Locating the Epicenter
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1 Locating the Epicenter Overview: During this lesson, students will use information from seismographs to find the epicenter of the Great Alaska Earthquake of Targeted Alaska Grade Level Expectations: Science [] SA1.1 The student demonstrates an understanding of the processes of science by asking questions, predicting, observing, describing, measuring, classifying, making generalizations, inferring, and communicating [7] SD2.2 The student demonstrates an understanding of the forces that shape Earth by describing how the movement of the tectonic plates results in both slow changes (e.g., formation of mountains, ocean floors, and basins) and short-term events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, seismic waves, and earthquakes) on the surface. [6] SD2.3 The student demonstrates an understanding of the forces that shape Earth by describing how the surface can change rapidly as a result of geological activities (i.e., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, landslides, avalanches). Math [7] MEA-5 The student demonstrates understanding of measurement techniques by accurately measuring a given angle using a protractor to the nearest plus or minus 2 degrees Objectives: The student will: observe an animation of an earthquake-triggered tsunami; describe how an earthquake can trigger a tsunami; measure distance on a map using a scale; and locate the epicenter of an earthquake using information from three seismometers. Materials: Drawing compasses (one per student) MULTIMEDIA FILE: Generation of Tsunami by Subduction Zone Earthquake on the ATEP Website: STUDENT WORKSHEET: Locating the Epicenter Science Basics: In the Pacific Ocean 83% of tsunamis are generated by earthquakes. Scientists consider three important factors when determining the likelihood of an earthquake to generate a tsunami. First, they determine whether the earthquake had a magnitude greater than 7.0. Second, they consider the total area of sea floor disturbance and third, they determine the degree of vertical displacement caused by the earthquake. Earthquakes can generate tsunamis when they cause a sudden uplift in the sea floor, or change the shape of the sea floor by prompting landslides. Alaska is at particularly high risk of tsunamis due to its close proximity to the seismically active Alaska-Aleutian megathrust zone. In this subduction zone, the Pacific plate is sliding under the North American plate, giving Alaska more potential to experience earthquakes and tsunamis than any other state. Tsunamis generated by earthquakes in this zone can reach Alaskan coastal communities within minutes of the quake. ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-5 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
2 Earthquakes occur below Earth s surface. The point under Earth s surface where an earthquake begins is known as the focus. The place on the surface of Earth directly above where the earthquake started is known as the epicenter of the earthquake. Scientists can locate the epicenter of an earthquake by finding the distance between the epicenter and at least three seismometers that recorded the event. Rapid identification of earthquake epicenters helps inform people responsible for responding to hazards. Activity Procedure: 1. Darken the room and use a multimedia projector to show the multimedia file Generation of Tsunami by Subduction Zone Earthquake on the ATEP Website: 2. Guide students to perform the critical thinking activity described below. 3. Explain that scientists consider three important factors when determining the likelihood of an earthquake to generate a tsunami. First, they determine whether the earthquake had a magnitude greater than 7.0. Magnitude describes the amount of shaking and energy released during a quake. On average, one earthquake of magnitude 7 to 8 occurs each year in Alaska. Second, they consider the total area of sea floor that was disturbed by the quake. This can be determined by examining the locations of earthquake aftershocks, which follow the initial quake. Third, scientists determine the degree of vertical displacement caused by the earthquake. In other words, how far the sea floor rose or fell as a result of the quake. When an earthquake occurs it sends waves through Earth. These waves are recorded by seismometers. A seismometer is a device for measuring ground movement. Scientists can use information recorded by seismometers to find the epicenter of an earthquake. The epicenter is the place on Earth s surface directly above where the earthquake started. Rapid identification of an earthquake s epicenter helps inform people responsible for responding to hazards by providing clues as to which communities might be in danger of an earthquake-generated tsunami due to sea floor uplift or landslide. 4. Explain students are going to play the role of scientists studying a tsunami-generating earthquake. Distribute a drawing compass and : Locating the Epicenter, to each student. Ask students to read and discuss the testable question and background information. Ask students to complete the hypothesis portion of the worksheet before using their compass. Review the procedure with students and demonstrate how to set the radius of the compass by adjusting the distance between the pencil and the pointer. Critical Thinking: Collaborative Story Telling Method: Watch the animation Generation of Tsunami by Subduction Zone Earthquake. Divide students into teams of three or four. Ask each student to write a sentence to describe the first event: the generation of an earthquake-triggered tsunami. Next, ask students to pass their sheets to a group member to the right, so that each student has a new sheet of paper. Each student must write a second sentence on the sheet describing the next event in the story. In the end, a complete retelling of how earthquakes generate tsunamis will exist on each sheet of paper. 5. Ask students to complete the : Locating the Epicenter. Discuss student conclusions. ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-6 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
