of Working 0.279* Industrial Units Per Lakh X 11 Number of Persons Engaged in Registered Factories Per Lakh 0.240* X 12 Per cent of Scheduled 0.676** 0.511** 0.397** Caste Urban X 13 Per Capita Income X 14 Total Work participation Rate of Scheduled Caste * * X 15 Rural Work participation Rate of Scheduled Caste X 16 Urban Work participation Rate of Scheduled Caste X 17 Literacy Rate of Scheduled Caste ** 0.420** 0.162

6 91 X 18 Number of Junior Basics * Schools per Lakh X 19 Number of Senior Basic Schools per Lakh X 20 Number of Higher Secondary Schools per Lakh X 21 Junior Basic School s Teacher Student Ratio X 22 Senior Basic School s Teacher Student Ratio X 23 Higher Secondary School s Teacher Student Ratio X 24 Number of Hospitals per Lakh X 25 Number of Beds Per Lakh 0.361** 0.298* X 26 Number of Primary Health Care Centers Per Lakh X 27 Length of the Metalled 0.457** 0.440** Road Per Thousand Square Kilometers X 28 Percentage of Electrified Villages to the Total Inhabited Villages X 29 Secondary Work ** ** Participation Rate of Total Scheduled Caste X 30 Secondary Work ** Participation Rate of Rural Scheduled Caste X 31 Secondary Work 0.657** 0.630** - Participation Rate of Urban Scheduled Caste **Significance at 1 Per cent Level * Significance at 5 Per cent Level The indicators namely, X 4 (sex ratio of scheduled caste population), X 14 (total work participation rate of scheduled caste population), X 8 (net irrigated area), X 10 (number of working industrial units per lakh population) and X 11 (persons working in registered industries per lakh population) are showing significant relationship at 95 per cent level of confidence. Among them the first two indicators show positive relationship, whereas, the last three are having negative relationship. Rural and Urban The results of simple linear relationship of occupation groups of rural scheduled caste population (Y 3 ) are almost similar to the results of occupation groups of total scheduled caste population. It is found that almost all the indicators are similar in the direction of relationship though in degrees they differ considerably. Only three indicators, X 9 (irrigation intensity), X 12 (per cent of scheduled caste urban population) and X 29 (secondary work participation rate of total scheduled caste population) are showing significant relationship with urban secondary work participation rate (Y 3 ). Out of which X 9 is showing significant relationship at 99 per cent level of confidence and bears negative relationship and X 12 is significant at 95 per cent level of confidence with positive relationship, whereas, X 29 is significant at 95 per cent level of confidence and bears negative relationship. CONCLUSION Secondary work participation rate of scheduled caste total population is very high and high in central districts of the state, whereas, medium grade of secondary work participation is found in the eastern part of the state. Low and very low rate of secondary work participation rates are found in the western part of the state. Secondary group of activities of scheduled caste rural population shows that its very high and high range is mostly concentrated in the western plain districts whereas its medium range is found in only widely scattered districts and low grade is found in the lower half of the state and very low grade is confined in the upper half of the state. In case of urban population this regularity is not maintained and distribution fails to form any regional pattern. The results of correlation coefficient is computed between determinants and secondary group of occupation for total rural and urban scheduled caste population groups, and t test is applied to find out the determinants which are significant at 95 per cent and 99 per cent level of confidence. For the secondary occupation of the total scheduled caste population, indicators of urbanization, industrialization and infrastructural facilities bear significant positive relationship with secondary work participation rate. The results of simple linear relationship of occupation groups of rural scheduled caste population (Y 3 ) are almost similar to the results of occupation groups of total scheduled caste population. It is found that almost all the indicators are similar in the direction of relationship though in degrees they differ considerably. Only three indicators, X 9 (irrigation intensity), X 12 (per cent of scheduled caste urban population) and X 29 (secondary work participation rate of total scheduled caste population) are showing significant relationship with urban secondary work participation rate (Y 3 ). REFERENCE [1] Census of India (2001), Tab B4 Sc [2] Census of India (2001), Primary Census Abstract, Series.10, Table A.8, Vol. II, Ministry of Human Affairs, New Delhi, pp. xxxviii. [3] Choundhary, A.P. (2007), Structural Transformation in India- Growth of Service Sector, Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, p. 94.

7 92 [4] Gosal, R.P.S. (1991), Work Force of India s Scheduled Caste : A Spatial Perspective, A Journal of the Association of Geographers of India, Vol. 13, June Dec, Nos. 1&2, pp [5] Jaffe, A.J. and Stwart, C.D. (1951), Manpower Resources and Utilization. Principle of Working Force Analysis, John Wiley and Sons Inc: New York, p. 17. [6] Kapoor, K. (2006), Explaining Female Work Participation in an Intermediate City, Indian Journal of Regional Science, Vol. XXXVIII, No.1, pp [7] Mehrotra, S, Gandhi, A, Saha, P and Sahoo, B.K (2013), Turnaround in India s Employment Story Silver Lining admist Joblessness and informalisation?, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. xlviii, No. 35, pp [8] Mehrotra, S, Gandhi, A, Saha, P and Sahoo, B.K (2013), Op. cit., pp [9] Mohammad, M. (1987), Caste and Primary Occupations: A Geographical Analysis, Concept Publishing Company : New Delhi. [10] Sample Survey Organization 55 th, 61 th, 66 th and 68 th Employment and Unemployment round [11] Tiwari R.K. (1999), Spatial Analysis of Scheduled Caste in the Jharkhand Area, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 61, No. 4, December, pp [12] Tripathi, R.M. (1999), Socio-Economic Profile of Scheduled Caste in India, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 61, No. 1, March, pp