bottom of any aquatic biome contains detritus, dead organic matter. Freshwater biomes two categories

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1 Aquatic biomes occupy the largest part of the biosphere 4 Two major categories of aquatic biomes Marine biomes have salt concentration of ~ 3% cover ~ 75% of the earth s surface. Freshwater biomes have salt concentration of <1% closely linked to the soils and biotic components of the terrestrial biomes through which they pass. Vertical stratification of aquatic biomes. Exhibited by many aquatic biomes based on physical and chemical variables light photic zone zone through which light penetrates and photosynthesis can occur. aphotic zone where very little light can penetrate Vertical stratification of aquatic biomes. Exhibited by many aquatic biomes based on physical and chemical variables temperature. thermocline narrow stratum of rapid temperature change separates a more uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper waters. benthic zone Freshwater biomes two categories bottom of any aquatic biome contains detritus, dead organic matter. standing bodies of water such as lakes and ponds moving bodies of water such as rivers and streams 1

2 8 9 Freshwater biomes zonation in a lake littoral zone shallow, well-lit, and close to shore. region in which rooted and floating plants flourish limnetic zone well-lit, open surface water, farther from shore occupied by phytoplankton, zooplankton, higher animals profundal zone consists of the deep, aphotic regions. often classified according to their production of aquatic matter oligotrophic eutrophic mesotrophic 10 Oligotrophic deep nutrient-poor phytoplankton are sparse, not very productive don t contain much life. waters often very clear Eutrophic shallower have increased nutrients. Phytplankton more plentiful and productive waters often murky Mesotrophic have a moderate amount of nutrients have moderate amount of phytoplankton that are reasonably productive. Over long periods of time, oligotrophic lakes may become mesotrophic as runoff brings in nutrients. 2

3 Pollution from fertilizers can cause explosions in algae population and cause a decrease in oxygen content. Streams and rivers bodies of water moving continuously in one direction headwaters cold, clear and carry little sediment and relatively few mineral nutrients. As the stream travels down, it picks up O 2 and nutrients on the way. Nutrient content largely determined by the terrain & vegetation of the area. Many streams and rivers have been polluted by humans and have caused many environmental problems. Wetlands areas covered with water that supports many types of plants. can be saturated or flooded includes areas known as marshes, bogs, and swamps. home to many different types of organisms, from herbivores to crustaceans. Unfortunately, humans have destroyed them, but many are now protected in many places. Estuaries areas where freshwater and salt water meet. salinity of these areas can vary greatly. are crucial feeding areas for many types of water fowl. Zonation in Marine communities. intertidal zone where the land meets the water. neritic zone includes shallow regions over the continental shelves. oceanic zone extends past continental shelves, can be very deep. 3

4 pelagic zone is the open water. benthic zone is the seafloor. Intertidal zones alternately submerged & exposed by 2x-daily cycle of tides. can be rocky or sandy and provide excellent examples of distributional limitations. Inhabited by many types of -feeding worms, crustaceans, mollusks and others. are often destroyed by pollution and human activity. Neritic zone of warm tropical waters contain coral reefs which constitute a conspicuous and distinctive biome. are dominated by coral include a very diverse assortment of vertebrates and invertebrates. oceanic pelagic biome includes most of the ocean s water. water is constantly mixed by ocean currents. organisms such as suspension plankton live in the photic zone and are the producers for this biome. includes a great variety of free swimming fish and mammals. Benthos the ocean bottom below the neritic and pelagic zones. is extremely productive due to the great amount of nutrients found. benthic communities consist of bacteria, fungi, seaweed and filamentous algae, numerous invertebrates, and fish. 4

5 24 Abyssal zone very deep communities. organisms are adapted to continuous cold. high pressure low to no light low nutrients deep-sea hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin found here. dark, hot, oxygen-deficient environment producers are chemoautotrophs In aquatic ecosystems, light and nutrients limit primary production Production in Marine ecosystems. Light is the first variable to control primary production in oceans, since solar radiation can only penetrate to a certain depth (photic zone). We would expect production to increase along a gradient from the poles to the equator; but that is not the case. There are parts of the ocean in the tropics and subtropics that exhibit low primary production. Why are tropical and subtropical oceans less productive than we would expect? It depends on nutrient availability. Ecologists use the term limiting nutrient to define the nutrient that must be added for production to increase. In the open ocean, nitrogen and phosphorous levels are very low in the photic zone, but high in deeper water where light does not penetrate. Nitrogen is the one nutrient that limits phytoplankton growth in many parts of the ocean. Nutrient enrichment experiments showed that iron availability limited primary production. 5

6 Evidence indicates that the iron factor is related to the nitrogen factor. Iron + cyanobacteria + nitrogen fixation phytoplankton production. Marine ecologists are just beginning to understand the interplay of factors that affect primary production. Production in Freshwater Ecosystems. Solar radiation and temperature are closely linked to primary production in freshwater lakes. During the 1970s, sewage and fertilizer pollution added nutrients to lakes, which shifted many lakes from having phytoplankton communities to those dominated by diatoms and green algae. This process is called eutrophication, and has undesirable impacts from a human perspective. Controlling pollution may help control eutrophication. Experiments are being done to study this process. 6

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