3 Answers: Hypothesis: Answers will vary. Data: See map below. Analysis of Data: 1. The circles meet in Prince William Sound. 2. Answers will vary. Students should get identical results, but may vary due to individual error. Conclusion: The epicenter of the1964 Great Alaska Earthquake was in Prince William Sound (Lat 61.04N, Lon W).Remaining answers will vary. Further Questions: 1. C. The place on Earth s surface directly above where the earthquake started. 2. The epicenter could not have been determined with information from only two seismometers. This would have narrowed down the epicenter to two possible locations. A third seismometer is needed to determine which of the two locations is the epicenter. 3. No, not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. Explanations will vary but should indicate that an earthquake with an epicenter far from the ocean is unlikely to generate a tsunami. Also, a quake with an epicenter on the sea floor, that does not cause a change in elevation of the sea floor, is less likely to generate a tsunami than one that does cause a change in elevation. Scientists consider quake magnitude, total area of sea floor disturbance, and degree of vertical displacement when determining the likelihood of an earthquake to generate a tsunami. 4. Yes, any three seismic stations that recorded the 1964 earthquake could be used to find the epicenter of the quake, and will indicate the same location for the epicenter. The circles drawn around the seismic stations would center over different locations, but the point at which all three circles intersect would be the same. ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-7 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
4 Locating the Epicenter (page 1 of 5) Testable Question: Where was the epicenter of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake? Background Information: When an earthquake occurs it sends a disturbance through Earth. These waves are recorded by seismometers. A seismometer is a device for measuring ground movement. Scientists can use information recorded by seismometers to find the epicenter of an earthquake. The epicenter is the place on Earth s surface directly above where the earthquake started. To locate an epicenter, scientists need three seismometers to record the earthquake, and they must determine the distance between the epicenter and each seismometer. An earthquake can cause an uplift of a section of Earth s crust. If this uplift occurs on the sea floor, it displaces the water above it, generating a tsunami. Earthquakes also can cause landslides that change the shape of the sea floor and generate tsunamis. The 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake generated tsunami waves that devastated several coastal Alaska towns and villages. Hypothesis: On the map below, mark an X where you think the epicenter of the Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964 was located. Use the background information and your previous knowledge of the 1964 quake to guide your hypothesis. ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-8 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
5 Locating the Epicenter (page 2 of 5) Materials: Drawing compass Procedure: 1. Assemble the two parts of the map (on the following pages of this worksheet) by folding one side of the map on the dashed line, then taping the two pieces together so that the dotted lines overlap. 2. Use the scale on the map to set the radius of your compass. Match the distance from the Sitka seismometer station to the epicenter. This distance is provided in the data chart below. 3. After you set the radius of your compass, put the compass pointer on the dot that shows the location of the Sitka seismometer. Draw a circle around the Sitka seismometer. The epicenter of the earthquake will be somewhere along this circle. 4. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the other two seismometer stations. 5. When you finish, three circles should be drawn on your map, one around each seismometer station. The point at which these three circles meet is the epicenter of the earthquake. Data: Data Chart: Seismometer Station Sitka, Alaska College Outpost, Alaska Copper Mine, Canada Distance to Epicenter 830 km 430 km 1714 km ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-9 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
6 Locating the Epicenter (page 3 of 5) kilometers (km) ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-10 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
7 Locating the Epicenter (page 4 of 5) ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-11 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
8 Locating the Epicenter (page 5 of 5) Analysis of Data: 1. Where do the three circles you drew on the map meet? 2. Share your data with others in your class. Did everyone get the same results? Why or why not? Conclusion: Where was the epicenter of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake? Was your hypothesis supported? Explain your answer using complete sentences. Further Questions: 1. What is the epicenter of an earthquake? A. The location of the seismometer to first record the earthquake. B. The place deep in Earth s crust where the earthquake began. C. The place on Earth s surface directly above where the earthquake started. 2. Could you have determined the location of the 1964 earthquake epicenter with information from two seismometer stations instead of three? Explain your answer. 3. Do all earthquakes generate tsunamis? How do you know? 4. If you were to use data from three other seismic stations that recorded the 1964 earthquake, would you identify the same epicenter? Explain your answer using complete sentences. ATEP 2008 UAF Geophysical Institute B-12 Unit 3: Locating the Epicenter
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